棉露尾甲发育起点温度和有效积温的研究

在 1 5 ,2 0 ,2 5 ,3 0和 3 5℃下 ,测定了棉露尾甲Haptoncusluteolus(Erichson)各虫态的发育历期。结果表明 ,卵到蛹各虫态历期随温度升高而呈抛物线变化 ,3 0℃时发育历期最短 ;成虫寿命及世代历期随温度升高呈负线性变化。对试验结果采用了 2种方法计算发育起点温度和有效积温 ,并用变异系数进行检验。结果表明 ,除预蛹期外 ,其它各虫态用最优化法计算结果优于直线回归法 ,卵、幼虫、预蛹、蛹、雌雄成虫产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为 :9 9,7 9,8 6,9 5 ,1 3 0 ,1 3 3和 5 7℃ ,有效积温分别为 :2 6 4,5 3 9,5 4 91 5 1 6,1 3 4 1 ,5 2 4和 3 2 2 0日·度 ;预蛹期的发育起点温度和有效积温分别为 4 8℃和 94 1日·度。     

柞蚕卵为繁育寄主的黏虫赤眼蜂发育 起点温度和有效积温研究

为了明确黏虫赤眼蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温,本研究以柞蚕卵为中间繁育寄主,测定了黏虫赤眼蜂在17℃、20℃、23℃、26℃、29℃下各虫态的发育历期,并运用有效积温法则计算出黏虫赤眼蜂的发育起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:黏虫赤眼蜂各虫态在17℃～29℃均能正常发育,并且各温度下的发育历期明显不同,世代发育历期也明显不同,均随着温度的升高而逐渐变短。柞蚕卵繁育黏虫赤眼蜂的卵期、幼虫前期、幼虫中期、幼虫后期、预蛹期、蛹期的发育起点温度分别为8.01℃、15.41℃、13.51℃、13.32℃、15.39℃、9.04℃,有效积温分别为22.01、7.66、8.98、9.19、37.23、115.22℃·d。本研究为指导利用柞蚕卵大量繁育黏虫赤眼蜂以及探索诱导滞育温度提供了理论依据。     

温度对桔小实蝇种群发育的影响

采用室内人工饲养,研究了温度对外来入侵无锡地区的桔小实蝇(Bactrocera dorsalis)发育的影响。结果表明：17℃～33℃桔小实蝇各虫态发育速率逐渐增加;通过直线回归模型与直接最优法,得出桔小实蝇从卵期到成虫期的发育起点温度为9.9 ℃,卵、幼虫和蛹发育所需温度分别为10.5 ℃、9.6 ℃和10.3 ℃;卵期发育到成虫期的有效积温为381.0 d·℃,卵期、幼虫期和蛹期分别为24.1、178.6和176.7 d·℃。此外,温度影响桔小实蝇各虫态的存活率;25 ℃下卵期的存活率最高,而17 ℃下蛹期的存活率最低。温度对桔小实蝇雌雄性比也有一定影响,以25 ℃下雌虫比率最高。     

哈尔滨地区大猿叶虫发育历期与生物学特性

在哈尔滨对白菜上的大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly的生活史和生物学习性进行观察研究。结果表明,大猿叶虫在哈尔滨地区绝大多数个体1年发生1代,少部分个体1年发生2代。主要以成虫入土在2～27cm土层中滞育越冬。越冬成虫翌年4月下旬开始出土活动。第1代发生在5上旬至7月上旬,第2代发生于6月中旬至7月中旬。所有成虫在7月下旬以后均滞育越冬。在25℃条件下,雌虫产卵期为6～55d,平均为30.95d,单雌平均产卵量为454.9粒。在25℃各虫态的发育历期为:卵(4.46±0.33)d,幼虫(8.22±0.26)d,蛹(4.17±0.22)d。各虫态发育起点温度卵为10.80℃,幼虫为10.95℃,蛹为9.79℃;有效积温卵为64.82日.度,幼虫为117.37日.度,蛹为64.36日.度。     

核桃扁叶甲的发育起点温度和有效积温

室内观察测定5个恒温条件下,核桃扁叶甲Gastrolina depressa Baly各虫态的发育历期及起点温度和有效积温。结果表明:在16～32℃温度范围内,核桃扁叶甲均能完成发育,其发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期、产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为9.4,12.2,14.3和11.1℃,有效积温分别为43.2,77.2,36.0和104.7日.度;整个世代的发育起点温度为12.0℃,有效积温为260.5日.度。持续过高温度不适合核桃扁叶甲的生长发育。     

