镉对大鼠心室肌细胞动作及L-型钙电流的影响

目的:探讨镉(Cd)对大鼠心室肌细胞动作电位(AP)及L-型钙电流(ICa-L)影响。方法:用常规微电极和全细胞膜片钳技术记录心肌细胞动作电位和ICa-L。结果:①不同浓度的CdCl2可降低大鼠心肌细胞动作电位幅值(APA),缩短复极化时程(APD)。②不同浓度的CdCl2明显抑制大鼠心室肌细胞钙通道电流。结论:CdCl2抑制大鼠心室肌细胞动作电位和ICa-L,可能是Cd对心肌毒性的重要机制之一。     

一种改进的人体心房肌细胞分离方法

本研究旨在探讨稳定的人体心房肌细胞分离方法,并观察分离的正常窦性心律（normal sinus rhythm,NSR）患者右心房肌细胞基本电生理特性。XXIV型蛋白酶和V型胶原酶两步法进行单个人体心房肌细胞分离,常规全细胞膜片钳技术记录正常的L-型钙通道电流（L-type calcium current,ICa-L）、钠通道电流（sodiumcurrent,INa）、瞬时外向钾通道电流（transient outward potassium current,Itol）和内向整流钾通道电流（inward rectifier potassium current,Ik1）。此方法分离的人体心房肌细胞数量多,细胞膜光滑,折光性强,横纹清楚,耐钙,可用于膜片钳实验的占分离细胞总数的50％-60％。该方法简单、稳定、可靠,酶用量少,分离的心肌细胞质量好,数量多,并能记录到多种离子通道电流,表明其具有正常的电生理功能,适合膜片钳实验。     

兔左室壁三层心肌细胞的分离及动作电位、钙和钾电流分布的异质性

探讨兔左室壁三层心肌单个细胞的分离方法以及电生理特征,实验以胶原酶按二步消化法分离兔心肌细胞,其中用剃须刀分离左室游离壁内,中,外三层心肌,采用全细胞膜片钳记录AP和离子电流,结果显示：（1）中层细胞上的动作电位时程明显长于内膜下心肌和外膜下心肌,且存在显著的1相切迹和2相驼峰;（2）中层细胞的Ica,L和Lto较内,外膜下的大,IK,s相反,可见三层心肌细胞上多种电流存在显著差异。     

乙醇对大鼠心肌动作电位及人Kv1.5通道的影响

为了研究乙醇对心肌动作电位的作用及其机制,本实验采用标准玻璃微电极细胞内记录技术记录离体大鼠心肌细胞的动作电位(action potential,AP),采用全细胞膜片钳技术记录HEK293细胞上表达的人Kv1.5(human Kv1.5,hKv1.5)通道电流,观察6.25、12.5、25.0、50.0、100.0及...     

恒流灌注分离心肌细胞及膜片钳记录钾电流方法学探讨

目的探讨膜片钳实验中豚鼠、大鼠心肌细胞急性分离过程中的观察指标和影响因素,并进行膜片钳记录。方法使用改进的Langendorff恒流灌注法分离心肌细胞和全细胞膜片钳记录钾通道电流。结果分离即刻,存活细胞可达80%以上,复钙后约40%～50%呈静息状态,余出现自发性收缩,存活细胞能够进行膜片钳封接,于室温KB液中可成活8 h以上。结论使用恒流灌注法,观测灌注压的变化,可以较客观的掌握酶解消化的程度,利于获取生理状态良好的心肌细胞。且细胞能够进行膜片钳实验。     

银杏苦内酯B对缺血豚鼠心室肌动作电位、L-型钙电流和延迟整流钾电流的作用

目的:研究银杏苦内酯B对正常和缺血心室肌细胞动作电位(action potential,AP),L-型钙电流(L-type calcium current,ICa-L)、延迟整流钾电流(Delayed Rectifier Currennt,IK)的影响.方法:用常规细胞内微电极方法记录豚鼠心室肌细胞动作电位,用全细胞膜片钳技术记录游离心室肌细胞离子流.结果:①在生理条件下,银杏苦内酯B可缩短心室肌细胞动作电位时程 (action potential duration,APD),但对AP其他参数无影响,银杏苦内酯B可增大IK,呈浓度依赖性,但对ICa-L无显著作用;②在缺血条件下,APD50、APD90明显缩短,RP、APA减小,Vmax减慢,而银杏苦内酯B则可延缓和减轻缺血所引起上述参数的变化;3.在缺血条件下,IK和ICa-L均受到抑制,但加入银杏苦内酯B后可逆转缺血所造成这两种离子流的减小.结论:银杏苦内酯B可对抗心肌缺血所引起的心肌电生理的变化,提示银杏苦内酯B可预防心律失常的发生.     

