中国鲳科鱼类侧线管系统的比较研究

中国产鲳科Stromateidae鱼类,按目前文献记载,计有银鲳Stromateoides argenteut(Euphrasen)、燕尾鲳Stromateoides nozawae Ishikawa、中国鲳Stromateoides sinensis(Eu-phrasen)和刺鲳Psenopsis anonala(Temminck et Schlegel)四种,均系常见的海产经济鱼种,其中尤以银鲳和燕尾鲳为著称。本文试就上述四种鲳鱼的测线管系统作一比较研究,以便从形态解剖学的角度对本科鱼类分类鉴别上的一些问题加以探讨和澄清。兹将所得结果择要报告如下:     

山烙铁头蛇属在中国海南岛的发现(蛇亚目:蛙科:蝮亚科)

作者有幸在上海自然历史博物馆收藏中发现采于海南岛的山烙铁头蛇属(Ovophis Burgerin Hogeand Romano Hoge,1981)标本1号.该属广泛分布于中国、东亚和东南亚大部地区,但在海南岛尚无报道.本文对该标本详加描记.根据其鳞被特征,特别是尾下鳞成单,将其鉴定为过去仅知分布于越南山区的越南山烙铁头蛇Ovophis     

土佐鳒鲆（Psettina tosana） ——中国大陆新记录种和丝指鳒鲆 （P. filimana）的有效性厘定

依据《中国动物志: 硬骨鱼纲 鲽形目》,本研究近年在中国大陆从东海至南海海域采集到14尾样品,前期鉴定为鲆科（Bothidae）鳒鲆属（Psettina）的丝指鳒鲆（P. filimana Li &Wang, 1982）,但同时发现这些样品也具有土佐鳒鲆（P. tosana Amaoka, 1963）的主要特征。因此,有必要明确这些样品种名以及丝指鳒鲆和土佐鳒鲆之间的关系。为了准确的鉴定这些样品,本研究采用和模式标本形态特征比较分析以及COI分子条形码K2P遗传距离比较的方法进行鉴定。首先将采集样品的29个形态特征分别与21或25个丝指鳒鲆或土佐鳒鲆模式标本特征进行了比较,然后比较了两个模式标本的18个形态特征。结果表明,所有土佐鳒鲆原始描述的可数和可量特征均与丝指鳒鲆模式标本及本研究样品的形态特征为重叠或包含关系,描述性状为一致;同时本研究以胸鳍条长度不同这一李思忠（1987）区别两种类的特征为依据,分别选取了胸鳍条突出成丝状2尾和不显著突出成丝状3尾共5尾代表样品进行COI条形码分析,获得的这些序列的K2P遗传距离为0.000 0 ~ 0.004 7,并将这些序列与GenBank上已有的土佐鳒鲆序列进行了比对,K2P遗传距离为0.002 3 ~ 0.007 0。基于Hebert等（2003）提出的种间遗传距离通常大于0.02的物种鉴定标准,本研究的分子结果显示,前期鉴定为丝指鳒鲆的本研究样品与土佐鳒鲆不存在种间差异。因此,基于形态特征和COI分子条形码结果均支持本研究样品与丝指鳒鲆和土佐鳒鲆为同一物种,根据《国际动物命名法规》中的优先权原则,丝指鳒鲆应为土佐鳒鲆的次同物异名。土佐鳒鲆为首次在中国大陆发现,故为新记录种。同时,根据本研究11尾样品的形态特征数据并整合前人研究结果对土佐鳒鲆的形态特征进行了再描述。     

中国出尾蕈甲属一新种一新纪录种(英文)

描述了采自中国陕西省1新种,周氏出尾蕈甲Scaphidium zhoushuni sp.nov.,采自中国西藏自治区的中国1新纪录种Scaphidium dureli(ACHARD),1922,并给出了上述2种的整体图和特征图.模式标本保存在上海师范大学标本馆.     

