杂草果实的冰冻切片技术

介绍一种快速、简便的杂草果实解剖技术。以4种木质化程度高且能够漂浮的杂草果实为材料进行冰冻切片,经过材料固定、前处理、样品冷台固定、冷冻切片、展片、染色和观察并拍照等操作步骤,可以获得清晰的果实解剖照片,直观地揭示杂草果实适应漂浮的显微结构。杂草果实冰冻切片方法的优点是不需要对材料进行长时间的软化处理以及繁琐的脱水和包埋等过程。其关键环节是适宜的甘油浓度、冰冻温度和展片步骤。其中,15%的甘油浓度进行前处理最合适。     

高度木质化材料的冰冻切片技术

高度木质化植物材料的切片难度很大,应用常规切片方法不容易取得高质量的图版。本文介绍的冰冻切片方法,不需要进行长时间的软化处理、以及繁琐的脱水、包埋等过程,切片还进行不同的染色或组织化学测定,是一种快速、简捷和有效的制片方法。 其关键步骤是选好甘油浓度, 冰冻温度和展片步骤。     

高度木质化材料的冰冻切片技术

高度木质化植物材料的发片难度大,应用常规切片方法不容易取得高质量的图版。本文介绍了冰切片方法,不需要进行长时间的软化处理、以及繁琐的脱水、包埋等过程,切片还进行不同的染色或组织化学测定,是一种快速、简捷和有效的制片方法。其关键步骤是选好甘油浓度,冰冻温度和展片步骤。     

一种简单快速植物组织冰冻切片方法

比较不同冷冻方法对植物细胞超微结构的影响,结果表明:直接包埋法处理的植物细胞超微结构保存较好,而液氮冷冻处理的植物细胞内膜系统损伤严重.建立了一种直接包埋冷冻和适当回温相结合的方法,不仅可以制作出植物细胞基本结构保存完整的组织切片,而且避免了使用冰冻保护剂的弊端.其操作程序是:样品固定→冰冻与包埋→适当回温→快速切片→展片→染色.此法制作的切片可进行不同的染色和组织细胞化学测定,具有操作简便,易于推广的特点.     

冰冻切片制作体会及常见问题

目的:探讨冰冻切片制作过程中的影响因素及改进措施,提高切片质量,确保实验结果科学性、稳定性及可靠性.方法:从标本的取材、制片以及固定等多个环节阐述冰冻切片常见问题.结果:通过调整切片机的相应设置并且在冰冻切片多个环节中采取了相应措施,使切片更完整,厚薄均匀,无脱片和冰晶空洞现象产生,切片质量优良.结论:制作出高质量的冰冻切片需在取材处理、切片、固定等诸多环节上精益求精,这对冰冻切片这一专业性很强的实验技术的质控有着重大意义.     

朴树种子和果实的生长发育

早在1964年,Leopold 就指出:果实生长的研究集中在园艺上重要植物的肉果上,对其它果实生长的研究报道很少。朴树(Celtis Sinensis)是榆科常见耐旱树种,迄今未见关于其果实、种子生长发育的报道。我们从盛花期开始,每两天一次,取其子房置FAA 中固定保存。用解剖镜、光学显微镜及扫描电镜观察了种子及果实的生长发育过程。用于光镜观察的材料采用常规石蜡切片法制片,爱氏苏木精整体染色,切片厚度8～10μm。用于扫描电镜观察的材料处理方法如前,成熟果实不经处理直接喷金观察。观察结果及讨论如下。     

适合于植物花器官的冰冻切片技术

通过对4种植物主要花器官冰冻切片技术的各个环节及参数的研究,建立了一种适合于植物花器官的冰冻切片技术,即蔗糖保护-液氮速冻-冰冻切片法。其具体程序是：材料经固定和冷冻保护(蔗糖为冷冻保护剂)后进行速冻包埋(液氮为包埋剂);尔后进行冰冻切片;切片经干燥和染色(或者不染色)后,在显微镜下观察并摄影。此法为植物花器官的细胞生物学和分子生物学研究提供了简便、快速和高效的切片技术。     