成年蜜蜂脑神经细胞的培养和电生理特征

为了研究杀虫剂等对蜜蜂毒性作用的神经机制,需在体外建立成年蜜蜂脑神经细胞的分离培养和电生理记录技术并研究其正常电生理特征,而对成年蜜蜂脑神经细胞的分离培养和电生理特性的研究报道甚少。我们采用酶解和机械吹打相结合的方法获得了数量较多且活力较好的成年意大利蜜蜂Apis mellifera脑神经细胞,并用全细胞膜片钳技术研究了成年意大利蜜蜂脑神经细胞对电流和电压刺激的反应,获得了成年意蜂脑神经细胞的基本电生理特征以及钠电流和钾电流的特性。全细胞电流钳的记录结果表明,在体外培养条件下,细胞无自发放电发生,注射电流后仅引起细胞单次放电,引起细胞放电的阈电流平均为60.8±63 pA; 细胞动作电位产生的阈电位平均为−27.4±2.3 mV。用全细胞电压钳记录了神经细胞的钠电流和钾电流。钠电流的分离是在电压刺激下通过阻断钾通道和钙通道实现。细胞的内向钠电流在指令电压为−40～−30 mV左右激活,−10 mV达峰值,钠通道的稳态失活电压V_1/2为−58.4 mV; 外向钾电流成份至少包括较小的快速失活钾电流和和较大的缓慢失活钾电流（占总钾电流的80%）,其半激活膜电位V_1/2为3.86 mV,无明显的稳态失活。结果提示缓慢失活钾电流的特征可能是细胞单次放电的机制之一。     

尿素通道蛋白B基因敲除小鼠心脏电生理特性的改变

目的:研究尿素通道蛋白B(UT-B)基因敲除对小鼠心脏电生理特性的影响。方法:使用常规的心电图、心肌细胞动作电位记录方法和膜片钳实验技术。结果:①UT-B基因敲除小鼠30%发生了不同程度的心律失常,而对照组的野生C57小鼠无一例发生心律失常。②基因敲除小鼠心室肌细胞动作电位幅值(APA)及最大除极速度(Vmax)明显受到抑制(P<0.05),而心室肌细胞动作电位复极50%、90%时程(APD50、APD90)和正常对照组比明显延长(P<0.05)。③基因敲除小鼠心室肌细胞膜上钠离子通道电流幅值和对照组比明显降低(p<0.01)。结论:UT-B基因敲除可以导致小鼠心脏电生理特性发生改变。     

小鼠海马神经元冰冻切片和脑片培养方法的比较

目的:通过冰冻切片和脑片培养方式比较获得更适合脑片实验研究的方法。方法:分别运用急性切片和脑片培养方法,结合全细胞膜片钳技术比较两种脑片处理方法对小鼠海马神经元细胞形态、细胞膜封接难易程度、细胞电生理特性等的差异,获得更适合细胞研究的脑片获取方法。结果:冰冻切片方法切断部分神经纤维,脑片表层出现肿胀或坏死细胞,2-3层细胞可用于膜片钳记录,但不易封接破膜。脑片培养后可使纤维再生,整个脑片细胞形态清晰可见,容易封接破膜,电生理记录波形及基本特性与冰冻切片一致,但脑片培养方法的细胞突触后电流幅度更大、频率更高。结论:脑片培养可修复受损纤维和细胞膜柔韧性,且不改变膜特性,但脑片培养重建了一定数量的细胞间信号连接,使细胞反应性增强,脑片培养方法更适合脑片神经元研究。     

新鲜分离小鼠胃ICC样细胞的鉴定及其电生理学特性

将免疫荧光及传统全细胞膜片钳技术应用于新鲜分离的小鼠胃Cajal 间质细胞样细胞上,探讨了小鼠胃Cajal 间质细胞样细胞形态和电生理学特性。经胶原酶消化得到的Cajal间质细胞样细胞胞体呈短梭形,且自胞体发出多个较短的毛刺状突起。免疫细胞化学结果表明,Cajal 间质细胞样细胞胞体和突起酪氨酸激酶受体c-kit表达呈阳性。在传统全细胞记录模式、膜电位钳制在-60 mV 的条件下,可以记录到自发、节律性内向电流,即起搏电流。钙调蛋白抑制剂W-7 (50µmol/L）明显增强了起搏电流幅度并引发明显的内向钳制电流。当电极内液中EGTA 的浓度由0.1 mmol/L增加到10 mmol/L时,也明显增强了起搏电流幅度并引发明显的内向钳制电流。实验结果提示,新鲜分离的小鼠胃Cajal 间质细胞样细胞可以产生自发、自律性内向电流,而这种电流对胞内低钙或钙调蛋白抑制剂敏感。这种具有自发性电活动的Cajal 间质细胞样细胞可能就是胃Cajal 间质细胞。     

