伊洛河河岸带生态系统草本植物功能群划分

植物功能群是对环境有相同响应和对主要生态系统过程有相似作用的组合。伊洛河是黄河中游南岸的一条重要水系,其河岸带生态系统不同生境类型中草本植物优势种变化明显,能较好地反映出植被与环境的动态关系。根据调查结果,结合出现次数和重要值,选取27种优势种进行种间联结及相关性分析。以$2检验为基础,结合联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC来测定草本层优势种间的联结性,根据优势种间的联结性及其在不同生境中的变化异同,以优势种为主体划分伊洛河河岸带生态系统中草本植物功能群。结果表明,对27种草本植物优势种共划分了5组功能群:"广布型"、"湿生型"、"中旱生型"、"农田逃逸型"和"入侵型"。表明以优势种为主体对伊洛河河岸带生态系统草本植物进行功能群划分可行性高,有较强的代表性。同一功能群物种间表现出显著正联结性,一起出现在同一生境下的几率较大,在长期的生长演化过程中,能够适应相似的资源环境且对干扰有相似的响应。伊洛河河岸带生态系统由于长期的自然和人为干扰,加上外来物种的入侵,河岸带生态系统的生物多样性和生态安全面临着严峻的挑战。     

秦岭山地油松天然次生林灌木层主要种群种间联结性与功能群划分

运用χ²检验、联结系数和共同出现程度,测定秦岭山地油松天然次生林灌木层20个主要植物种群的种间联结性.结果表明: 在190个种对中,具有较明显正联结的种对数占总种对数的7.4%,胡枝子与胡颓子、漆树与油松、卫矛与毛樱桃等表现为极显著正联结,绝大多数种对表现为弱联结,正负联结比值均小于1.表明灌木层主要植物种群种对间联结较松散,物种之间存在一定的独立性,处于动态演替的中期阶段,群落稳定性较差.通过种间联结和聚类分析,结合生物学和生态学特征,将灌木层20个主要植物种群划分为4个功能群.同一功能群内物种的生态要求和资源利用方式相近,联结紧密,而不同功能群间联结较为松散.     

山西太岳山辽东栎群落木本植物功能群分类

采用样方法对太岳山七里峪辽东栎群落进行了调查,计算重要值并结合频度,在乔木层和灌木层选取优势度相对较大的物种进行种间联结和聚类分析,以χ2检验为基础,结合联结系数(AC)和共同出现百分率(PC)测定辽东栎群落木本植物优势种的种间联结性,根据种间联结性以及聚类分析结果划分植物功能群,并通过功能群植物组成随海拔梯度的差异揭示辽东栎群落的变化。结果表明:(1)油松、茶条槭、小叶杨、山杨、白桦随海拔升高在辽东栎群落中具有相对较大的优势性。(2)以优势种为主体将辽东栎群落乔木层树种划分为3组植物功能群,即第一组为北京丁香、小叶杨、秀丽槭(1 200~1 700m),第二组为油松、鹅耳枥(1 700~1 840m),第三组为山杨、白桦、暴马丁香(1 900~2 100m)。(3)灌木层优势种划分为7组功能群。研究表明,每一组功能群都有其特定的分布区域和形态特征,较好反映出了环境与植被的动态关系,为今后辽东栎林的保护与研究提供理论基础。     

CLASSIFICATION OF PLANT FUNCTIONAL TYPES BASED ON DOMINANT TREE SPECIES IN THE FOREST ECOSYSTEM AT FUNIU MOUNTAIN NATIONAL RESERVE, EAST CHINA