猪蛔虫的神经系统

猪蛔虫(Ascaris suum Goeze 1782)是猪最常见的肠道寄生虫之一,也是目前教学和科研中的重要寄生性线虫模型。我们对其神经系统进行了一些观察,现将结果介绍如下。材料与方法观察材料为猪蛔虫成虫,雌虫长为22～30厘米,粗约0.5厘米;雄虫长为15～20厘米,粗约0.3厘米。解剖为新鲜和固定标本;制片为剥片和石腊、冰冻切片,并采用氯化铁——亚铁     

冰冻徒手切片

在用显微镜观察植物器官的解剖结构时 ,徒手切片的方法是制作玻片标本常用的最简便的方法。在对幼小植物根、海带带片、蘑菇菌褶、木耳子实体、苔藓植物、又薄又嫩的叶片等难于直接拿在手中的标本进行徒手切片时 ,通常利用萝卜、马铃薯块茎或泡沫塑料等作夹持物 ,将要切的材料夹在其中 ,进行切片。由于这些材料幼嫩软弱 ,有的容易夹坏 ,较难切薄。通过实验发现利用冰冻方法进行徒手切片效果很好。方法是 :将较厚的叶片、木耳子实体、蘑菇、海带带片、较粗的幼根等切成可以手拿方便的条块 ;将较细小的材料如苔藓植物捆成束 ;将较薄的几个叶片…     

小熊猫颈髓灰质细胞构筑的研究

作者以冰冻切片,尼氏染色,参照Rexed氏关于猫脊髓细胞分布与灰质的原则,对我国珍稀动物—小熊猫颈髓灰质作了详细观察。 材料和方法 成年小熊猫经Lillie氏液灌注固定,取脊髓按节段作冰冻切片(80和40微米横切片和部分纵切片);以甲苯胺兰染色,部分切片作fast blue染色用中性红复染。按Rexed分层标准观察并绘图、摄影,细胞大小用目镜测微尺直接测量。     

Fruit traits of vertebrate-dispersed alien plants: smaller seeds and more pulp sugar than indigenous species

Vertebrates play a major role in dispersing seeds of fleshy-fruited alien plants. However, we know little of how the traits of alien fleshy fruits compare with indigenous fleshy fruits, and how these differences might contribute to invasion success. In this study, we characterised up to 38 fruit morphology, pulp nutrient and phenology traits of an assemblage of 34 vertebrate-dispersed alien species in south-eastern Queensland, Australia. Most alien fruits were small (81% < 15 mm in mean width), and had watery fruit pulps that were high in sugars and low in nitrogen and lipids. When compared to indigenous species, alien fruits had significantly smaller seeds. Further, alien fruit pulps contained more sugar and more variable (and probably greater) nitrogen per pulp wet weight, and species tended to have longer fruiting seasons than indigenous species. Our analyses suggest that fruit traits could be important in determining invasiveness and could be used to improve pre- and post-border weed risk assessment.     

The role of fruit traits of bird-dispersed plants in invasiveness and weed risk assessment

Aim  Birds play a major role in the dispersal of seeds of many fleshy-fruited invasive plants. The fruits that birds choose to consume are influenced by fruit traits. However, little is known of how the traits of invasive plant fruits contribute to invasiveness or to their use by frugivores. We aim to gain a greater understanding of these relationships to improve invasive plant management.
Location  South-east Queensland, Australia.
Methods  We measure a variety of fruit morphology, pulp nutrient and phenology traits of a suite of bird-dispersed alien plants. Frugivore richness of these aliens was derived from the literature. Using regressions and multivariate methods, we investigate relationships between fruit traits, frugivore richness and invasiveness.
Results  Plant invasiveness was negatively correlated to fruit size, and all highly invasive species had quite similar fruit morphology [smaller fruits, seeds of intermediate size and few (< 10) seeds per fruit]. Lower pulp water was the only pulp nutrient trait associated with invasiveness. There were strong positive relationships between the diversity of bird frugivores and plant invasiveness, and in the diversity of bird frugivores in the study region and another part of the plants' alien range.
Main conclusions  Our results suggest that weed risk assessments (WRA) and predictions of invasive success for bird-dispersed plants can be improved. Scoring criteria for WRA regarding fruit size would need to be system-specific, depending on the fruit-processing capabilities of local frugivores. Frugivore richness could be quantified in the plant's natural range, its invasive range elsewhere, or predictions made based on functionally similar fruits.     

