禾谷镰孢霉nit突变体的诱导及其生物学特性

将3个抗多菌灵和2个野生敏感型禾谷镰孢霉(Fusarium graminearum)菌株分别在含氯酸盐的MMC培养基上培养,共得到22个不能利用硝酸盐的营养缺陷突变体(Nitrate nonutilizing mutant, 简称nit突变体)。比较了各nit突变体与其亲本菌株之间在菌落生长速率、培养性状、产分生孢子能力、产子囊壳能力以及对多菌灵的敏感性等生物学特性方面的变化。结果表明,nit突变体均抗氯酸盐,在PSA平板上的生长速率没有改变,有性生殖能力没有下降,在Joffs 培养液和5%绿豆汤培养液中仍能产孢,但产孢量与亲本菌株有差异。此外,禾谷镰孢霉对氯酸盐和多菌灵之间没有交互抗药性。因此,可用nit作为遗传标记,研究禾谷镰孢霉有关性状的遗传学。     

禾谷镰孢霉nit突变体的诱导及其生物学特性

将3个抗多菌灵和2个野生敏感型禾谷镰孢霉（Fusarium graminearum)菌株分别在含氯酸盐的MMC培养基上培养,共得到22个不能利用硝酸盐的营养缺陷突变体（Nitrate nonutilizing mutant,简称nit突变体）。比较了各nit突变体与其亲本菌株之间在菌落生长速率,培养性状,产分生孢子能力,产生囊壳能力以及对多菌灵的敏感性等生物学特性方面的变化。结果表明,nit突变体均抗氯酸盐,在PSA平板上的生长速率没有改变,有性生殖能力没有下降,在Joff's培养液和5%绿豆汤培养液中仍能产孢,但产孢量与亲本菌株有差异。此外,禾谷镰孢霉对氯酸盐和多菌灵之间没有交互抗药性,因此,可用nit作为遗传标记,研究禾谷镰孢霉有关性状的遗传学。     

禾谷镰孢霉nit突变体的诱导及其生物学特性*

将3个抗多菌灵和2个野生敏感型禾谷镰孢霉(Fusarium graminearum)菌株分别在含氯酸盐的MMC培养基上培养,共得到22个不能利用硝酸盐的营养缺陷突变体(Nitrate nonutilizing mutant, 简称nit突变体)。比较了各nit突变体与其亲本菌株之间在菌落生长速率、培养性状、产分生孢子能力、产子囊壳能力以及对多菌灵的敏感性等生物学特性方面的变化。结果表明,nit突变体均抗氯酸盐,在PSA平板上的生长速率没有改变,有性生殖能力没有下降,在Joffs 培养液和5%绿豆汤培养液中仍能产孢,但产孢量与亲本菌株有差异。此外,禾谷镰孢霉对氯酸盐和多菌灵之间没有交互抗药性。因此,可用nit作为遗传标记,研究禾谷镰孢霉有关性状的遗传学。     

大丽轮枝菌硝酸盐利用缺陷型和抗杀菌剂突变体的遗传研究

初步研究了大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleh)硝酸盐利用缺陷型和抗杀菌剂突变体的遗传特征。结果表明,大丽轮枝菌对三环唑的抗性不能稳定遗传,抗性菌株经低温(4℃)或室温保存一个月及转代培养后均丧失抗性,5株抗多菌灵的突变体,有一株在第二代单孢后代培养时丧失抗性。1株在单孢后代中发生分离;10株nit突变体经保存3个月后,有一株恢复成野生型。其余突变体经转代培养、低温或室温下保存一年及接种棉苗后仍都保持原有的培养性状。Nit突变体对棉苗的致病力普遍降低;抗多菌灵突变体对棉苗的致病力与野生型亲本相似。     

