盐胁迫对地木耳和葛仙米生理生化特性的影响

地木耳为一种耐干旱的陆生念珠藻 ,葛仙米则是水生念珠藻 ,由于对各自生境的适应 ,二者在对盐胁迫的反应上可能会有差异。为了阐明这种差异 ,研究了不同盐度胁迫下它们的光合活性、可溶性糖、脯氨酸含量及质膜透性的变化。结果表明 ,高盐胁迫下地木耳和葛仙米的光合活性均降低 ;在 0 .8mol·L- 1 的盐浓度下胁迫 48和 96h后 ,地木耳仍可检测到微弱的光合活性 ,而在葛仙米中已检测不到。地木耳中脯氨酸升高 ;可溶性糖含量升高 ,增幅为87%— 2 0 0 % ;质膜透性比对照略有增加 ,但不同盐度之间差别不大。葛仙米中脯氨酸含量降低 ;可溶性糖含量在NaCl小于 0 .4mol·L- 1 时随盐度的升高而升高 ,增幅为 1 0 0 %— 1 0 0 0 % ,当高于 0 .4mol·L- 1 时随盐度的升高而降低 ;质膜透性随盐度增加而增加 ,在盐浓度为 0 .6和 0 .8mol·L- 1 时 ,均达 90 %以上。结果表明 ,地木耳比葛仙米更能耐受盐度胁迫 ;可溶性糖在地木耳和葛仙米抵抗盐胁迫中有重要作用 ,而脯氨酸在葛仙米抗盐胁迫中可能不作为相容溶质起作用     

3种念珠藻多糖对自由基的清除作用

研究了地木耳（Nostoc commune）、葛仙米（N．sphaerohies）和发菜（N．flagelliforme）3种念珠藻多糖对自由基的清除作用。结果表明,3种念珠藻多糖对超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基具有很强的清除作用,且呈量效关系,地木耳清除超氧自由基作用最强,最高清除率达72．3％,葛仙米和发菜分别为46．7％、35．5％;发菜清除羟自由基效果最强,最高清除率达74．3％,葛仙米和地木耳清除率分别为49．0％、46．7％;3种念珠藻多糖对DPPH自由基的清除作用不显著。     

山西南部地木耳群落特征及其资源分布的研究

采用样方法对不同生境中地木耳分布规律进行了研究;分析了地木耳的群落特征及其生物量,结果表明：（１）群落种类组成,共有３８种,３４属,２１科,单科单种１４种;（２）群落垂直结构简单,只有灌木层、草本层和地被层;（３）地木耳平均生物量为１０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,干重７．３ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２,湿重１４０ｋｇ／ｈｍ;（４）地木耳的自然含水量４２％,持水量一８．６％,在海拔６００－８００ｍ之间,地木耳生物量最大;（５     

铬酸钾溶液紫外吸收特征及在研究UV-B生物学效应中的应用

为了更好地利用铬酸钾溶液去除UV-B光源中的UV-A和UV-C,对不同浓度和pH值的铬酸钾溶液的紫外吸收特征及其稳定性进行了相关研究.并在相同剂量UV-B作用下,对地木耳(Nostoc commune UETX-584)光合生理活性和生化组分在UV-B光源直接照射和经过铬酸钾过滤后照射的变化进行了对比研究.结果表明,铬酸钾溶液在pH值为8、0.4 mmol/L时可以有效滤除UV-B光源中的UV-C和大于340 nm的UV-A.相对于经过铬酸钾溶液过滤的UV-B光源,未过滤的UV-B光源显著抑制了地木耳的生长、叶绿素合成、Fv/Fm、最大光合作用速率和集光效率,显著促进了MAAs(三苯基咪唑类氨基酸)等吸收紫外辐射色素的合成.相对于无紫外辐射的地木耳来说,经过铬酸钾溶液过滤的UV-B对地木耳的生长影响不明显,但是其促进了紫外吸收色素的合成,抑制了Fv/Fm、最大光合作用速率和集光效率.     

