柑桔潜叶蛾自然种群生命表的组建及分析

将柑桔潜叶蛾种群按其生长发育顺序划分为卵（Ｅ）、１龄幼虫（Ｌ１）、２龄幼虫（Ｌ２）、３龄幼虫（Ｌ３）、４龄幼虫（Ｌ４）、蛹（Ｐ）、成虫（Ａ）７个阶段,把各阶段的作用因子划分为相对独立的状态．根据田间调查及室内实验观察,记录各阶段的存活数,综合Ｂｅｒｙｍａｎ和宫下的方法,推算出各阶段各因子作用下的存活率,缩小了世代重叠给自种群生命表带来的误差,组建了柑桔潜叶蛾第９世代的自然种群生命表,得出其种群趋势指数为１．３２,重要因子分析表明,影响柑桔潜叶蛾自然种群的重要因子是寄生性天敌．     

斑翅果蝇自然种群生命表的初步研究

【目的】为了探究在自然环境中影响斑翅果蝇Drosophila suzukii种群的关键因子。【方法】本研究于2015年7—9月,应用生命表技术,采用室内分段饲养和田间观察相结合的方法进行调查统计,组建了斑翅果蝇自然种群生命表。【结果】室外斑翅果蝇各发育阶段的历期为:卵期(22.50±2.78)h、1龄幼虫期(23.14±2.27)h、2龄幼虫期(48.86±4.14)h、3龄幼虫期(79.00±11.01)h、蛹期(99.00±6.00)h;斑翅果蝇为A型存活曲线;在果园,斑翅果蝇7月世代的关键虫期为卵期,8月、9月世代的关键虫期为1~2龄幼虫期;在杉树林,斑翅果蝇8月、9月世代的关键虫期均为卵期;卵期的关键致死因子为自然死亡,1~2龄幼虫的关键致死因子为竞争。【结论】影响斑翅果蝇自然种群的关键致死因子为自然死亡和竞争。其存活曲线为A型,不同的生态环境的关键致死因子不同,不同发育阶段的关键致死因子也不同。     

生态恢复状态下天敌对小菜蛾的自然控制作用

通过组建不同防治措施下的小菜蛾自然种群生命表,结果表明,化学防治区小菜蛾自然种群趋势指数为52.52;在生态恢复区,天敌因子对目标害虫的自然控制作用得到恢复和增强,连续4个世代的小菜蛾种群趋势指数分别为16.9、7.16、3.71和4.02,其种群数量的发展得到有效地抑制.影响小菜蛾春季第一、第二、第三及第四代种群数量的重要因子分别为绒茧蜂寄生、4龄幼虫的捕食及其它、赤眼蜂寄生和绒茧蜂寄生,其相应的排除作用控制指数分别为1.39、1.56、1.74和1.54.从天敌与小菜蛾种群相互作用的过程来看,前者对后者的控制作用表现出明显的时滞效应,其种群数量的发展需要一个累积过程.能否采取积极的田间保护、增强措施,将是充分发挥天敌控害潜能的关键因素之一.     

马铃薯甲虫自然种群生命表的组建及影响因子

应用作用因子生命表方法,组建了马铃薯2代马铃薯甲虫自然种群生命表,并采用排除分析法分析了作用因子对马铃薯甲虫种群数量的控制作用.结果表明:马铃薯甲虫卵期和1龄幼虫期的存活率分别为79.1％和69.3％,显著低于其他虫态的存活率,表明该阶段为马铃薯甲虫种群生存的脆弱阶段,是马铃薯甲虫防治的关键时期.“自然死亡”的排除作用控制指数最大(1.87);其次为“捕食及其他”,排除作用控制指数为1.51;寄生性天敌对马铃薯甲虫没有控制作用.如果排除所有天敢等因子的作用,马铃薯甲虫自然种群趋势指数将增长2.8倍.表明天敌等自然因子虽对马铃薯甲虫种群数量有一定的控制作用,但控制能力较弱.     

斜纹夜蛾天敌作用的评价

通过组建斜纹夜蛾第4代和第8代自然种群生命表,运用排除作用控制指数分析了生物因子对斜纹夜蛾种群的自然控制作用。结果表明,低龄(1～3龄)幼虫的捕食性天敌是影响斜纹夜蛾种群数量动态的重要因子。对第4代和第8代种群的排除作用控制指数分别为13.904和12.946.如果没有捕食性天敌的作用,下代种群数量将分别增长到当代的15.1206和74.678倍。病原微生物是影响第4代斜纹夜蛾种群数量的另一重要因子,其排除作用控制指数为2.4726.     