 乔木层优势种左右着森林生态系统的结构与功能, 以乔木层优势种为主体划分森林生态系统功能型, 可以对森林生态系统的功能、框架结构及类群分布有一个明确的认识。伏牛山国家级自然保护区是中国东部森林样带中的亚热带和暖温带的结合点, 具有南北气候过渡带的典型特征, 群落的优势种突出, 随着环境梯度(海拔)的变化, 乔木层优势种变化明显, 能较好地反映出植被与环境的动态关系。采用群落生态学的调查方法, 在伏牛山南北坡设置66个样地。根据调查结果, 通过计算重要值, 选取37个优势度相对较大的乔木树种进行种间联结及相关性分析, 以χ2检验为基础, 结合联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC来测定乔木优势种间的联结性, 根据优势种间的联结性及其在海拔梯度上的变化异同来划分植物功能群。结果表明, 栓皮栎(Quercus variabilis)、短柄枹(Q. glandulifera)、锐齿栎(Q. acutidentata)、华山松(Pinus armandi)依海拔升高分别具有最大的优势势性。以这4个优势种为主体将伏牛山自然保护区乔木层划分为4个植物功能型, 第一组功能型为: 栓皮栎、槲栎(Q. aliena)、山槐(Albizia kalkora)、茅栗(Castanea seguinii)(1 100 m以下); 第二组功能型为: 短柄枹、化香(Platycarya strobilacea)、黄连木(Pistacia chinensis)(1 100~1 400 m); 第三组功能型为: 锐齿栎、千金榆(Carpinus cordata)、漆树(Toxicodendron verniciflum)(1 400~1 800 m); 第四组功能型为: 华山松、油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、六道木(Abelia biflora)、白桦(Betula platyphylla)、红桦(B. albo-sinensis)(1 800 m以上)。功能群间的形态特征有明显的区别, 如叶片的大小、形状等, 这些区别需要生理生态学的进一步研究。     

伏牛山自然保护区森林生态系统草本植物功能群的分类

伏牛山国家级自然保护区是中国东部森林样带中的亚热带和暖温带的结合点,随着环境梯度(海拔)的变化,林下植物优势种变化明显.草本植物对环境的反应较为敏感,能较好的反映出植被与环境的动态关系.采用群落学调查方法,对伏牛山南北坡的植被进行调查.以X2检验为基础,结合联结系数AC和共同出现百分率PC来测定草本层优势种间的联结性,根据优势种间的联系性及其在海拔梯度上的变化异同,以优势种为主体划分伏牛山自然保护区林下草本植物功能群.研究结果表明,以优势种为主体对森林生态系统草本植物进行功能群划分可行性高,有较强的代表性.对草本优势种共划分了7组植物功能群:Ⅰ"伴人型",Ⅱ"高山型",Ⅲ"阴湿型",Ⅳ"耐旱型",Ⅴ"林隙型",Ⅵ"基础型",Ⅶ"原始型".每一组都有其特定的分布区域和形态特征,较好了反应出环境与植被的动态关系,为今后森林生态系统研究和植物功能群划分寻找新的思路.     

广西大石围天坑群天坑森林主要木本植物种间关联性研究

为了解大石围天坑群天坑森林植物群落的种间联结特征,该文以大石围天坑群中7个典型天坑森林为研究区建立18个样地,取其中重要值大于1的木本植物为研究对象,采用方差比例、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数检验、Spearman秩相关系数检验及PCA排序方法,对天坑森林内的主要木本植物种间关联性和生态种组进行定量分析。结果表明:(1)乔木层总体联结性呈现显著正联结,灌木层总体联结性呈现不显著正联结,群落总体关联性呈现显著正联结,表明天坑森林植物群落处于稳定的阶段。(2)χ2检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验发现,乔木层正联结种对多于负联结种对且显著联结种对占多数,灌木层负联结种对多于正联结种对,且显著联结种对占多数,表明乔木层群落稳定性高于灌木层,乔木层种间竞争合作强,灌木层种间竞争排斥性强,群落主要木本植物之间联结性强,种间保持紧密联结的联结特征。(3) PCA排序将天坑森林植物分为四大生态种组,物种分布由天坑底部至顶部呈现圈层分布方式,且物种分布方式总体受生境差异和物种自身特性影响。可见,植物紧密的联结关系是天坑森林多样性维持机制之一,而群落内部种间关联性的自我调控及物种对生境异质性的趋同适应是群落维持稳定的基础。     

扎龙湿地藻类优势种生态位及其种间联结性动态分析

为了解扎龙湿地藻类群落结构的季节特征和演替规律，对扎龙湿地藻类群落进行了分析，主要涉及藻类优势度、生态位、MFG功能群划分、生态位重叠值及联结系数分析。结果表明：(1)在检出的8门311种藻类中，夏季种类丰富度最高，全年优势种为狭形纤维藻和啮蚀隐藻。(2)优势种种类和密度季节性差异较大，春季以金藻-绿藻种类为主，夏季以绿藻-隐藻种类为主，秋季以隐藻-绿藻种类为主。(3)生态位宽度值与MFG功能群划分结合分析表明，优势种可分为3个大类别，不同种类对资源利用情况的差异较大，各季节广生态位种能较好的反映扎龙湿地水体环境的季节变化趋势。(4)生态位重叠值在不同季节上有较大差异，O_ik>0.6的占比分别为42.86%(春)、28.57%(夏)和25.00%(秋),表明春季优势种种间资源的竞争最为突出，种间竞争强于夏、秋两季。(5)种间联结性检验结果显示，扎龙湿地藻类优势种间总体联结上呈正关联关系，但是种间联结较为松散，种与种之间相对独立。研究表明，扎龙湿地藻类群落结构生态位测度均存在明显的季节波动，较好反映出水环境季节变化特征，可用来指示湿地水体环境的变化。     

