茁霉多糖发酵及提取工艺条件研究

目的：茁霉多糖是一种新型多功能生物材料,该文拟对出芽短梗霉发酵茁霉多糖及其提取条件进行初步探索。方法：通过摇瓶培养确定了该菌株的发酵优化条件,在此条件下,获得了较高的多糖产量,同时通过醇提的方法对茁霉多糖的提取进也行了研究。结果：初步确定了茁霉多糖最佳发酵与提取条件。结论：摇瓶转速和发酵初始pH值是多糖发酵的重要影响因素,它们与多糖的合成密切相关。     

新茁霉多糖酶和淀粉茁霉多糖酶

新茁霉多糖酶水解茁霉多糖的α-1,4糖苷键产生潘糖,淀粉茁霉多糖酶水解茁霉多糖的α-1,6糖苷键产生麦芽三糖,二者又都能水解淀粉的α-1,4和α-1,6糖苷键。这两类酶都属于α-淀粉酶家族。从嗜热菌和高温厌氧菌中分离的这两类新酶种一般热稳定性都很好,是生产寡糖和在淀粉高温液化和糖化中很有发展前途的酶种。本文列表比较了各种新茁霉多糖酶和淀粉茁霉多糖酶的性质,并对这些酶蛋白的氨基酸顺序和淀粉酶共有序列进行了分析比较。     

短梗茁霉胞外多糖的研究——Ⅰ.菌株的筛选

短梗茁霉为半知菌类短梗霉属,一种具有酵母型和菌丝型形态的两型真菌。近年来,人们对于利用短梗茁霉生产单细胞蛋白、细胞壁多糖、胞外多糖等方面作了大量的研究,在应用上也取得了显著的成绩。据文献报道,这种胞外多糖可用作血浆代用品,食品包装薄膜,增稠剂和鸡蛋水果的深层保鲜。为了获得产     

出芽短梗霉在三种不同氮源的培养基中多糖积累以及形态变化

本研究旨在阐明出芽短梗霉在不同氮源培养基中形态和胞外多糖的积累及化学成分变化。采用摇瓶法培养出芽短梗霉。三种培养基的氮源分别为硝酸钠(培养基1,M1)、硫酸氨、酵母膏(培养基2,M2)和硫酸氨、蛋白胨和酵母膏(培养基3,M3)。M1培养基中,菌丝体和单细胞的生物量积累均比M2、M3低,但胞外多糖的产量则等于甚至略超过M2和M3。在指数生长的前期,白色菌丝体和酵母状细胞状态占优势。指数生长的后期,以厚垣孢子、肿大细胞和黑色菌丝体占优势。胞外多糖都能为茁霉多糖酶水解为麦芽糖和麦芽三糖,说明这些多糖的化学组成都具有(1→4,1→6)-α结构的茁霉多糖。但M1中产生的茁霉多糖结构单元为麦芽糖和麦芽三糖,且二者比例相当。M2中茁霉多糖的麦芽糖结构单元明显减少,而M3中144h后麦芽糖结构单元完全消失。这似乎表明氧化性的氮源和低溶解氧水平可能是造成茁霉多糖结构单元同时具有麦芽糖和麦芽三糖的原因。     

茁霉多糖酶与β-淀粉酶的联合作用及其糖-肽链的连结方式

产气气杆菌(Aerobacter aerogenes)10016的茁霉多糖酶(pullulanase E.C.3.2.1.41)能专一地水解支链淀粉分支点的α-1,6-葡萄糖苷键,但它不作用于糖原而能专一地水解茁霉多糖为麦芽三糖。我们曾报道过此酶的提纯、性质以及各种不同化学试剂对酶活力的影响,本文主要报道茁霉多糖酶与β-淀粉酶的联合作用、酶结构中糖组份分析以及糖与蛋白质肽链的连结方式。一、材料和方法 1.材料:粗酶制剂由江西食品发酵所提供,生产菌种为产气气杆菌10016,酶活力为43,000单位/克。将粗酶制剂用蒸馏水浸泡,放     

卜多糖发酵条件试验

卜多糖(Pullulan)也称短梗霉多糖。我们从11株产卜多糖的出芽短梗霉中选出3.2756号菌株,经亚硝基胍处理,得到变异株N28,并对其产卜多糖的发酵条件进行试验,现报道如下。     