蛋白激酶FgBud32参与禾谷镰刀菌的生长发育、致病和胁迫应答

由禾谷镰刀菌引起的小麦赤霉病是一种毁灭性的小麦真菌病害,在世界范围内造成小麦产量和质量的巨大损失。实验室前期在禾谷镰刀菌中共鉴定到116个蛋白激酶,其中FgBUD32基因的缺失会造成营养生长和有性生殖方面的严重缺陷,但其在禾谷镰刀菌中的详细功能尚未报道。本研究通过系统比较Fgbud32突变体与野生型PH-1及互补菌株的表型差异,对FgBud32在禾谷镰刀菌中的生物学功能进行了解析。研究结果显示Fgbud32突变体在多个表型方面存在缺陷,与野生型菌株以及互补菌株相比,其生长速率急剧下降,菌丝弯曲且分支减少;分生孢子的产量显著降低,形态变短,隔膜减少,萌发率降低且萌发速率延迟;在有性生殖时期不能产生子囊壳或子囊壳前体;对小麦穗和胚芽鞘的致病力以及DON毒素的合成能力均显著下降。进一步胁迫试验表明,FgBUD32基因的缺失导致禾谷镰刀菌对氧化胁迫(H₂O₂)以及DNA损伤胁迫(羟基脲和甲磺甲酯)的敏感性增加。此外,我们还发现FgBud32在细胞核和细胞质中均有定位,且在一定时期或条件下会从细胞质向细胞核内聚集。综上所述,FgBUD32基因参与了禾谷镰刀菌的营养生长、极性生长、无性/有性生殖、DON毒素合成、致病以及对氧化胁迫和DNA损伤胁迫的应答等多种生命活动,但其具体的作用机制还有待深入研究。     

尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型胱硫醚γ-合成酶的功能分析

甲硫氨酸在真菌、细菌和植物的生物学过程中起着重要作用。禾谷镰刀菌Fusarium graminearum的FgMETB基因编码一个胱硫醚γ-合成酶,是甲硫氨酸合成所必需的。本研究利用同源重组的方法,在尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型4号生理小种Fusariumoxysporumf.sp.cubenserace4(Foc4)获得了FgMETB同源基因FoMETB的敲除突变体菌株;与野生型菌株相比,突变体菌株ΔFoMETB在以SO42-为唯一硫源的基本培养基(minimal medium)上不能生长。1 mmol/L甲硫氨酸的添加恢复了突变体菌株ΔFoMETB的生长,但半胱氨酸的添加不能恢复该缺失突变体的生长,说明FoMETB的敲除阻遏了Foc4半胱氨酸转化甲硫氨酸的通路。此外,ΔFoMETB的气生菌丝和菌丝干重明显减少、分枝增多、产孢量显著降低、疏水性缺失和对巴西蕉组培苗的致病性显著减弱。由此表明,FoMETB参与调控尖孢镰刀菌古巴专化型的生理特性和致病性,甲硫氨酸合成途径的关键合酶FoMETB有望成为新的抗真菌药物靶标。     

一株链霉菌21-1的分离鉴定及其对禾谷镰刀菌的抑菌活性

【背景】由禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum)引起的小麦赤霉病严重威胁我国的小麦生产。【目的】筛选对禾谷镰刀菌具有拮抗能力的链霉菌菌株,为生防菌剂开发提供理论基础。【方法】利用平板对峙法筛选对禾谷镰刀菌具有拮抗能力的链霉菌;通过形态特征、生理生化特征和16S rRNA基因序列分析对其进行鉴定;通过病原菌菌丝生长、孢子产生及萌发抑制试验分析其发酵液的抑菌活性;利用人工接种试验测定该菌株发酵液的防病效果。【结果】筛选到一株对禾谷镰刀菌具有较强拮抗活性的链霉菌21-1,抑菌率为59.5%。依据形态特征、生理生化特性和16S rRNA基因序列分析,将该菌株鉴定为黄三素链霉菌(Streptomycesflavotricini)。菌株21-1发酵液能够抑制禾谷镰刀菌的菌丝生长、孢子产生及萌发过程,而且可以降低禾谷镰刀菌菌丝中可溶性蛋白质的含量,并增加丙二醛的含量。菌株21-1可以产生蛋白酶及纤维素酶。菌株21-1菌液10倍稀释液对小麦赤霉病的防效最佳,为70.1%。此外,菌株21-1发酵液对其他8种植物病原菌均有较好的抑制作用。【结论】菌株21-1对禾谷镰刀菌有较好的抑菌活性,具...     