双斑长跗萤叶甲的发育起点温度与有效积温

双斑长跗萤叶甲Monolepta hieroglyphica(Motschulsky)已成为新疆北疆棉区的一重大新害虫,至今该虫各虫态的发育历期都不清楚。在室内5个恒温下(19,22,25,28和31℃),利用有效积温法则和"最小二乘法"对双斑长跗萤叶甲各虫态的发育起点温度和有效积温进行研究。结果表明,卵期、幼虫期、蛹期和产卵前期的发育起点温度分别为9.8,10.8,12.6和10.1℃;有效积温分别为1 182.2,401.2,111.9和269.0日.度;整个世代完成发育所需要的有效积温为1 971.6日.度,预测在新疆北疆1年发生1代。     

竹织叶野螟发育起点温度和有效积温

采用19,22,25,28和31℃5个温度对竹织叶野螟Algedonia coclesalis Walker各虫态(龄)发育起点温度和有效积温进行测定。结果表明,竹织叶野螟的在19～31℃范围内均能正常生长发育,尤其是28～31℃范围最适宜于竹织叶野螟的生长发育。卵、1龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、4龄幼虫、5龄幼虫、6龄幼虫、7龄幼虫、蛹、成虫及世代的发育起点温度分别为6.63,12.51,11.18,10.93,10.05,8.01,6.80,5.78,6.20,7.81和8.33℃,有效积温分别为124.19,64.54,72.59,82.08,93.46,136.84,155.42,201.06,211.55,111.49和1235.50日.度。     

美洲斑潜蝇发生的物候学模型

对美洲斑潜蝇各虫态发育与温度的关系的系统了解是利用寄生蜂防治斑潜蝇的关键。以花斑芸豆(Phaseolusvulgaris L.)为寄主 ,在 1 3、1 6、1 9、2 2、2 5、2 8、31、34℃ ,± 0 .5℃等温度下确定了美洲斑潜蝇的发育起点温度和有效积温。以 9.5℃为起点温度 ,建立了描述各虫态进程的物候学随机模型。结果表明 :各虫态占 50 %的种群数量时的有效积温量分别为 ,卵 46.97日度 ,幼虫 1 0 6.97日度 ,蛹 2 53.58日度。幼虫高峰期的积温为 75日度左右。化蛹积温在 90～ 1 2 0日度之间。成虫在 2 0 0日度开始羽化 ,30 0日度时全部个体基本羽化完成。蛹期的积温量与卵和幼虫的积温量之和相近。该模型能够很好地描述温室中变温条件下的美洲斑潜蝇种群动态过程 ,更有利于开展寄生蜂与美洲斑潜蝇之间关系的研究。     

黑广肩步甲形态特征及其生物学特性

记述了黑广肩步甲CalosomamaximocicziMorawitz各虫态的形态特征、生物学特性。在山东栖霞地区,该虫1年发生1代,以成虫在土壤中越冬。成虫在5月中旬至9月末发生,8月产卵。卵期平均为5d;幼虫共3龄,历期分别为5～6d,4～5d,5～6d;预蛹期约为25d;蛹期为24～27d。成、幼虫以多种鳞翅目幼虫为食。     

黄连木种子小蜂的生物学特性和发生规律

通过田间及室内饲养观察,黄连木种子小蜂EurytomaplotnikoviNikolskaya在河南省太行山区为1年发生1代,以老熟幼虫在被害果内过冬。翌年4月中旬开始化蛹,5月下旬至6月上旬为成虫羽化产卵的盛期。幼虫5月中旬开始孵化,在果内取食至8月中、下旬老熟越冬。成虫在果壳内停留4～5d,出壳后成虫寿命:雄虫3～7d,雌虫4～17d,产卵前期3.7d。平均产卵量35.4粒,卵期3～4d。幼虫共5龄,预蛹期4～5d,蛹期8～10d,蛹期发育过程中形态变化的阶段性分为4级。成虫交尾产卵的最适温度为23～25℃,化蛹、羽化较适宜的湿度为65%～70%。     

