微生态制剂对缺血性结肠炎大鼠肠道微生物和血脂的影响

目的 探讨微生态制剂对缺血性结肠炎大鼠肠道微生物和血脂的影响.方法 将30只SD大鼠制成缺血性结肠炎模型,并随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组和治疗组.正常对照组、模型对照组仅给予正常饲料喂食,治疗组在正常饲料喂食的基础上予复方嗜酸乳杆菌片灌胃(1×107 CFU/d),4周后抽血化验大鼠总胆固醇及甘油三酯,并处死大鼠,取肠道内容物做肠道乳酸菌、大肠埃希菌及真菌等微生物培养,数据采用统计学方法分析.结果 与正常对照组相比,模型对照组乳酸菌减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),大肠埃希菌和真菌数量增加,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);治疗组乳酸菌增多,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),大肠埃希菌和真菌数量减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).同时,治疗组大鼠总胆固醇及甘油三酯降低,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 缺血性结肠炎者出现肠道微生物紊乱,微生态制剂能增加肠道乳酸菌等益生菌,减少肠道条件致病菌和致病菌,维持肠道微生态平衡,同时对患者的血脂有一定的调节作用.     

黄酒对慢性应激大鼠肠道微生物的影响

目的 探讨黄酒对慢性应激大鼠肠道微生物的影响.方法 将45只SD大鼠制成慢性应激模型,并随机分为正常对照组、慢性应激对照组和慢性应激黄酒组.正常对照组、慢性应激对照组仅给予正常饲料喂食,慢性应激黄酒组饲料中每日添加酒精度为15.0％ (v/v)的黄酒5 mL,6周后处死大鼠,取肠道内容物做肠道乳酸菌、大肠埃希菌及真菌等微生物培养,数据采用统计学方法分析.结果 黄酒不影响大鼠的血糖变化,与正常对照组相比,慢性应激对照组乳酸菌明显减少,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),大肠埃希菌和真菌数量增加,差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.05);慢性应激黄酒组乳酸菌增多,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),大肠埃希菌和真菌数量减少,比较差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 慢性应激状态下,肠道微生物发生明显的变化,适量饮用黄酒能增加肠道益生菌,减少肠道致病菌或条件致病菌,维持肠道微生态平衡,对肠道微生物有一定的调节作用.     

SD大鼠断奶后肠道菌群及肠道形态的变化

目的通过对断奶日龄不同的SD大鼠肠道菌群和肠道形态学指标变化的观察研究,为临床上研究肠道相关性疾病提供参考数据。方法选取断奶日龄为21 d的SD大鼠60只,雌雄各半,分别在断奶后第0、7、14、21、28天测定4种肠道正常菌群及肠道黏膜形态变化。结果SD大鼠断奶后不同时间点,不同肠段内大肠杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌和葡萄球菌呈现不同的变化规律,且断奶后第7天肠道细菌移位率明显提高,同时断奶后不同时间点,大鼠不同肠段黏膜厚度、肌层厚度、绒毛长度和宽度都呈现上升趋势。结论断奶后第7天和14天,SD大鼠肠道菌群和肠道形态学变化明显,且易发生肠道细菌移位。     

正常大鼠肠道菌群及细菌易位的变化

用SD大鼠检测正常肠道肠球菌、肠杆菌、双歧杆菌、乳酸杆菌和类杆菌的细菌易位的变化,采用多指标测试的实验方法以进行分析。通过上述指标检测,为大鼠有关肠道菌群和细菌易位提供一些参考数据.     

感染华支睾吸虫大鼠肠道菌群的实验研究

目的 观察华支睾吸虫感染对大鼠肠道菌群的影响.方法 建立华支睾吸虫感染大鼠模型,分别在造模后48 h、18d和35 d,取肠内容物进行乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌、肠球菌和肠杆菌的培养及定量分析.结果 与对照组相比,在感染后48 h,大鼠肠道乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数量减少(P＜0.05),肠球菌和肠杆菌数量略有增加,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);在感染后18 d(童虫期),乳酸杆菌、双歧杆菌数量进一步减少(P＜0.01),肠杆菌和肠球菌数量明显增加(P＜0.01);在感染后35 d(成虫期),四种肠道菌与童虫期的变化基本一致.结论 华支睾吸虫感染可致大鼠肠道菌群发生失调,其中益生菌减少,致病菌增多,尤以童虫期、成虫期较重.     

