VA真菌对构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)幼苗物质代谢的影响

石灰岩地区因其干旱瘠薄的生境特征,植被难以恢复,然而仍有一些适生植物如构树生长良好,原因可能与根际微生物有关。就石灰岩适生植物构树（Broussorretia papyrifera）进行菌根真菌摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseea）、地表球囊霉（Glomus versiforme）、透光球囊霉（Glomus diaphanum）的单独接种、混合接种和不接种处理,幼苗生长3个月后测定其生理指标,以期从代谢水平上了解植物对VA真菌的生理响应。结果表明：构树幼苗叶片可溶性糖、蛋白质,脯氨酸和叶绿素均较非接种处理有不同程度的显著提高,丙二醛含量则较对照降低。各代谢物质存在一定相关性。在物质代谢水平上,构树幼苗对不同VA真菌处理有不同的生理响应。宿主植物和VA真菌之间存在一定的相互选择。接种VA真菌提高了石灰岩适生植物构树的抗逆性。     

构树幼苗对接种丛枝菌根真菌的生长响应

利用石灰岩适生植物构树进行菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(GM)、地表球囊霉(GV)和透光球囊霉(GD)的单独接种(SI)、混合接种(CI)和不接种(N)处理试验,测定了构树幼苗生长3个月后的形态及生长指标.结果表明:接种VA真菌促进了宿主构树的生长,单株地上部分、地下部分生物量和全株生物量等生长指标均较对照组显著提高,4种处理下构树幼苗生物量较对照提高了2.49～8.19倍,其中CI处理生物量最大,而单株叶片数目与对照组没有显著差异.不同接种处理的构树幼苗生长响应不同.在SI处理中,GD对构树幼苗生长效应最大,而CI处理较SI处理对构树幼苗的促进效应更加明显.CI处理中地径、苗高和总叶面积分别是对照组的1.5、2.2和6.0倍.各处理中根冠比最大的为CI(0.446).说明宿主植物与菌种存在一定的选择性.     

构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)幼苗氮、磷吸收对接种AM真菌的响应

对石灰岩适生植物构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)进行菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseea)、地表球囊霉(G.versiforme)、透光球囊霉(G.diaphanum)的单独接种、混合接种和不接种处理,幼苗生长3个月后测定其根茎叶N、P含量和土壤酶活性,结果表明：接种AM真菌后构树幼苗生物量显著增加,植株根茎叶N含量较对照组显著提高,其含量为根<茎<叶。各处理中除了透光球囊霉处理的茎含量与对照差异不显著外,其余各处理含量均呈显著或极显著差异。AM真菌对构树苗P的促进效应主要体现在根、茎的利用上,而叶片P含量除混合接种外则有所降低,但M+(接种处理)与M-(非接种处理)间无显著差异。构树苗根茎叶等量干物质P含量依次为叶>根>茎。进一步研究表明,接种AM真菌显著提高了土壤酶活性,这种显著性主要体现在蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶上, 植株N含量与土壤蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性有显著相关性,而P含量只是根部吸收与多酚氧化酶活性显著相关。结果表明,接种AM真菌促进了宿主植物构树生物量的积累,提高了根际土壤酶活性,增加了植株对N、P的吸收。     

石灰岩土壤基质上构树幼苗接种丛枝菌根（AM）真菌的光合特征

就石灰岩适生植物构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)分别进行菌根真菌（简称AM真菌）摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseae)、地表球囊霉(Glomus versiforme)、透光球囊霉(Glomus diaphanum)的单独接种、混合接种和不接种处理,幼苗生长3个月后测定其生长及光合生理指标,以期从光合水平上了解接种AM真菌对植物的生长、生理的响应。结果表明：接种AM真菌促进了构树幼苗生长,接种组地茎、苗高、总叶面积较对照差异性显著,但单株幼苗叶片数较对照无显著差异。接种处理导致了幼苗较高的菌根侵染率,而非接种处理侵染率为0。较对照而言,接种处理净光合速率显著提高,而蒸腾速率和气孔导度在单接种G.diaphanum下降低,其他三种处理均显著提高。接种处理光合耗水量较对照处理显著降低,提高了光合水分利用效率。接种后叶绿素a、b含量极显著提高。     