神农架天然针阔混交林群落的种间联结性

该文在神农架国家公园内选取1 hm~2的森林动态监测样地,利用方差比率法(VR)、χ~2统计量检验、联结系数(AC),研究了该群落的乔木层、灌木层、草本层优势种的种间联结性。结果表明:(1)经χ~2统计量检验,乔木、灌木、草本层优势种种对中正负联结比依次为0.70、0.61、1.14,方差比率法(VR)测出各层次总体联结性均为显著正联结,说明针阔混交林群落正朝着稳定的方向演替。(2)联结系数(AC)结果显示乔木层有32.05%的负关联种对,针叶和阔叶优势树种间存在强烈的竞争关系,正联结关系仅存在阔叶树种间;灌木层和草本层分别有48.89%、34.17%的负关联种对,是由于具有相似生态学特性的物种对有限资源的竞争;乔木层、灌木层和草本层分别有65.38%、35.56%、44.17%的无关联种对,可能是物种占据合适生态位,物种间依赖性降低。以上结果表明神农架天然针阔混交林群落中少数种对的生境趋同性使种间表现为正联结,由于生态位重叠过多造成资源竞争使大多种对表现为负联结,同时较多优势种因占据合适的生态位使种对联结性弱。     

俄罗斯平原针阔混交林群落的灌木层植物种间相关研究

灌木层植物种类丰富，成层明显，结构复杂是俄罗斯平原针阔混交林群落的突出特点，应用Ｘ＾２检验和Ｐｅａｒｓｏｎ相关系数ｒ公式研究了灌木层植物种间联结和相关性，对测定结果的生态学意义进行了分析，依据测定结果，将形成灌木层的植物划分为４个生态联结种组；俄罗斯金雀花＋璎珞柏，欧洲白蜡＋欧洲白榆，疣枝卫矛＋欧洲荚迷＋黄忍冬＋欧榛子＋黑茶镳子＋欧洲赤杨。生态种组的划分为整个群落的结构和动态研究及植被的恢复和重建     

塔里木河中下游地区荒漠河岸林群落种间关系分析

采用 2× 2列联表, 应用Fisher精确检验法研究了新疆塔里木河中下游荒漠河岸林群落种间关系, 测定了16种植物、共 12 0个种对的种间联结性。研究结果表明 :1) 12 0个种对中有 17个种对分别在不同的样方尺度中表现出显著或极显著的种间联结, 约占总数的 14.2 % ;其中 13个种对为正关联, 4个种对为负关联 ;2 ) 不同取样面积对种间联结性分析的有效性有影响, 不同种对表现出种间联结的最小样方尺度不同 ;3) 随着样方面积的增大, 各种对自有不同的种间联结变化规律, 可归纳为 4种类型 ;4 ) 17个具种间联结的种对以灌木草本和草本草本的种对居多, 占总数的 76.5 % ;主要乔木树种胡杨 (Populuseuphratica) 与灌木之间、灌木和灌木之间趋向独立分布。     

Plant Functional Group Classification of Herbaceous Species in Quercus wutaishanica Communities in the Taiyue Mountains,Shanxi Province of China