大丽轮枝菌硝酸盐利用缺陷型和抗杀菌剂突变体的遗传研究

初步研究了大丽轮枝菌硝酸盐利用缺陷型和抗杀菌剂突变体的遗传特征。结果表明,大丽轮枝菌对三环唑的抗性不能稳定遗传,抗性菌株经低温或室温保顾一个月及转代培养后无丧失抗性,５株抗多菌灵的突变体,有一株在第二代单胞后代培养时丧失抗性,１株在单孢后代中发生分离;     

Nitrate Nonutilizing Mutants and Vegetative Compatibility Groups in Fusarium poae

Nitrate nonutilizing (nit) mutants were recovered from 24 isolates of Fusarium poae and used to force heterokaryons between these isolates and to determine vegetative compatibility. Between 30 and 90% of the mycelial blocks, cultured on medium containing chlorate, produced nit mutants. The amount of chlorate in the medium altered the frequency and spectrum of nit mutants recovered. Most of the mutants (63%) had lesions at a nitrate reductase structural locus (nit1). Another 30% were mutants at one or more loci that control the production of a molybdenum-containing cofactor necessary for nitrate reductase activity (NitM). A few (6%) of the mutations occurred in a regulatory gene specific for the nitrate reduction pathway (nit3). Pairings between nit1 and NitM mutants were made on minimal medium containing nitrate as the sole nitrogen source. A mutant grows thinly unless it forms a complementary heterokaryon upon contact with another mutant. Heterokaryon formation was indicated by dense growth where the two mutant colonies touched. The 24 isolates could be divided into 13 nonoverlapping vegetative compatibility groups, suggesting that asexual exchange of genetic information within F. poae is subject to significant limitations.     

FgFim,a key protein regulating resistance to the fungicide JS399‐19, asexual and sexual development,stress responses and virulence in Fusarium graminearum

Fimbrin is an actin‐bundling protein found in intestinal microvilli, hair cell stereocilia and fibroblast filopodia. Its homologue Sac6p has been shown to play a critical role in endocytosis and diverse cellular processes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FgFim from the wheat scab pathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum strain Y2021A, which is highly resistant to the fungicide JS399‐19, was identified by screening a mutant library generated by HPH‐HSV‐tk cassette‐mediated integration. The functions of FgFim were evaluated by constructing a deletion mutant of FgFim, designated ΔFgFim‐15. The deletion mutant exhibited a reduced rate of mycelial growth, reduced conidiation, delayed conidium germination, irregularly shaped hyphae, a lack of sexual reproduction on autoclaved wheat kernels and a dramatic decrease in resistance to JS399‐19. ΔFgFim‐15 also exhibited increased sensitivity to diverse metal cations, to agents that induce osmotic stress and oxidative stress, and to agents that damage the cell membrane and cell wall. Pathogenicity assays showed that the virulence of the FgFim deletion mutant on flowering wheat heads was impaired, which was consistent with its reduced production of the toxin deoxynivalenol in host tissue. All of these defects were restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with the parental FgFim gene. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays showed that the basal expression of three Cyp51 genes, which encode sterol 14α‐demethylase, was significantly lower in the mutant than in the parental strain. The results of this study indicate that FgFim plays a critical role in the regulation of resistance to JS399‐19 and in various cellular processes in F. graminearum.     

Genetic relatedness of Brazilian Colletotrichum truncatum isolates assessed by vegetative compatibility groups and RAPD analysis

The genetic variation among nine soybean-originating isolates of Colletotrichum truncatum from different Brazilian states was studied. Nitrate non-utilizing (nit) mutants were obtained with potassium chlorate and used to characterize vegetative compatibility reactions, heterokaryosis and RAPD profile. Based on pairings of nit mutants from the different isolates, five vegetative complementation groups (VCG) were identified, and barriers to the formation of heterokaryons were observed among isolates derived from the same geographic area. No complementation was observed among any of the nit mutants recovered from the isolate A, which was designed heterokaryon-self-incompatible. Based on RAPD analysis, a polymorphism was detected among the wild isolate C and their nit1 and NitM mutants. RAPD amplification, with five different primers, also showed polymorphic profiles among Brazilian C. truncatum isolates. Dendrogram analysis resulted in a similarity degree ranging between 0.331 and 0.882 among isolates and identified three RAPD groups. Despite the lack of a correlation between the RAPD analysis and the vegetative compatibility grouping, results demonstrated the potential of VCG analysis to differentiate C. truncatum isolates genotypically similar when compared by RAPD.     