中国细尾小蜂属一新种(膜翅目:小蜂科)

首次报道了小蜂科细尾小蜂属Megalocolus Kriby,1883在中国的分布,描述采自云南、广西、重庆及上海的1新种,中华细尾小蜂Mealocolus chinensis sp.nov.。模式标本保存于中国科学院动物研究所动物标本馆。     

秉螈Pingia granulosus的重新发现及新模描述

1933年,张孟闻以1号采自浙江天台山的次成体有尾类标本定名粗皮肥螈Pachytriton granulosus,并于1935年建立新属--秉螈属Pingia以辖之.因模式标本在日本侵华战争期间遗失且多年来一直未再采集到标本,后来学者多认为其是无斑肥螈的同物异名.2008年6月1日,两栖动物爱好者周行在浙江龙王山采集到2号有尾类标本,经本文作者仔细研究后发现,除部分色斑及指(趾)端腹面未覆有角质鞘外,其他特征与秉螈Pingia granu.losus完全相符.因此作者建议恢复秉螈属Pingia和秉螈Pingia granulosus的有效性,并指定新模标本予以描述.     

中国纤细蛇根草(茜草科)的订正

通过标本考证和野外研究,证实中国文献记载的纤细蛇根草（Ophiorrhiza gracilis Kurz）实为尾瓣蛇根草（O. caudipetala Deb & Monda）错误鉴定,而后者之前仅被报道分布于印度,因此为中国新记录。尾瓣蛇根草具有明显不等大的对生叶片, 花冠裂片背部具长0.6~1 mm的角状突起,易与中国蛇根草属其它种类区分。     

假巴戟名称的合法化以及对糠藤后选模式的指定

假巴戟（Morinda shuanghuaensis C．Y．Chen et M．S．Huang）和糠藤（Morinda howiana S．Y．Hu）为茜草科（Rubiaceae）巴戟天属的两个中国特有种。发表于1976年的假巴戟的名称因原作者指定了两份标本作为模式标本（花模式和果模式）而为不合法名称,本文将其合法化,并根据原始描述将其果模式指定为模式。同样,糠藤也被指定具有两个模式,但是因其发表时间早于1958年1月1日,因此并不违背最新版《国际植物命名法规》（维也纳法规）,但是为了规范植物名称,避免更多的混淆,我们依据其原始描述将其花模式指定为后选模式。     

贵州省鲤形目鱼类一新纪录——大眼卷口鱼

2014年8月19—21日,在贵州省罗甸龙滩库区进行鱼类资源调查时,在一渔民的渔获物中采集到1尾鲤形目鱼类标本,经鉴定为大眼卷口鱼Ptychidio macrops,系贵州省鱼类新纪录。标本保存于黔南民族师范学院动物标本室。本文对该标本进行形态描述,并首次记述了鳍条皮褶这一独特性状。该标本与广西标本在体长/头长、头长/尾柄长、头长/尾柄高、吻须长/眼径、颌须长/眼径、流苏、肛门的位置、腹鳍基腹面特大鳞片等性状方面有一定差异。大眼卷口鱼为珍稀濒危物种,分布范围狭窄,此纪录扩大了其分布范围,也为进一步研究大眼卷口鱼和卷口鱼属这一中国特有属提供了基础资料。     

棘跳虫属一新种(弹尾目:棘跳科)

1980—1982年,我们连续在广东自然保护区鼎湖山考察跳虫,采到大量标本,种类也很丰富。我们使用漂浮法,仅一个上午就采到近千头棘跳虫科棘跳虫标本,经鉴定是一新种。该种生活于落叶层的土壤和腐烂叶片之间。取食腐烂叶片,可能对肥沃土壤有一定意义。故对其形态作较详细的描述并作扫描电镜观察。模式标本保存于广东省昆虫研究所。     

On the Knowledge of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) and Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) marginalis (Reitter, 1894) (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae)

Entomological Review - The type and other extensive material of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) and some of its synonyms was examined. Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) marginalis...     