TEMPERATURE AND FORWARD MOVEMENT OF PARAMECIUM

1. The rate of forward movement in Paramecium as affected by changes in temperature can be described accurately in terms of the Arrhenius equation. See PDF for Equation 2. For the range from 6–15°, µ = 16,000; from 16–40°, µ = 8,000. These values fall within the limits characteristic for chemical processes. 3. On the principle of velocity control by the slowest rate, it is assumed that in Paramecium at temperatures above normal, control passes from one underlying reaction to another. 4. The views expressed by Rice, the recent results of Crozier, and certain µ values given by Arrhenius all suggest that µ = 16,000 may represent an oxidation, and µ = 8,000 either a modified oxidation or an hydrolysis. 5. For the system of controls, the catenary series O → A → E with the lower µ value attached to the precursor reaction is adequate. We may also assume a cyclical system analogous to Meyerhof''s conception of carbohydrate metabolism in muscle. In this case it is necessary to assign µ = 16,000 to the oxidation of A and E and µ = 8,000 to the synthesis E → O. This model also accounts for the fact that the data might be interpreted as involving, apparently, a depletion of A at the higher temperature.     

三疣梭子蟹幼体和幼蟹的温度适应性

本文研究了不同温度对三疣梭子蟹（Portunus trituberculatus Miers）幼体发育和幼蟹存活及摄食的影响,试验结果表明：21—27℃有可能出苗,但21℃幼体发育相当慢;24—27℃是适宜育苗温度,27％是最佳育苗温度。蟹幼体在30℃以上仅发育至Z4,18℃以下,仅发育至Z3。温度骤变5d后,幼蟹在10—30℃存活100％,35℃存活75％,5℃以下仅能存活4h。存活幼蟹,20—30℃摄饵正常,日平均摄饵量达4．64g以上。5℃／d的温度渐变时,幼蟹在10—35℃存活100％,5℃存活25％,40℃存活不超过6h。存活幼蟹,30℃摄饵最佳,日平均摄饵量达9．80g;20—35℃摄饵正常,日平均摄饵量达5．1g以上;15℃和10℃摄饵很少,日平均摄饵量分别为0．5g和0．1g;5℃以下及40℃不摄饵。     

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON GROWTH AND DORMANCY OF BETULA PAPYRIFERA

The effects of day/night temperatures and photoperiod on the growth and dormancy of paper birch (Betula papyrifera) were studied in seedlings from different geographic origins. The response of Alaskan plants to temperature and photoperiod was distinctly different from other seed sources. Alaskan plants required very long days to prevent cessation of growth while plants from southern seed sources grew on photoperiods as short as 14 hr. Low night temperature (14 C) antagonized the promotive action of long photoperiods in Alaskan plants but had little effect in other seed sources. High day temperatures offset the inhibitory effect of the cool night to a lesser degree in Alaskan plants than in plants from other locations. Dormancy induced by short photoperiods was antagonized (relieved ?) to a lesser degree by high night temperatures in Alaskan birch than in other seed sources. Betula papyrifera var. humilis from Alaska may be an incipient species since its morphological traits are accompanied by adaptive physiological responses to its environment. These responses are as distinct as its morphological characteristics.     

PHOTOCONTROL AND TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF GERMINATION OF RUMEX SEEDS

1. Light is not obligatory for the germination of the seed ofRumex obtusifolius L. subsp.agrestis DANSER, which has beenregarded as being a typical light sensitive seed. Even in continuousdarkness, a short period of high (30°) or low temperature(5°) treatment evokes germination very readily. 2. Germination is markedly promoted by 1 min exposure to a redlight and this red light effect is completely removed by 1-hrexposure to a far-red light. Alternations of the red and far-redradiation bring about an alternate promotion and inhihibitionof germination. 3. When a dark interval is inserted between the red and thefar-red treatments, inhibition of germination becomes less distinctas the duration of darkness increases. When the seeds are irradiatedwith far-red prior to red, with an inserted darkness, germinationpromotion due to the red light also decreases with the durationof inserted darkness. 4. Complicated interdependence between the light and temperatureeffects are demonstrated. This suggests a participation of somereactants besides pigments in the photoreaction. 5. The observed interdependence between the light and temperatureeffects on the germination of Rumex seeds implies that, if,as BORTHWICK has assumed, two forms of pigment, viz., a far-red-absorbingform and a red-absorbing one, are participating in the photoreaction,they should be presumed to coexist from the start of imbibition. (Received September 27, 1960; )