木耳属真菌rDNA特异性扩增片段的RFLP研究*

对木耳属8个种25个菌株的ITS和28SrDNA5’端两个区域分别进行了PCR扩增和限制酶切片段长度多态性（RFLP）研究。ITS－RFMP研究结果表明,HaeⅢ可将黑木耳与其它种区分开,MspⅠ可将盾形木耳、角质木耳、琥珀木耳和黑木耳4个种区分开,而供试的HaeⅢ、TaqⅠ、HinfⅠ和MaPⅠ这四种限制酶均不能将皱木耳、大木耳、网脉木耳及毛木耳4个种区分开,表明它们之间的亲缘关系较近;结果还表明,ITS—rDNA拷贝在毛木耳和琥珀木耳种内是异质性的,而在黑木耳种内是同质性的。285rDNA-RFLP研究结果表明,供试的4种限制酶中,仅MspⅠ可将盾形木耳和角质木耳区分开,而不能将其它种区分开,这显示了28SrDNA序列在木耳属不同种间的保守性。     

木耳属真菌rDNA特异性扩增片段的RFLP研究

对木耳属8个种25个菌株的ITS和28SrDNA5’端两个区域分别进行了PCR扩增和限制酶切片段长度多态性（RFLP）研究。ITS－RFMP研究结果表明,HaeⅢ可将黑木耳与其它种区分开,MspⅠ可将盾形木耳、角质木耳、琥珀木耳和黑木耳4个种区分开,而供试的HaeⅢ、TaqⅠ、HinfⅠ和MaPⅠ这四种限制酶均不能将皱木耳、大木耳、网脉木耳及毛木耳4个种区分开,表明它们之间的亲缘关系较近;结果还表明,ITS—rDNA拷贝在毛木耳和琥珀木耳种内是异质性的,而在黑木耳种内是同质性的。285rDNA-RFLP研究结果表明,供试的4种限制酶中,仅MspⅠ可将盾形木耳和角质木耳区分开,而不能将其它种区分开,这显示了28SrDNA序列在木耳属不同种间的保守性。     

利用RAPD标记构建木耳属种间关系的研究

摘 要: 利用RAPD标记以银耳属的2个种为外类群研究了木耳属8个种的分子系统发育关系。根据UPGMA 构建的树状图结果表明木耳属(Auricularia)和银耳属(Tremella)分别为单一的分类单元。木耳属的8个种被分成3个明显不同的组,第一组包括盾形木耳(A.peltata Lloyd)和角质木耳(A.cornea Spreng.),第二组包括所有供试的黑木耳(A.auricula Underw.),第三组包括皱木耳(A.delicata Henn.)、琥珀木耳(A.fuscosuccinea Farl.)、毛木耳(A.polytricha Sacc.)、大木耳(A.maxima Y. R. Guo)和网膜木耳(A.reticulata L. J. Li)五个形态种。种间发育关系表明角质木耳和毛木耳应是两个不同的种而非同种异名,子实体横切面中髓层的有无并不表明不同种间亲缘关系的远近。     

光木耳和琥珀木耳种间营养缺陷型原生质体融合研究

利用~(60)Co—γ射线辐照木耳担孢子,获得了9株营养缺陷型突变体。采用光木耳[Auricularia auricula(L,ex Hook.)Underw.]组氨酸缺陷型菌株Aa-γH-9和琥珀木耳[Auricularia fuscosucinea(Mont.)Farlow]腺嘌呤缺陷型菌株Af-γH-1进行种间原生质体融合实验,根据营养互补原理,在基础培养基(MM)上检出融合子,获得了稳定的融合子,融合子频率为3.34×10~(-4)—3.76×10~(-4)。初步遗传分析表明:融合子细胞核为单核,是单核异核体,融合子氨基酸含量、酯酶同功酶酶谱均与双亲不同。     

利用RAPD标记构建木耳属种间关系的研究

利用RAPD标记以银耳属的2个种为外类群研究了木耳属8个种的分子系统发育关系,根据UPGMA构建的树状图结果表明木耳属（Auricularia)和银耳属（Tremella)分别为单一的分类单元,木耳属的8个种被分成3个明显不同的组,第一组包括循形木耳（A.peltata Lloyd)和角质木耳（A.cornes Spreng.),第二组包括所有供试的黑木耳（A.auricula Underw.),第三组包括皱木耳（A.delicata Henn.)、琥珀木耳（A.fuscosuccinea Farl.)、毛木耳（A.polytricha Sacc.)、大木耳（A.maximaY.R.Guo)和网膜木耳（A.reticulataL.J.Li)五个形态种,种间发育关系表明角质木耳和毛木耳应是两个不同的种而非同种异名,子实体横切面中髓层的有无并不表明不同种间亲缘关系的远近。     