三化螟自然种群生命表的研究

１９８４—１９８８年,在广东省四会县以生命表方法,进行了三化螟自然种群动态的研究,共获９个生命表．从生命表看出,各世代均以初孵幼虫入侵死亡率为最高,中后期幼以初孵幼虫入侵死亡率（ｋ５）为最大,冲后期幼虫转株死亡率（ｋ９）次之,但经图解法和回归法分析结果证实,中后期幼虫转株死亡率是影响三化螟种群数量变动的第１关键因素,而初孵幼虫入侵死亡率乃是第２关键因素．     

斜纹夜蛾天敌作用的评价

通过组建斜纹夜蛾第４代和第８代自然种群生命表,运用排除作用控制指数分析了生物因子对斜纹夜蛾种群的自然控制作用．结果表明,低龄（１～３龄）幼虫的捕食性天敌是影响斜纹夜蛾种群数量动态的重要因子．对第４代和第８代种群的排除作用控制指数分别为１３．９０４和１２．９４６．如果没有捕食性天敌的作用,下代种群数量将分别增长到当代的１５．１２０６和７４．６７８倍．病原微生物是影响第４代斜纹夜蛾种群数量的另一重要因子,其排除作用控制指数为２．４７２６．     

棉铃虫自然种群生命表的研究及其应用

本文通过跟踪观察24593个有效样本,归纳为24个消亡因子,组建了18个世代生命表和3个平均生命麦。剖析了长江下游棉区棉铃虫自然种群数量变动规律,K-值分析和组分(M(si)值)分析说明种群数量变动最大的阶段是在生命前期(即卵至2龄期)。b,r~2值综合分析法表明影响第2、3、4代种群数量消亡的关键虫期分别为4龄、6龄和蛹期。b值分析和K-值图解表明影响种群数量消亡的关键因子:2代为齿唇姬蜂和土壤含水量、风雨冲刮,3代为胡蜂和三突花蛛、小花蝽,4代为滞育和随蕾花脱落、三突花蛛。参考Morris(1963)关键因子逼近法探索了棉铃虫数量预测式。     

改进实验种群生命表编制的方法——以黑肩绿盔盲蝽为例

采用指形管单头饲养的方法,编制了稻飞虱的重要捕食性天敌黑肩绿盔盲蝽取食替代寄主米蛾卵的实验种群生命表.通过直接统计和加权平均2种方法的对比,推导出各虫龄历期的计算公式.针对特定时间生命表和特定年龄生命表两种编制方法中存在的不足进行了分析,并提出了可行的解决办法,即在特定时间生命表中导入幼期存活率,在特定年龄生命表中根据推导出的历期公式计算各个虫龄的历期,得到世代平均历期T(T=∑tx+tA ),进而得到rm值.通过对两种生命表编制方法的完善,为昆虫实验种群生命表的编制和参数的计算提供了方便和完整的计算方法.     

假眼小绿叶蝉自然天敌控制作用的评价

对假眼小绿叶蝉的卵期寄生蜂－缨小蜂进行了初步调查观察,并应用生命表方法对假眼小绿叶蝉的寄生性和捕食性天敌作用作了评价,提出了卵期寄生是一种重要的天敌控制因子,通过高峰期世代自然园与化防轩绿叶蝉生命表比较,结果表明,自然园种群趋势指数为１．０９,化防园为２．７１,模拟采摘试验,下一世代种群趋势指数均小于１,数量将下降。     

马尾松毛虫的光周期反应

马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus Walker和油松毛虫 Dendrolimus tabulaeformisTsai et Liu都属于长日照型昆虫。它们的光周期反应却存在着明显的差开。马尾松毛虫初龄幼虫对光照时数虽然敏感,可是只有在整个幼虫期都处在短光照周期条件下才能维持幼虫的滞育。 而且, 幼虫的滞育强度明显较弱,解除滞育所要求的条件也不如油松毛虫严格。在较高温度条件下,幼虫的滞育更不稳定,一般仅表现为生长的短暂停滞和幼虫历期的相对延长。温度和光周期还可影响到幼虫的存活和性比。马尾松毛虫幼虫呈典型的浅滞育现象。正是由于这一特性,在环境条件的影响下,长江沿岸省份不同年份马尾松毛虫二、三代分化的比例才有较大的波动,这直接关系着当地的种群动态,也是当年当地高虫口区二代虫能否成灾的关键。     