Quercus wutaishanica is warm temperate deciduous broad leaved forest region one of the typical vegetation types. Qwutaishanica vegetation types as a representative of Shanxi, is the main part of shanxi forest. Past research focuses on the subject of Qwutaishanica results, the study of the herb layer seldom reported. The understory layer dominant species of Qwutaishanica community on Qiliyu of Taiyue Moutains, whose abundances clearly vary along environmental(altitudinal) gradients.Herbaceous plants highly responsive to changes in environmental conditions that reflect the dynamic relations between vegetation and environment. In this paper, using the method of sample, investigated the community of Qwutaishanica on Qiliyu of Taiyue Moutains, Shanxi. We used the results of this investigation to calculate species importance values and frequency, which were used to identify 27 dominant species in herbages. χ2 tests, together with association coefficient and percentage cooccurrence, were used to measure interspecific associations of the dominant species of herbaceous. Plant functional types (PFTS) were defined according to interspecific associations and cluster analysis of the dominant species. In studies of forest understory plant assemblages, designating PFTs according to dominant herbaceous species is feasible. Dominant herbaceous species formed seven PFTs: each with its unique spatial distribution and morphological characteristics, are identifiedⅠ.amphigenous Ⅱ.pelouse edge Ⅲ.wet sparse Ⅳ.gap drought resistant Ⅴ.hill edge Ⅵ.alpine Ⅶ.dank. Plant functional types(PFTs) of herbaceous plants varies with altitude gradients, which reflect the relationship between Qwutaishanica and environment well.     

山西植物功能型划分及其空间格局

随着全球气候变化的加剧,作为沟通陆地生态系统与气候变化的桥梁,植物功能型(Plant Functional Types,PFTs)越来越受到生态学家的关注。PFTs不仅是简化生态系统复杂性的有效工具,而且可将植物的生理生态过程、生物物理特征及物候变化等引入到动态植被模型中,研究气候变化下的植被反应及其反馈机制。为了在区域尺度上研究气候变化和植被反应,基于"生态-外貌"原则,依据植物特征(如生长型、叶的性状)及其对水分、温度的需求,结合区域的气候与地理条件,对山西植被进行植物功能型的划分,并在此基础上对其空间格局进行分析。结果表明:(1)山西植被可划分为19类植物功能型(其中包括4类栽培作物功能型),分别是:寒温性常绿针叶林、温性常绿针叶林、寒温性落叶针叶林、温性落叶阔叶林、高寒落叶灌丛、温性落叶灌丛、多年生禾草草原、多年生禾草草丛、多年生禾草草甸、多年生莎草草甸、多年生杂类草草原、多年生杂类草草丛、多年生杂类草草甸。1年生杂类草草甸、多年生豆科草原、果树、一年一熟栽培作物、一年二熟栽培作物和二年三熟栽培作物。植物功能型的划分和分布与山西植被区划有较好的一致性,基本反映了植物固有特征及其对水热条件的需求。(2)农作物在山西占有较大比重,占植被类型面积的53.15%,森林类型以温性常绿针叶林和温性落叶阔叶林为主,灌丛类型以温性落叶灌丛为主,草本类型中多年生禾草草丛占较大比例,占草本类型面积的50.98%。(3)由于水热条件及地理条件的差异,植物功能型(不考虑栽培作物)在各区域表现出较大差异,如多年生杂类草草原主要分布于北部地区,在南部并不存在这种植物功能型;森林类型的功能型主要分布于中、南部地区,且结构复杂、类型多样。(4)除栽培作物表现出较好的整体性和连通性,其他植物功能型均表现出不同程度的破碎化和离散化。(5)山西植物功能型整体上表现出较高的多样性,其中中部地区比其他地区的多样性和破碎化程度高,斑块类型更加趋向于离散的小斑块状,北部地区则以一年一熟栽培作物占明显优势,表现出较强的优势度,而南部地区并没有表现出很强的破碎度或优势度。     

Relationship between avian range limits and plant transition zones in Maine

Aim To determine if vegetation complexity associated with transition zones may be a contributing factor affecting bird species distributions in Maine, USA, and in increased numbers of bird species at about 45° north latitude in northeastern North America. Location Maine, USA; North America north of Mexico. Methods We delineated the ranges within Maine (86,156 km²) of 186 bird species and 240 woody plants using literature and expert review. Maps showing species richness and numbers of range limits, at 324 km² resolution, were developed for woody plants and groups of breeding birds: forest specialists, forest generalists, and those that used barren and urban habitats, early successional areas, and wetlands or open water. Two plant transition zones for Maine were identified previously, with the north–south transition zone mapped across eastern North America. Patterns in bird distribution maps were compared to woody plant maps and to transition zones. Results When the distributions of forest specialists were compared to the north–south vegetation transition zone in Maine, they were spatially coincident, but were not for other groups. Forest specialists had more species with range limits in the state (61%) than generalists (13%) or any other group. At a continental‐scale, the vegetation transition zone within eastern North America agreed fairly well with the areas of highest bird richness. Main conclusions A bird transition zone occurs in Maine and across eastern North America, akin to and overlapping the vegetation transition zone. Seasonality is likely the primary source of the inverse gradient in bird richness in the eastern USA, as reported by others. However, vegetation structure and habitat selection at very broad spatial scales appear to contribute to the reversed gradient. North of the vegetation transition zone, forest structure is simpler and coniferous forests more dominant, and this may contribute to reduced bird species richness. However, the northern (> 49°) typical gradient in bird species richness has been related to many hypotheses, and several are likely involved in the genesis of the gradient.     