Electronic structures of collagen model polymers: (Gly-Pro)n, (Gly-Hyp)n, (Ala-Pro)n, (Ala-Hyp)n, (Gly-Pro-Gly)n, (Gly-Hyp-Gly)n, (Gly-Pro-Pro)n, and (Gly-Pro-Hyp)n

In order to investigate the relationship existing between the electronic structures of collagen and its biochemical functions in vivo, the semiempirical CNDO/2 SCF MO calculations were carried out on several model polymers of collagen, (Gly-Pro)_n, (Gly-Hyp)_n, (Ala-Pro)_n, (Ala-Hyp)_n, (Gly-Pro-Gly)_n, (Gly-Hyp-Gly)_n, (Gly-Pro-Pro)_n and (Gly-Pro-Hyp)_n. Geometries of the skeleton of these polymers were assumed to be the same as those of poly(l-proline) I (cis) and II (trans) and the calculations were performed only on infinite polymers in a single chain. The results show that the cis form is always more stable than the trans form for all the polymers treated. This energy difference between the cis and trans forms depends, for example, on the kind of amino acid residue, Gly or Ala, but this could not be seen in the Pro or Hyp residue. The flexibility or mobility of the collagen structure was explained using the energy difference between the cis and trans forms of the polymers, i.e. the cis-trans conversion of the collagen was discussed in connection with the energy difference. The reason why the collagen has the constitution of (Gly-Pro-Hyp)_n is briefly discussed.     

On the Synonymy of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) (Coleoptera,Staphylinidae, Oxytelinae)

Entomological Review - The type material of several synonyms of Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) pennifer (Motschulsky, 1845) is revised. Both Coprophilus (Zonyptilus) striatipennis (Eppelsheim, 1894) and...     

Ecomorphology ofCrassostrea cucullata (Born, 1778) (Ostreidae) in a mangrove creek (Gazi,Kenya)

Variations of shell form and shell length were studied for oysters growing in the mangroves of Gazi Creek, Kenya, and related to different environmental factors.For the study of the form, Fourier analysis was performed on the circumference of 85 oysters. The resulting coefficients were compared among specimens using cluster analysis. The correspondence between this classification and substrate diameter is virtually perfect (only one misclassification out of 85 oysters). For the clusters based on height above chart datum, 9 specimens, all on intermediate height levels, were misclassified. Orientation with respect to tidal current had 13 misclassifications. Mangrove species seemed to influence form only marginally, if at all.In the study of the size ofCrassostrea cucullata, the length of 956 oysters, growing along two transects were measured, and correlated with several environmental factors. Oyster length was not related to substrate diameter or its orientation with respect to the main current. Length was not influenced by density up to a cover of 70%. For densities higher than 70%, there was a fairly strong negative correlation (r ² = 0.634,n = 217). Length was not correlated with height above bottom (base of the tree) for heights lower than 20 cm, while oysters growing closer to the bottom were smaller. The correlation with height above chart datum was negative but very low (r ² = 0.060,n = 957). However, if all measurements of oysters closer than 20 cm to the bottom, and all from a density of more than 70% cover are deleted from the data set, the correlation with height increased dramatically, the slope still being negative (r ² = 0.859,n = 543).     

Genetic polymorphism (ABO, Rh, Kell) in Kabul (Afghanistan)

ABO, rhesus and Kell blood group data on 1327 donors in Kabul are analysed by ethnic affinity and compared with existing data on Afghanistan peoples. Blood group frequencies are very similar in Pushtu and Tadjik, despite their different historical, linguistic, and cultural backgrounds. Inclusion of the small sample of Hazara in the analysis shows overall heterogeneity in rhesus D, E, and e frequencies, suggesting the existence of a broader pattern of genetic variation among the peoples of Afghanistan.     

Tachinid (Diptera, Tachinidae) parasitoids of sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta)

A list of 31 genera of tachinid parasitoids of sawflies is given. Despite the ecological and habitual similarity of sawflies and Lepidoptera, utilization of sawflies by tachinids was not as successful from the evolutionary point of view as utilization of Lepidoptera. Parasitism of tachinids in sawflies is evidently secondary; it appeared repeatedly and originates from parasitism in Lepidoptera. Most genera of tachinids are polyphagous. Endoparasitic Hymenoptera are koinobionts similarly to tachinids. The direct contact of the parasitoid with active mobile host larva not only results in complication of behavior and its specialization, but also promotes formation of different morphological innovations faster than that in idiobionts.