华北棉区各代棉铃虫生命表及南北棉铃虫发生特征研究

通过对以河北饶阳为代表的华北棉区棉铃虫动态的研究,建立了各代棉铃虫自然种群生命表．结果表明,华北棉区第l-4代棉铃虫总死亡率分别为98．3％、98．34％;98.69%和9.13%,各代棉铃虫种群的趋势指数I值分别为3.97、1.50、1.41和1.09.与以江苏南通为代表的南方棉区生命表参数相比较发现,无论是在南方还是在北方,棉铃虫的存活率曲线都属于A型曲线,即卵至2龄期死亡率较大,3龄以后死亡率较小的凹型曲线。南方棉区棉铃虫消亡的关键因子是风雨冲刷作用,而北方则是天敌的捕食作用;南北棉区的棉铃虫孵化期为1龄期,易受不良环境的影响,死亡率较大,为关键虫期;北方棉区主要危害世代是2、3代棉铃虫,南方棉区为3、4代棉铃虫,由此讨论了南北棉区各世代棉铃虫的发生危害特点。     

Factors favouring the development and maintenance of outbreaks in an invasive leaf miner Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): a life table study

1 Life tables were constructed for seven generations of the invasive horse‐chestnut leaf miner Cameraria ohridella in Switzerland, to assess the factors allowing the moth to build and maintain outbreak densities and to identify ‘gaps’ among their mortality factors that could be targeted by new control methods. The fecundity of females was calculated and the mortality factors affecting all developmental stages determined. 2 Females contained 106.6 eggs. In captivity, the mean number of eggs laid per female varied between 34 and 82 eggs, with a maximum of 184 eggs. Egg mortality was 18–75% and was mostly due to unknown factors. 3 The main mortality factors affecting larvae and pupae in the leaves were predation by birds and arthropods in all generation and leaf senescence in the autumn generation. Parasitoids killed less than 5% of the population. 4 Nearly 90% of overwintering pupae died in dead leaves, the majority of them being killed by earthworms and other leaf decomposers. As a result, the overwintering generations were the only ones showing a net rate of increase less than one. Non‐overwintering generations had net rates of increase between four and 11, allowing populations to build up from spring to autumn. 5 The persistence of high outbreak densities in Europe is explained by a combination of at least three factors: (i) high fecundity; (ii) multivoltinism; (iii) the unusually low impact of traditional natural enemies of leaf miners and particularly parasitoids. 6 Yearly variations in population densities could be at least partly explained by differences in larval mortality due to leaf senescence and intraspecific competition in the last generation in autumn.     

大猿叶虫龙南种群的生物学特性

系统研究大猿叶虫Colaphellus bowringi Baly江西龙南(24°9′N,114°8′E)种群生物学特性。结果显示,该虫仅在春季和秋季发生为害,以成虫在土中越冬和越夏。由于成虫滞育期的差异,该虫显示出生活史多样性,有些个体隔年繁殖;有些个体是一化性,仅在春季或秋季繁殖1代;有些个体是二化性,在春季和秋季各繁殖1代;有些个体是多化性的,春季1代,秋季2~3代,因此,在田间1年可发生1~4代。春季,滞育成虫于2月中旬至4月初陆续出土繁殖,羽化的成虫于4月上旬至5月中旬陆续入土越夏;秋季,滞育成虫于8月中旬至10月中旬陆续出土,羽化的成虫于9月中旬至12月中旬陆续入土越冬。成虫一生能多次交配,在25℃下,春季世代雌虫产卵期为8~29d,平均产卵量为776粒;秋季世代雌虫产卵期为9~39d,平均产卵量为1003粒。各虫态的发育历期:在18~28℃间,卵为8.66~3.85d,幼虫为19.37~7.92d,蛹为8.57~3.41d。卵、幼虫和蛹的发育起点温度分别为10.5、11.5和11.9℃。滞育成虫的寿命为5~28个月。     

The effect of weather on the life cycle of the speckled wood butterfly Pararge aegeria

ABSTRACT.

• 1 Pararge aegeria (L.) is a very unusual butterfly of Britain, having a long period of adult activity, from April to October, without discrete flight periods. In central Britain it overwinters in two stages: pupae and third instar larvae, both being the progeny of late summer adults. Other larval stages die at the onset of cold winter weather. The overwintering stages give rise to the first adult generation in spring, split into two parts.
• 2 Different temperature regimes affect development rates in larvae and pupae differently. Late larval development is more rapid than that of pupae at low temperatures, thus in cool spring weather the overlap of the two parts of the first generation is greater than in warm spring weather.
• 3 Adults emerge continuously throughout the summer because larval development rates are variable. When summer is warm there is a partial third generation but when cool only two.
• 4 The timing of the end of the flight period is consistent with the hypothesis that both temperature and photoperiod are important in determining whether individuals enter diapause or develop directly. In warm summers larvae develop beyond a sensitive stage before critical daylength is reached and develop directly, but in cool summers individuals enter diapause because they are at the sensitive stage when critical daylength is reached.
• 5 It is suggested that variable development rates can facilitate parasite escape in autumn and increase the probability of adult success when weather is unpredictable, and this strategy is maintained because these benefits are greater than the cost of winter mortality of larvae.