Aridity,soil and biome stability influence plant ecoregions in the Atlantic Forest,a biodiversity hotspot in South America

Our aims were to quantify and map the plant ecoregions of the Atlantic Forest, a biodiversity hotspot that covers ca 150 million ha in eastern South America. We used a data set on the distribution of 4378 shrub and tree species across 711 localities. Plant ecoregions were identified using analyses of species turnover for both species occurrences and relative abundances. We interpolated NMDS axes of compositional variation over the entire the Atlantic Forest extent, and then classified the compositional dissimilarity according to the number of biogeographical ecoregions previously identified through K‐means analyses. We assessed the ability of environmental, historical vegetation stability and the current human footprint to explain the occurrence of the identified ecoregions through multinomial logistic regression models. We identified 21 spatially cohesive occurrence and 14 abundance ecoregions. Aridity, soil and historical biome stability were retained in the best model explaining both occurrence and abundance ecoregions. Broad compositional zones were identified through UPGMA cluster analysis of ecoregions, and formed north and south compositional blocks. Our work confirms the existence of a broad north–south divide within the Atlantic Forest, previously suggested based on climatic and amphibious data. Differences between the occurrence and abundance maps suggest the location of transition zones to neighbouring domains and endemism centres. Due to the aggregate nature of our analyses, site‐level disturbance degree was not considered, implying that human impacts could be broader then we could detect. There was limited overlap between our results and previous Atlantic Forest regionalization efforts, indicating that multi‐taxa, physiognomic and environmental regionalization schemes based on expert opinion or vegetation maps are poor proxies for compositional ecoregions.     

内蒙古西鄂尔多斯地区半日花荒漠群落特征及其分类

半日花(Helianthemum songaricum)为亚洲中部特有种和古地中海残遗植物, 其群落为内蒙古西鄂尔多斯地区的特有荒漠植物群落。该文以2016-2017年野外调查数据为基础, 结合相关文献资料, 对半日花荒漠群落的分布、群落特征及其分类进行了总结。结果表明: (1)半日花荒漠群落集中分布于黄河以东内蒙古西鄂尔多斯的阿尔巴斯山麓南北部、千里沟; 少量分布于黄河以西贺兰山北端内蒙古乌海市与阿拉善盟交界处及贺兰山最南端的内蒙古阿拉善盟与宁夏交界处明长城沿线的石质残丘。(2)根据样地调查, 半日花荒漠群落记录到种子植物58种, 隶属于17科39属, 其中灌木、半灌木18种, 多年生草本27种, 一年生草本植物13种; 水分生态类型中强旱生植物(15种)和旱生植物(29种)占绝对优势; 区系地理成分以中亚东部成分为主, 其次为古地中海成分和戈壁成分。(3)根据生活型和优势度, 半日花荒漠群落可分为半日花-草本荒漠群丛组、半日花-灌木-草本荒漠群丛组和半日花-半灌木荒漠群丛组, 进一步分为10个群丛。     

Floristics and soil relations of upland swamp vegetation near Sydney

Abstract We examined relations between vegetation and soils, using multivariate methods, in hitherto poorly-known upland swamps on the Woronora Plateau, south of Sydney. A major trend in floristic composition was related to the height and cover of the herbaceous stratum and reflected a gradient in soil moisture and nutrients. A second trend in floristic composition was related to the height and cover of the shrub stratum, and may reflect the influence of recurring fires on certain dominant shrub species. Five plant communities were recognized on the basis of floristic composition and were distinguishable by their different soil habitats and/or structural characteristics. We report some of the highest species-richness values in the world (at scales of 1–15 m₂) for shrub/sedge-dominated vegetation, with up to 70 vascular plant species in 15 m2. Variation in species richness is inversely related to the resource gradient and positively related to the penetration of light through the vegetation canopy. This pattern is consistent with resource-competition models and warrants further investigation.