构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)幼苗氮、磷吸收对接种AM真菌的响应

对石灰岩适生植物构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)进行菌根真菌摩西球囊霉(Glomus mosseea)、地表球囊霉(G.versiforme)、透光球囊霉(G.diaphanum)的单独接种、混合接种和不接种处理,幼苗生长3个月后测定其根茎叶N、P含量和土壤酶活性,结果表明:接种AM真菌后构树幼苗生物量显著增加,植株根茎叶N含量较对照组显著提高,其含量为根<茎<叶。各处理中除了透光球囊霉处理的茎含量与对照差异不显著外,其余各处理含量均呈显著或极显著差异。AM真菌对构树苗P的促进效应主要体现在根、茎的利用上,而叶片P含量除混合接种外则有所降低,但M (接种处理)与M-(非接种处理)间无显著差异。构树苗根茎叶等量干物质P含量依次为叶>根>茎。进一步研究表明,接种AM真菌显著提高了土壤酶活性,这种显著性主要体现在蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶上,植株N含量与土壤蛋白酶和碱性磷酸酶活性有显著相关性,而P含量只是根部吸收与多酚氧化酶活性显著相关。结果表明,接种AM真菌促进了宿主植物构树生物量的积累,提高了根际土壤酶活性,增加了植株对N、P的吸收。     

喀斯特土壤上香樟幼苗接种不同AM真菌后的耐旱性效应

为探索喀斯特土壤适生植物香樟幼苗在接种不同AM真菌后的耐旱适应性,进行了香樟幼苗接种幼套球囊霉(Glomus etunicatum)和层状球囊霉(Glomus lamellosum)后水分胁迫处理试验。结果表明：（1）接种AM真菌显著提高了香樟幼苗的生物量积累,AM促进植株生物量效应依次为中度>轻度>正常>重度,同一水分胁迫处理下生物量幼套球囊霉>层状球囊霉。（2）中度干旱下香樟幼苗菌根依赖性最大,幼套球囊霉接种植株的菌根依赖性较层状球囊霉大。（3）接种AM真菌显著提高了植株叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量,并降低了丙二醛含量;在正常供水下植株叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸含量层状球囊霉接种>幼套球囊霉接种>对照,干旱胁迫下表现为幼套球囊霉接种>层状球囊霉接种>对照;干旱胁迫下的幼套球囊霉接种植株丙二醛含量低于层状球囊霉接种植株。（4）总体上,可溶性糖与脯氨酸相关性极显著,可溶性蛋白质与丙二醛之间呈显著负相关性。幼套球囊霉接种香樟幼苗的耐旱性高于和层状球囊霉接种香樟幼苗。     

接种丛枝菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗生长和光合作用的影响

利用菌根真菌摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉,对喀斯特地区造林树种青冈栎进行接种试验,测定菌根真菌对青冈栎幼苗生长、生物量和光合作用的影响。结果表明:接种丛枝菌根真菌能显著促进青冈栎幼苗株高、地径、叶面积和幼苗生物量的增长,并且能提高幼苗成活率和改善幼苗的光合能力。摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉处理的青冈栎幼苗生物量分别是未接种处理的2.1和1.9倍;摩西球囊霉和根内球囊霉处理下的水分利用效率分别比对照处理提高了33.6%和8.8%;摩西球囊霉对青冈栎幼苗株高、地径、生物量的促进作用好于根内球囊霉,而根内球囊霉处理的幼苗叶面积、主根长、根冠比大于摩西球囊霉处理。总体而言,接种丛枝菌根真菌特别是摩西球囊霉能促进青冈栎幼苗的生长和生物量增长,在石漠化植被恢复中具有潜在应用价值。     