     

The biology and phenology of the citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri, on citrus in the Coastal Plain of Israel

The citrus whitefly, Dialeurodes citri (Ashmead) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) (CWF), is a polyphagous citrus pest, originating in S. E. Asia, which was first discovered in the Western Galilee region of Israel in 1975. The larval instars of CWF secrete honeydew, and the sooty mould fungus, which develops on the honeydew, causes damage to the tree and its fruit. In observations made in Israel between 1987 and 1991 CWF usually completed three generations per year, although a small proportion of the population had two or four generations. From October to April a combination of shortened photoperiod and reduced temperature arrest the development of CWF in the fourth larval instar. The average length of the life cycle from egg to adult emergence was 65 days in the first generation (April–June), 52 days in the second generation (July–August) and 8 months in the third generation (September–April). Under laboratory conditions of L16: D8 and 25 °C, the mean developmental time was 54 days, and the duration of the egg, first larval instar, second larval instar, third larval instar, fourth larval instar and putative pupa (red eyes) were 12.1, 6.5, 5.5, 7.6, 18, and 4.7 days, respectively. Adults prefer to lay their eggs on young, fully developed citrus leaves, but also oviposit on older leaves. The inner region and shaded sides of the tree are preferred for oviposition.     

Mortality factors affecting the leaf-mining stages of Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on oak and birch 1. Analysis of the mortality factors

Mortality of life stages of Phyllonoycter species in mined leaves of oak and birch was investigated in a Cheshire locality during 1974. Phyllonotycter species are mostly bivoltine, but P. cavella is univoltine. Parasitism and host-feeding (predation) by Hymenoptera caused most mortality. Parasitism was heaviest in the first generations, with ectoparasitism predominating, although endoparasitism caused inore mortality in the second generations. The incidence of host-feeding increased to leaf-fall when more mines contained host-fed remains than either parasites or healthy Phyllonoycter . Host-feeding occurred particularly in the first three (sap-feeding) larval instars; ectoparasitism affected mainly the two subsequent (tissue-feeding) larval stages and pupae; and endoparasitism occurred in all stages although affected hosts are killed only from the fourth larval instar onwards. Highest mortality was suffered by tissue feeders in the first generation but by sap feeders in the second. Total mortality was greatest in second generation mines and, in a given generation, survival curves for Phyllonotycter were similar on both tree species. The observed density of second generation mines relative to first in the sample was higher than predicted from first generation mortality levels, and this is discussed.     

豆野螟的生物学特性及其防治

豆野螟Maruea testulalisGeyer(1832)是我国豆类蔬菜,特别是长豇豆Vigna sesguipedalis的主要害虫。在杭州,一年发生七代,以预蛹越冬。以1—3代为害为主。一龄幼虫头宽0.197毫米,Dyar常数为1.653。随虫龄增加,取食场所从花器转向豆荚。产卵前期为3—4天,羽化后6—8天卵量最集中。幼虫、蛹发育历期与日平均温度间的对数回归方程为Y₁=3.5825—1.7766x,Y_p=3.8118-2.0800x。卵期2—4天。田间为害以6—8月为主;灯下威虫有7月和9—10月两个高峰。有分距姬蜂Cremastus sp.和稻苞虫寄蝇Pseudoperiehaeta insidiosa二种天敌。应用80%敌敌畏800倍等农药,在百花虫数达40头上下、二龄幼虫约占50%时,兼喷植株、落地花,能达到降低花、荚被害率,提高鲜荚产量、品质和降低成本的效果。     

A semi-synthetic diet for rearing Dipha aphidivora (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), a promising predator of woolly aphid in sugarcane

Dipha aphidivora (Meyrick), a lepidopteran predator of sugarcane woolly aphid (SWA) Ceratovacuna lanigera Zehntner was successfully reared for three successive generations, for the first time on a freeze-dried beef liver-based larval semi-synthetic diet. We compared biological parameters viz., larval survival, adult weight, pre-and oviposition period, fertility, fecundity and female longevity of D. aphidivora reared on the semi-synthetic diet with the predators reared on SWA. Development time of larvae reared from first instar to pupation was 20.6 days on the semi-synthetic diet and 12 days on SWA, while survival of the larvae to adults was 61.8 and 91.8% on larval semi-synthetic diet and SWA, respectively. Fecundity recorded from semi-synthetic diet (41 eggs/female) was significantly less than those produced on SWA (58 eggs/female). However, fertility and longevity of the predators reared on SWA and semi-synthetic diet did not differ significantly. The study revealed the possibility of rearing D. aphidivora larvae using synthetic diet.