R.hominis对肝硬化大鼠肝功能、血清细胞因子和肝肠组织的影响

目的探讨Roseburia hominis对肝硬化大鼠肝功能、血清细胞因子及肝脏、肠道组织的影响。方法 30只体质量250～300 g的雄性大鼠,随机分为3组:RH组10只、正常对照组10只,模型对照组10只,正常对照组给予生理盐水腹腔注射,其余20只大鼠均用四氯化碳制备肝硬化大鼠模型。模型制备后,在处死大鼠之前15天开始,RH组大鼠给予R.hominis活菌菌液灌胃,模型对照组给予等量生理盐水灌胃,采集样本测定。观察肝功能及血清细胞因子;对肝脏和肠道组织行石蜡包埋、切片、苏木精和伊红染色,病理切片观察对比组织的炎症和损伤程度。结果 RH组大鼠肝功能显著好转,ALT、AST、TB与模型组对比均显著下降(t=2.633 1、2.701 2、2.581 4,P=0.011 5、0.008 9、0.013 3)。血清细胞因子的检测结果显示,与模型对照组相比,RH组大鼠IFN-γ和IL-10的水平均显著升高(t=2.256 2、2.001 2,P=0.025 8、0.041 6)。RH组大鼠肝脏、肠道组织病理结果较模型对照组明显好转。结论 R.hominis对肝硬化大鼠肝功能有改善作用,可减轻肝脏及肠道组织损伤,提高血清中IFN-γ和IL-10水平。     

肠道菌群在应激诱发大鼠高血压中的作用

观察应激性高血压大鼠肠道菌群的变化,探索肠道菌群在应激性高血压发生中的作用。应激性高血压模型的制备:大鼠每天2次接受足底电刺激加噪声的应激,每次2 h,中间间隔4 h,共14 d。血压的测量:大鼠股动脉插管,Powerlab系统记录血压。伪无菌鼠的制备:在大鼠的饮用水中加入氨苄西林(1 g/L)、万古霉素(500 mg/L)、新霉素(1 g/L)和甲硝唑(1 g/L)4种抗生素,共持续4周。采用Illumina MiSeq测序技术,测定大鼠粪便中微生物16S rRNA V3-V4区序列,并对群落结构和多样性进行比较分析。慢性应激导致大鼠血压升高,心率加快,血清去甲肾上腺素浓度增加;α多样性分析显示应激大鼠肠道菌群丰富度和多样性下降,β多样性分析显示应激组大鼠肠道菌群物种组成变少,差异性变大;伪无菌鼠的肠道菌群物种单一,仅有少量的变形菌门。给予伪无菌鼠相同的慢性应激,不能引起大鼠血压升高、心率增快,血清去甲肾上腺素浓度未升高。应激引起大鼠肠道菌群紊乱,应激性高血压的发生可能依赖于肠道菌群的状态。     

肠道菌群及内毒素在多器官功能不全综合征时的变化

目的　探讨肠道菌群及内毒素在多器官功能不全综合征( MODS)时的变化。方法　取SD大鼠,腹腔注射无菌酵母多糖A制备MODS模型,检测大鼠肠道菌群、外周血和门静脉血中的内毒素以及肠道游离内毒素含量,并进行定量分析。结果　模型组大鼠肠道专性厌氧菌的数量明显减少,革兰阴性杆菌和双歧杆菌的比例倒置,内毒素含量明显增加,与对照组比差异有显著性( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　MODS时肠道细菌微生态发生明显改变,肠道内毒素池与肠道革兰阴性杆菌的变化密切相关     

实验大鼠肝性病肠道菌群失调与血氨的关系

目的　探讨肝性脑病实验大鼠肠道菌群失调对血氨浓度的影响。方法　Wistar大鼠4 0只,随机分为4组,其中3组制备肝性脑病模型,剩余1组为正常对照组,分别以灌胃给药,以需氧、厌氧法及血浆除蛋白滤液法检测肠道菌群及血浆中血氨含量。结果　肝性脑病与正常对照组比较,有明显的肠道菌群失调症,同时伴有血氨浓度显著升高( P<0 .0 5 )。结论　实验大鼠肠道菌群失调可引起大鼠血浆内血氨浓度明显升高,进而引发肝性脑病及亚临床肝性脑病     

幼年大鼠脾虚腹泻合并肠道菌群失调模型的建立

目的建立一种脾虚腹泻合并肠道菌群失调的模型,为研究中医药治疗小儿脾虚腹泻证的疗效机制提供可行性模型。方法按照随机的原则将20只清洁级3周龄SD幼年大鼠分为正常和模型两组,采用番泻叶、生大黄联合头孢拉定、硫酸庆大霉素灌胃,观察其对幼年SD大鼠外观、体质量、肠道微生物和小肠黏膜的影响。结果与正常组相比,模型组幼年大鼠被毛枯槁、精神萎靡,体质量增长缓慢;4种琼脂培养基培养的肠球菌、大肠埃希菌、细菌、乳酸菌数量差异均有统计学意义(Ps0.01);小肠黏膜层次模糊,结构混乱,小肠绒毛形态破坏。结论番泻叶、生大黄联合头孢拉定、硫酸庆大霉素灌胃能够建立一种合适的幼年大鼠脾虚腹泻合并肠道菌群失调的模型。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.