植物冰冻切片条件的优化及其与石蜡切片在组织化学应用中的比较

冰冻切片是植物组织学研究中一项重要的实验技术,冷冻温度和冷冻时间是决定切片质量的关键因素。通过比较15种冰冻切片条件,得出植物组织直接冰冻切片较适宜的冷箱温度、冷台温度和冷冻时间。同时,通过对5种植物的不同组织进行组织化学染色,比较了新鲜材料直接冰冻切片与常规石蜡切片在不同化学成分鉴定上的异同及各自的适用范围。结果表明,对于多糖、蛋白质和角质,两种切片方法的鉴定结果比较一致,但对于脂肪只能采用冰冻切片技术。研究结果对植物组织学实验和研究方法的改进具有一定的参考价值。     

冰冻切片技术在植物显微结构和组织化学中的应用

介绍了冰冻切片法研究植物显微结构和组织化学的一般程序。结果表明,冰冻切片过程简单有效且图版清晰,在1d内可获得高质量图片,解决了利用普通石蜡切片观察植物样品需要进行脱水、浸透、包埋操作且耗时长的问题,在植物显微结构和组织化学研究中具有广阔的应用前景。     

独行菜族8属(十字花科)植物果实及种子微形态研究

采用GMA(Glycol methacrylate,乙二醇甲基丙烯酸酯)半薄切片法,利用比较解剖学对独行菜族中代表植物8属25种果实及种子微形态结构进行观察分析。同时,以菥蓂属菥蓂为例详细介绍了假隔膜的形成过程。结果显示独行菜族果实及种子微形态特征明显,果实均为短角果,除厚壁荠属和沙芥属果实为背腹压扁外,其他属种均为两侧压扁;果实边缘有翅为独行菜族的典型特征,可分为周翅、微翅、宽翅及披针形翅;部分果皮细胞有纤维层,偶有木化,除菘蓝属、厚壁荠属、沙芥属无假隔膜结构外,其他属种均具有明显的假隔膜。种子大小为(0.8~10)mm×(0.5~2.8)mm,种皮纹饰丰富,遇水或潮湿环境可形成粘液种子。种皮通常由薄壁细胞构成,偶有木化,具内含物;除高河菜属和菥蓂属子叶与胚根的排列方式为子叶缘倚,其他属种均为子叶背倚。假隔膜为内果皮细胞向内延伸连接而成。本文完善了独行菜族果实及种子微形态结构信息,为分子系统学等其他相关研究提供基础资料。     

Infestation of fruit by conspecific and heterospecific females deters oviposition in two Tephritidae fruit fly species

Tephritidae fruit fly larvae develop entirely in the host chosen by the females. To improve the fitness of their progeny, females would benefit from rejecting previously exploited hosts. Anastrepha fraterculus and Ceratitis capitata are two species of fruit flies having similar nutritional requirements and overlapping in their distribution. Previous studies found that competition between the larvae of these species might reach high levels, suggesting that cross-recognition would be an adaptive trait. In this work, we tested the ability of A. fraterculus and C. capitata females to recognize and avoid fruits previously infested by both conspecific and heterospecific females. In laboratory behavioural arenas, females were presented with fruits that had been previously exposed to either conspecific or heterospecific females. Then, we conducted choice and non-choice assays to compare the response of A. fraterculus and C. capitata females to infested and non-infested fruits. In non-choice tests, the females from both species rejected fruits previously infested by conspecific and heterospecific individuals. However, the rejection occurred at different steps of the sequence leading to oviposition: A. fraterculus showed a lower rate of visits to infested fruits, whereas C. capitata visited both infested and non-infested fruits, but the latency to visit a fruit and the rejection frequency were higher and the duration of the visit to infested fruit was lower. In choice assays, the rejection of heterospecific infested fruit was higher than that of conspecific infested fruits, for both species. Our results suggest that, regardless of the sensory mechanism used by females, the recognition of previous infestation is bidirectional and females of both species, belonging to different genera, recognize fruit infested by heterospecifics. These responses indicate that cross-recognition, supposedly a highly beneficial trait, could be occurring in nature, thus reducing interspecific competition and contributing to the coexistence of these species.