木耳硒多糖的分离纯化及对腹水型S_(180)细胞膜流动性的影响

应用DEAE52-cellulose、SephacrylS-500HR柱层析从自培养的富硒木耳中分离纯化得到4种木耳硒多糖,SeAPⅠ-1、SeAPⅠ-2、SeAPⅡ和SeAPⅢ,紫外扫描显示在280nm和260nm均无吸收,表明不含蛋白质和氨基酸;高效凝胶渗透色谱为单一对称峰,表明4种硒多糖均为均一多糖。对S180细胞膜的游离脂肪酸和膜脂流动性的研究显示,4种硒多糖具有较好的活性,且SeAPⅠ-2、SeAPⅡ的活性显著强于SeAPⅠ-1、SeAPⅢ(p0.05)。     

The extracellular-matrix-retaining cyanobacterium Nostoc verrucosum accumulates trehalose, but is sensitive to desiccation

The aquatic cyanobacterium Nostoc verrucosum forms macroscopic colonies, which consist of both cellular filaments and massive extracellular matrix material. In this study, the physiological features of N. verrucosum were investigated and compared with those of the anhydrobiotic cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. Nostoc verrucosum cells were sensitive to desiccation, but tolerant of freeze-thawing treatment in terms of both cell viability and photosynthetic O(2) evolution. Natural colonies of these cyanobacteria contained similar levels of chlorophyll a, carotenoids, the UV-absorbing pigments scytonemin and mycosporine-like amino acids, and uronic acid [a component of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS)]. EPS from both N. verrucosum and N. commune indicated low acidity and a high affinity for divalent cations, although their sugar compositions differed. The WspA protein, known to be a major component of the extracellular matrix of N. commune, was detected in N. verrucosum. Desiccation caused similarly high levels of trehalose accumulation in both cyanobacteria. Although previously considered relevant to anhydrobiosis in the terrestrial cyanobacterium N. commune, the data presented here suggest that extracellular matrix production and trehalose accumulation are not enough for standing extreme desiccation in N. verrucosum.     

Cyanobacterial RNA polymerase genes rpoC1 and rpoC2 correspond to rpoC of Escherichia coli.

The DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (ribonucleoside triphosphate:RNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.6) of cyanobacteria contains a unique core component, gamma, which is absent from the RNA polymerases of other eubacteria (G. J. Schneider, N. E. Tumer, C. Richaud, G. Borbely, and R. Haselkorn, J. Biol. Chem. 262:14633-14639, 1987). We present the complete nucleotide sequence of rpoC1, the gene encoding the gamma subunit, from the heterocystous cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584. The derived amino acid sequence of gamma (621 residues) corresponds with the amino-terminal portion of the beta' polypeptide of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. A second gene in N. commune UTEX 584, rpoC2, encodes a protein which shows correspondence with the carboxy-terminal portion of the E. coli beta' subunit. The rpoBC1C2 genes of N. commune UTEX 584 are present in single copies and are arranged in the order rpoBC1C2, and the coding regions are separated by short AT-rich spacer regions which have the potential to form very stable secondary structures. Our data indicate the occurrence of divergent evolution of structure in the eubacterial DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.     

地木耳挂袋法监测大气SO_2污染的可行性研究

本文用地木耳和碱片同步监测了白银地区某冶炼厂及其四周大气中的二氧化硫浓度。经地木耳含硫量与大气二氧化硫污染浓度的相关分析表明：地木耳含硫量与大气二氧化硫污染浓度之间有密切相关性。利用地木耳挂袋法监测大气ＳＯ＿２污染具有可比性强、容污量大、布点灵活,经济方便等优点,适宜于大范围内甚至世界范围内统一监测大气ＳＯ＿２污染应用。     

阳生和阴生地木耳生理生化特性的比较

以生长于不同光环境下的地木耳为材料,对其Fv/Fm的日变化、光合作用特性、叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量进行了研究,以了解其光适应的生理生化基础。同阴生地木耳相比,阳生地木耳的光饱和点、类胡萝卜素含量、类胡萝卜素和叶绿素的比值均比较高,但其P-I曲线光限制部分的斜率、暗呼吸速率、Fv/Fm、叶绿素、MAAs含量和单位面积干重较低。二者最大光合速率和光补偿点无明显差异,二者均无明显的光呼吸。同等条件的光抑制后,阳生地木耳在暗处能更快、更大程度地恢复其Fv/Fm活性。原位研究表明,阴生和阳生地木耳在雨后强光下均有不同程度的光抑制发生,但在弱光下或夜晚时会及时恢复。阳生和阴生地木耳的光合特性及色素含量显著不同,以此来适应不同环境中的光因子。     