内生真菌和丛枝菌根真菌对羊草生长的影响

该研究比较了摩西球囊霉(Glmous mosseae)和幼套球囊霉(Glmous etunicatum)两种丛枝菌根真菌和内生真菌单独及混合接种对羊草(Leymus chinensis)生长的影响。结果表明, 内生真菌对2种菌根真菌的侵染均无显著影响, 内生真菌可极显著增加羊草的分蘖数、地上生物量、总生物量。内生真菌与菌根真菌之间的相互作用因菌根真菌种类而不同, 幼套球囊霉对宿主植物生长无明显影响且和内生真菌之间也无明显的相互作用; 单独接种摩西球囊霉显著增加羊草的地上、地下和总生物量, 当其与内生真菌共同存在时, 二者之间存在一定的拮抗作用。冗余分析结果表明, 在内生真菌-AM真菌-羊草共生体中, 内生真菌对宿主植物生长的影响最大, 摩西球囊霉对宿主植物生长也有一定的贡献, 幼套球囊霉对宿主植物生长无明显影响。     

接种AM真菌对喜树幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

 喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)是我国特有的多年生亚热带落叶阔叶树种, 因其次生代谢产物喜树碱具有良好的抗肿瘤活性而备受关注。通过温室盆栽接种试验, 观察了3属6种丛枝菌根(AM)真菌木薯球囊霉(Glomus manihot)、地表球囊霉(G. versiforme)、透光球囊霉(G. diaphanum)、蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)、光壁无梗囊霉(A. laevis)和弯丝硬囊霉(Sclerocystis sinuosa)对喜树幼苗生长及光合特性的影响。结果表明, 除地表球囊霉外, 其余菌根幼苗生物量显著高于无菌根幼苗, 蜜色无梗囊霉、弯丝硬囊霉和透光球囊霉的菌根幼苗生物量分别达到无菌根幼苗的1.6倍、1.4倍和1.3倍。与无菌根幼苗相比, 蜜色无梗囊霉菌根幼苗叶片的净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)均有显著提高, 而胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)与气孔限制值(L_s)则变化不明显。接种透光球囊霉、蜜色无梗囊霉、光壁无梗囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉的喜树幼苗叶片叶绿素a含量、总叶绿素含量、叶绿素a/b和类胡萝卜素含量均显著高于无菌根幼苗, 而叶绿素b含量只有木薯球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗显著高于无菌根幼苗。接种AM真菌对喜树幼苗叶片叶绿素荧光参数影响较小, 只有透光球囊霉菌根幼苗叶片的最大光能转换效率(F_v/F_m)显著高于无菌根幼苗, 接种木薯球囊霉和弯丝硬囊霉的喜树幼苗的PSⅡ有效光化学量子产量(EQY)显著高于无菌根幼苗, 弯丝硬囊霉菌根幼苗的光化学淬灭(qP)显著高于无菌根幼苗, 非光化学淬灭(NPQ)则显著低于无菌根幼苗。     

接种时期对丛枝菌根喜树幼苗喜树碱含量的影响

喜树(Camptotheca acuminata)是我国特有的多年生亚热带落叶阔叶树种, 因其次生代谢产物喜树碱具有良好的抗肿瘤活性而受到人们的广泛关注。通过温室盆栽接种试验, 观察了喜树幼苗不同生长时期接种蜜色无梗囊霉(Acaulospora mellea)和根内球囊霉(Glomus intraradices)对喜树幼苗喜树碱积累的影响。结果表明接种两种丛枝菌根真菌均促进了喜树幼苗喜树碱的积累, 表现为喜树碱产量(单株幼苗所含的喜树碱量, 喜树碱含量与幼苗生物量的乘积)的显著提高。进一步分析发现, 接种丛枝菌根真菌导致幼喜树苗喜树碱产量的提高, 早期(幼苗出土20天)接种主要是源于喜树碱含量的提高, 特别是叶片喜树碱含量的提高, 而晚期(幼苗出土60天)接种则主要是源于幼苗生物量的增加。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.