新月弯孢菌Curvularia lunata营养体亲和性的进一步研究

来自全国39个地区的70株新月弯孢菌Curvularialunata在WAC培养基上诱导培养后,随机挑取10197个抗KClO3突变体,经CDA鉴定获得2207株nit突变体,nit突变体频率为21.64%。在这些nit突变体中,1397个为nit1,占63.30%;734个为NitM,占33.26%;76个为nit3,占3.44%。70个菌株全部获得了稳定的nit突变体,其中52个菌株获得了NitM突变体。结果表明WAC比先前报道的KPS更适合用于C.lunatanit突变体的筛选。通过不同菌株间互补nit突变体配对测试,将其中的65个C.lunata菌株划分为22个营养体亲和群(VCGS),而另外5个菌株因未获得NitM突变体暂时无法确定其VCG。划分出的22个VCGs中,有11个VCGs是由多菌株组成的,VCG3为优势类群,含18个菌株,其地理来源最复杂,主要为致病性中等以上的菌株;其余11个VCGs内均仅有1个自身亲和的菌株。以上结果初步表明,在C.lunata群体内存在丰富的VCG多样性,VCG3可能是与致病性相关的优势VCG,但营养体亲和性与菌株地理来源没有明显的直接关系。     

PCR Analysis of the Tri13 gene to Determine the Genetic Potential of Fusarium graminearum Isolates from Iran to Produce Nivalenol and Deoxynivalenol

Fusarium graminearum trichothecene producing isolates can be broadly divided into two chemotypes based on the production of the 8- ketotrichothecenes deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV). Functional Tri13 gene required for the production of NIV and 4- acetyl NIV, whereas in the isolates producing DON and its acetylated derivates, this gene is nonfunctional. In this study, a total of 57 isolates from different fields of Mazandaran province, Iran were identified as F. graminearum using classical methods and species specific primers. In order to assess the potential of isolates to produce NIV or DON, we used PCR to determine whether isolates carried a functional or nonfunctional Tri13 gene. Out of the 57 tested F. graminearum isolates with Tri13 PCR assays, 46 yielded an amplicon similar to the size predicted for nivalenol production, while 11 yielded an amplicon similar to the size predicted for deoxynivalenol production. From regions where more than one F. graminearum isolate was obtained, isolates were not exclusively of a single chemotype. It seems that genetic diversity among the isolates has relation with geographical region and wheat cultivar. The assay can provide information about the distribution of Tri13 haplotype that can be used in tracing of trichothecene contaminated samples.     

Molecular Genetic Diversity and Variation for Aggressiveness in Populations of Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum Sampled from Wheat Fields in Different Countries

Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum are the major pathogenic organisms causing head blight in small-grain cereals. Natural epidemics may result in severe yield losses, reduction in quality, and contamination of the grain by mycotoxins. The genetic diversity of four field populations of F. graminearum from Germany, Hungary, and Canada, and one population of F. culmorum from Russia was investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based fingerprinting. Additionally, a world-wide collection and two of the F. graminearum populations were analysed for their aggressiveness on young plants of winter rye in the greenhouse. The number of isolates analysed per population varied from 25 to 70. Significant quantitative variation for aggressiveness was observed within each of the individual field populations amounting to the same range as the world-wide collection. Abundant variation within populations was also revealed by DNA markers. The F. graminearum populations from Hungary and Winnipeg displayed the least genotypic diversity, the two German F. graminearum populations and the Russian F. culmorum population were highly diverse. Population diversity, however, followed no spatial pattern among samples within a German field for aggressiveness or molecular markers. For F. graminearum , sexual recombination is the most likely explanation for the large genetic diversity within field populations. Asexual and/or parasexual recombination, and balancing selection caused by the periodic alternation between the saprophytic and parasitic phase might play an additional role and account for the variation within the F. culmorum population. For improving Fusarium resistance, several resistance genes of different sources should be combined to avoid an unspecific adaptation of the genetically variable pathogen to an increased resistance level.     