裂褶菌营养菌丝蛋白质成分的分析

对裂褶菌菌丝中蛋白质的氨基酸组成及含量进行了测定。结果表明 ,裂褶菌中所含粗蛋白的质量分数为 2 8.76 % ,所测定的 17种氨基酸总质量分数为 12 0 .13g·kg- 1 。其中 7种必需氨基酸的质量分数为 4 5 .36g·kg- 1 ,占氨基酸总量的 37.76 % ;10种非必需氨基酸的质量分数为 79.5 0g·kg- 1 ,占氨基酸总量的 6 2 .2 4 %。     

Molecular genetic and chemotaxonomic characterization of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune and its neighboring species

The phylogeny of the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune and its neighboring Nostoc species was studied using molecular genetic and chemotaxonomic approaches. At least eight genotypes of N. commune were characterized by the differences among 16S rRNA gene sequences and the petH gene encoding ferredoxin-NADP? oxidoreductase and by random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. The genotypes of N. commune were distributed in Japan without regional specificity. The nrtP gene encoding NrtP-type nitrate/nitrite permease was widely distributed in the genus Nostoc, suggesting that the occurrence of the nrtP gene can be one of the characteristic features that separate cyanobacteria into two groups. The wspA gene encoding a 36-kDa water stress protein was only found in N. commune and Nostoc verrucosum, suggesting that these Nostoc species that form massive colonies with extracellular polysaccharides can be exclusively characterized by the occurrence of the wspA gene. Fifteen species of Nostoc and Anabaena were investigated by comparing their carotenoid composition. Three groups with distinct patterns of carotenoids were related to the phylogenic tree constructed on the basis of 16S rRNA sequences. Nostoc commune and Nostoc punctiforme were clustered in one monophyletic group and characterized by the occurrence of nostoxanthin, canthaxanthin, and myxol glycosides.     

地木耳提取物水溶液对花卉营养生长及开花的影响

在温室条件下,用1%的地木耳提取物水溶液对瓜叶菊(Seneciocruentus)、万寿菊(Tageteserecta)、矮牵牛(Petuniahybrida)、香石竹(Dianthuscaryophyllus)、一品红(Euphorbiapulcherrima)、仙客来(Cyclamenpersium)、一串红(Salviasplendens)等7种花坛花进行叶面喷施后,结果表明,7种花的株高、冠径、株鲜重、叶片数目、叶长、根长比对照均有显著增加(P<0.05);万寿菊,矮牵牛,一品红,一串红的平均株干重有显著增加,而瓜叶菊,香石竹,仙客来的平均株干重增加不显著(P>0.05);除了香石竹的叶宽有显著增加外,其余6种花的叶宽对1%地木耳提取物水溶液的反应不敏感;而7种花卉的叶厚都没有显著的变化。提取物水溶液还可促进花提早开花,增加花数目,并延长花期。     

Alteration of the gastrointestinal microbiota of mice by edible blue-green algae

Aims:  To characterize the effect of edible blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) on the gastrointestinal microbiota of mice.
Methods and Results:  C57BL/6J mice were fed a diet supplemented with 0% or 5% dried Nostoc commune , Spirulina platensis or Afanizominon flos-aquae (w/w) for 4 weeks. Molecular fingerprinting of the colonic microbiota using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that administration of N. commune induced major alterations in colonic microbiota composition, while administration of S. platensis or A. flos-aquae had a more subtle impact. Community profile analysis revealed that administration of N. commune did not reduce microbial diversity indices of the colonic microbiota. Despite its pronounced effects on the bacterial composition in the colon, total bacterial numbers in the gut of mice fed N. commune were not reduced as assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and bacteriological culture.
Conclusions:  The results presented here show that administration of blue-green algae, and especially N. commune , alters colonic microbiota composition in mice with limited effects on total bacterial numbers or microbial diversity.
Significance and Impact of the Study:  Blue-green algae are consumed in many countries as a source of nutrients and to promote health, and they are intensively studied for their pharmaceutical value. Given the importance of the gut microbiota for many host functions, the effects of blue-green algae on gut microbial ecology revealed during this study should be considered when using them as food supplements or when studying their pharmaceutical properties.     

The cyanobacterial UV-absorbing pigment scytonemin displays radical-scavenging activity

Scytonemin is a 544-Da hydrophobic pigment that can absorb UV-A radiation. It is present in cyanobacterial sheaths and is thought to function as a UV protectant. In this study, scytonemin was purified from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune, and its radical-scavenging activity was characterized. The purified scytonemin quenched an organic radical in vitro and accounted for up to 10% of the total activity of an ethanol extract of N. commune. These results suggest that the extracellular UV-absorbing pigment scytonemin has multiple roles, functioning as a UV sunscreen and an antioxidant relevant to anhydrobiosis in N. commune.