Expression of Kir2.1, SCN5a and SCN1b channel genes in mouse cardiomyocytes with various electric properties: patch clamp combined with single cell RT-PCR study

This study is to explore a new method of investigating molecular basis for electrophysiological properties of early fetal cardiomyocytes. Single embryonic cardiomyocytes of mouse early developmental heart (E10.5) were obtained by a collagenase B digestion approach. After recording spontaneous action potential using whole cell patch clamp technique, the single cell was picked by a glass micropipette, followed by a standard RT-PCR to explore the expression levels of several ion channel genes. Three phenotypes of cardiomyocytes were demonstrated with distinct properties: ventricular-like, atrial-like, and pacemaker-like action potentials. Ventricular-like and atrial-like cells were characterized with much negative maximum diastolic potential (MDP) and a higher V(max) (maximum velocity of depolarization) compared to pacemaker-like cells. MDP of ventricular-like cells was the most negative. In parallel, stronger expression of SCN5a, SCN1b and Kir2.1 were observed in ventricular-like and atrial-like cells compared to that of pacemaker-like cells, where Kir2.1 in ventricular-like cells was the most abundant. Cardiomyocytes with distinct electrophysiological properties had distinct gene expression pattern. Single cell RT-PCR combined with patch clamp technique could serve as a precise detector to analyze the molecular basis of the special electrophysiological characteristics of cardiomyocytes.     

AmphotericinB在全细胞穿孔膜片钳技术中的应用研究

目的：为研究海德氏突触的电生理特性,建立用amphotericinB穿孔的膜片钳技术。方法：本文应用两性霉素B（amphotericinB）在小鼠脑干的calyx细胞上进行穿孔膜片钳技术的研究。结果：应用amphotericinB进行穿孔后,通道电流衰减现象显著变慢。AmphotericinB的最适浓度为400tc／ml。结论：本研究摸索出了一种稳定的穿孔膜片钳全细胞记录技术,可以更有效,更真实的反应神经元通道电流的电生理特性。为穿孔膜片钳技术在听觉信息传导和调控研究中的应用提供了基础资料。     

Functional properties of cells obtained from human cord blood CD34+ stem cells and mouse cardiac myocytes in coculture

Prior in vitro studies suggested that different types of hematopoietic stem cells may differentiate into cardiomyocytes. The present work examined whether human CD34(+) cells from the human umbilical cord blood (hUCB), cocultured with neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes, acquire the functional properties of myocardial cells and express human cardiac genes. hUCB CD34(+) cells were cocultured onto cardiomyocytes following an infection with a lentivirus-encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). After 7 days, mononucleated EGFP(+) cells were tested for their electrophysiological features by patch clamp and for cytosolic [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)) homeostasis by [Ca(2+)](i) imaging of X-rhod1-loaded cells. Human Nkx2.5 and GATA-4 expression was examined in cocultured cell populations by real-time RT-PCR. EGFP(+) cells were connected to surrounding cells by gap junctions, acquired electrophysiological properties similar to those of cardiomyocytes, and showed action potential-associated [Ca(2+)](i) transients. These cells also exhibited spontaneous sarcoplasmic reticulum [Ca(2+)](i) oscillations and the associated membrane potential depolarization. However, RT-PCR of both cell populations showed no upregulation of human-specific cardiac genes. In conclusion, under our experimental conditions, hUCB CD34(+) cells cocultured with murine cardiomyocytes formed cells that exhibited excitation-contraction coupling features similar to those of cardiomyocytes. However, the expression of human-specific cardiac genes was undetectable by RT-PCR.     