Nitrate reduction mutants of fusarium moniliforme (gibberella fujikuroi)

Twelve strains of Fusarium moniliforme were examined for their ability to sector spontaneously on toxic chlorate medium. All strains sectored frequently; 91% of over 1200 colonies examined formed chlorate-resistant, mutant sectors. Most of these mutants had lesions in the nitrate reduction pathway and were unable to utilize nitrate (nit mutants). nit mutations occurred in seven loci: a structural gene for nitrate reductase (nit1), a regulatory gene specific for the nitrate reduction pathway (nit3), and five genes controlling the production of a molybdenum-containing cofactor that is necessary for nitrate reductase activity (nit2, nit4, nit5, nit6, nit7). No mutations affecting nitrite reductase or a major nitrogen regulatory locus were found among over 1000 nit mutants. Mutations of nit1 were recovered most frequently (39-66%, depending on the strain) followed by nit3 mutations (23-42%). The frequency of isolation of each mutant type could be altered, however, by changing the source of nitrogen in the chlorate medium. We concluded that genetic control of nitrate reduction in F. moniliforme is similar to that in Aspergillus and Neurospora, but that the overall regulation of nitrogen metabolism may be different.     

小麦赤霉病菌细胞壁提取物(HCW)的生物活性

从小麦赤霉病菌－禾谷镰孢ＦｕｓａｒｉｕｍｇｒａｍｉｎｅａｒｕｍＳｃｈｗ．强致病力（Ｆ15）和弱致病力（Ｈ２８）菌株的菌丝细胞壁制备获得提取物（ＨＣＷ）,分别在抗病和感病小麦品种上对其生物活性进行了测定。结果表明,ＨＣＷ可显著提高小麦黄化芽鞘、愈伤组织和穗组织等的苯丙氨酸解氨酶（ＰＡＬ）和黄化芽鞘组织的脂氧合酶（ＬＯＸ）的活力,但不影响小麦黄化芽鞘的生长。强、弱致病力菌株的ＨＣＷ的生物活性无明显差异,抗、感病品种对ＨＣＷ的反应也基本一致。禾谷镰孢产生的一种单端孢霉烯族毒素－脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（ＤＯＮ）也具有类似的生物活性．ＨＣＷ和ＤＯＮ均可抑制病菌的生长,但这种抑制作用又可部分互相抵消．     

Functional analysis of the kinome of the wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum

As in other eukaryotes, protein kinases play major regulatory roles in filamentous fungi. Although the genomes of many plant pathogenic fungi have been sequenced, systematic characterization of their kinomes has not been reported. The wheat scab fungus Fusarium graminearum has 116 protein kinases (PK) genes. Although twenty of them appeared to be essential, we generated deletion mutants for the other 96 PK genes, including 12 orthologs of essential genes in yeast. All of the PK mutants were assayed for changes in 17 phenotypes, including growth, conidiation, pathogenesis, stress responses, and sexual reproduction. Overall, deletion of 64 PK genes resulted in at least one of the phenotypes examined, including three mutants blocked in conidiation and five mutants with increased tolerance to hyperosmotic stress. In total, 42 PK mutants were significantly reduced in virulence or non-pathogenic, including mutants deleted of key components of the cAMP signaling and three MAPK pathways. A number of these PK genes, including Fg03146 and Fg04770 that are unique to filamentous fungi, are dispensable for hyphal growth and likely encode novel fungal virulence factors. Ascospores play a critical role in the initiation of wheat scab. Twenty-six PK mutants were blocked in perithecia formation or aborted in ascosporogenesis. Additional 19 mutants were defective in ascospore release or morphology. Interestingly, F. graminearum contains two aurora kinase genes with distinct functions, which has not been reported in fungi. In addition, we used the interlog approach to predict the PK-PK and PK-protein interaction networks of F. graminearum. Several predicted interactions were verified with yeast two-hybrid or co-immunoprecipitation assays. To our knowledge, this is the first functional characterization of the kinome in plant pathogenic fungi. Protein kinase genes important for various aspects of growth, developmental, and infection processes in F. graminearum were identified in this study.