Paired Patch Clamp Recordings from Motor-neuron and Target Skeletal Muscle in Zebrafish

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle. This is a direct consequence of the accessibility to both cell types and ability to visually distinguish the single segmental CaP motor-neuron on the basis of morphology and location. This video demonstrates the microscopic methods used to identify a CaP motor-neuron and target muscle cells as well as the methodologies for recording from each cell type. Identification of the CaP motor-neuron type is confirmed by either dye filling or by the biophysical features such as action potential waveform and cell input resistance. Motor-neuron recordings routinely last for one hour permitting long-term recordings from multiple different target muscle cells. Control over the motor-neuron firing pattern enables measurements of the frequency-dependence of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. Owing to a large quantal size and the low noise provided by whole cell voltage clamp, all of the unitary events can be resolved in muscle. This feature permits study of basic synaptic properties such as release properties, vesicle recycling, as well as synaptic depression and facilitation. The advantages offered by this in vivo preparation eclipse previous neuromuscular model systems studied wherein the motor-neurons are usually stimulated by extracellular electrodes and the muscles are too large for whole cell patch clamp. The zebrafish preparation is amenable to combining electrophysiological analysis with a wide range of approaches including transgenic lines, morpholino knockdown, pharmacological intervention and in vivo imaging. These approaches, coupled with the growing number of neuromuscular disease models provided by mutant lines of zebrafish, open the door for new understanding of human neuromuscular disorders.     

Three types of transmitter release from embryonic neurons

Prior to the contact with their target muscle cells in culture, growth cones of many isolated Xenopus embryonic neurons release acetylcholine (ACh) spontaneously. Using patch clamp techniques, this release can be detected by an outside-out patch of muscle membrane placed near the growth cone. Intracellular recording from innervated muscle cells showed spontaneous miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) of varying amplitudes. Amplitude histograms showed a skewed distribution with multiple peaks, suggesting the existence of subunits in either the quantal packages of ACh released by the nerve terminal or in the postsynaptic muscle response. In addition to the quantal ACh release reflected by MEPPs, nerve terminal also release a large amount of ACh in a non-quantal fashion. This non-quantal ACh release is revealed by the hyperpolarization of the muscle membrane following extracellular application of curare or alpha-bungarotoxin, as well as by denervation of the muscle cell.     

膜片钳技术在动脉粥样硬化研究中的应用

膜片钳技术是一种先进的电生理技术,在生命科学研究中已得到了广泛的应用.最近几年已把它运用于研究动脉粥样硬化血管平滑肌细胞离子通道电生理特性的改变.研究发现血管平滑肌细胞的凋亡与K+通道活动增加有关,在动脉粥样硬化发生与发展过程中大电导型钙激活钾通道起着重要的功能作用.某些药物影响动脉粥样硬化血管平滑肌细胞离子通道而发挥作用.膜片钳技术给动脉粥样硬化发病机理研究带来了新的亮点.     

Characterization and regulation of T-type Ca2+ channels in embryonic stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes

T-type Ca2+ channels may play a role in cardiac development. We studied the developmental regulation of the T-type currents (ICa,T) in cardiomyocytes (CMs) derived from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). ICa,T was studied in isolated CMs by whole cell patch clamp. Subsequently, CMs were identified by the myosin light chain 2v-driven green fluorescent protein expression, and laser capture microdissection was used to isolate total RNA from groups of cells at various developmental time points. ICa,T showed characteristics of Cav3.1, such as resistance to Ni2+ block, and a transient increase during development, correlating with measures of spontaneous electrical activity. Real-time RT-PCR showed that Cav3.1 mRNA abundance correlated (r2 = 0.81) with ICa,T. The mRNA copy number was low at 7+4 days (2 copies/cell), increased significantly by 7+10 days (27/cell; P < 0.01), peaked at 7+16 days (174/cell), and declined significantly at 7+27 days (25/cell). These data suggest that ICa,T is developmentally regulated at the level of mRNA abundance and that this regulation parallels measures of pacemaker activity, suggesting that ICa,T might play a role in the spontaneous contractions during CM development.     

A novel voltage clamp technique for mapping ionic currents from cultured skeletal myotubes.

The biophysical properties and cellular distribution of ion channels largely determine the input/output relationships of electrically excitable cells. A variety of patch pipette voltage clamp techniques are available to characterize ionic currents. However, when used by themselves, such techniques are not well suited to the task of mapping low-density channel distributions. We describe here a new voltage clamp method (the whole cell loose patch (WCLP) method) that combines whole-cell recording through a tight-seal pipette with focal extracellular stimulation through a loose-seal pipette. By moving the stimulation pipette across the cell surface and using a stationary whole-cell pipette to record the evoked patch currents, this method should be suitable for mapping channel distributions, even on large cells possessing low channel densities. When we applied this method to the study of currents in cultured chick myotubes, we found that the cell cable properties and the series resistance of the recording pipette caused significant filtering of the membrane currents, and that the filter characteristics depended in part upon the distance between the stimulating and recording pipettes. We describe here how we determined the filter impulse response for each loose-seal pipette placement and subsequently recovered accurate estimates of patch membrane current through deconvolution.