克雷伯氏菌生产胞外多糖的研究进展

从克雷伯氏菌胞外多糖的组成、功能及发酵工艺等方面概述了克雷伯氏菌发酵生产胞外多糖研究进展,并讨论了该发酵过程中存在的问题;同时指出,在现有基础上应用数学工具模拟优化发酵工艺并改良分离提取方法,并进一步对其进行开发应用是今后研究的重点。     

具有工业应用潜力的微生物多糖

已报道的微生物多糖有黄原胶、盘核菌多糖、PS-10、PS-21和PS-53胶、来自粪产碱杆菌属的多糖、PS-7胶、胶凝多糖、热凝多糖、细菌藻酸盐、右旋糖酐、茁霉多糖、面包酵母烯聚糖、含6-脱氧-已糖多糖和细菌纤维素。本文简述一些微生物多糖商品化潜力的限制因素。如利用价值,流变学特性相聚合度。多糖按用作增粘剂和胶凝剂分类。具有特殊用途的多糖,其三分之一的种类包括特制右旋糖酐、茁霉多糖和用作底物制备某些稀有糖类的多糖。本文还指出了多糖在工业水平上发展所面临的困难。     

灵芝多糖的生物合成和发酵调控

灵芝多糖是灵芝的关键药效成分之一。从灵芝多糖的结构和构效关系、灵芝多糖的单糖组成,灵芝主要多糖IPS-1-1的基本合成途径,以及灵芝多糖的深层发酵调控策略和方法等方面,综述了灵芝多糖生物合成和发酵调控方面的新进展。并对今后的主要研究方向进行了展望。     

顶头孢霉遗传育种研究进展

顶头孢霉是一类重要的工业微生物,其发酵产物头孢菌素C可用来生产7-ACA,而后者是临床常用抗感染药物头孢类抗生素的重要中间体。头孢菌素C的发酵水平决定了其下游头孢类抗生素的生产水平、产品质量及价格,因此对顶头孢霉的菌种选育工作显得尤其迫切。随着分子生物学的发展,基因工程分子改造在遗传育种领域发挥着越来越重要的作用。文章综述了对头孢菌素C的生物合成以及调控的研究进展,并将国内外对顶头孢霉进行遗传育种的结果进行了归纳总结,提出了可以从提高头孢菌素C发酵水平、延伸代谢途径等不同方面对头孢菌素C生物合成及调控基因,包括外源基因的导入和表达进行改造优化,并对进一步的研究目标进行了展望,认为可以结合比较蛋白质组和基因组改组使遗传育种所获得的工程菌尽快进入产业化。     

早孕因子研究进展

早孕因子既是一种微量蛋白又是一种妊娠相关蛋白,其纯品的获得尤为重要。简要论述了早孕因子的本质和功能,并就早孕因子在超早期妊娠诊断中的实际功能价值进行了深入探讨;结合早孕因子的国内外研究进展和生理生化特点提出了2种蛋白质提纯方案;针对当前早孕因子提纯及检测方法中存在的问题进行了讨论。     

Hemoglobins, XXI: sequence analysis of porcine hemoglobin (author's transl)

The hemoglobin of a bavarian domestic pig (Suidae) was isolated. The chains were separated by countercurrent distribution, then cleaved with trypsin. The isolated peptides were sequenced with hydrophilic phenylisothiocyanate I and IV, or with a dimethylaminopropyne program in the sequenator. The sequences of the chains are given. Some methodical aspects of automatic sequencing are discussed and the sequences of human porcine hemoglobin are compared. The role of adult pig haemoglobin as foetal hemoglobin is discussed.     

生态旅游及其规划与管理研究综述

生态旅游是新兴的旅游形式和思想,是应用生态学研究的一个领域,为旅游学界、生态学界及其它相咩学科所关注。因此较为系统地讨论了生态旅游的产生、定认、特点与理论基础等基本问题,分别阐述了生态旅游者、生态旅游资源、生态旅游业、生态旅游环境等４个要素的研究概况,重点分析了生态旅游规划与管理的研究现状,还归纳了生态旅游发展中应注意的问题,在以上基础上,总结了生态旅游研究的特点,并对研究方向作了评述。     

Kinetic studies of spin interconversion in ferric mixed-spin derivatives of myoglobin

Kinetic studies of spin interconversion in various derivatives of metmyoglobin such as the fluoride, aquo, hydroxide, azide, imidazole, and cyanide were performed by the coaxial-cable temperature-jump method. For all these derivatives, except fluoride and aquomyoglobin, a single relaxation was observed around 3 μsec. The rate constants and activation parameters for the spin interconversion were estimated and are discussed in comparison with those reported for the reaction of synthetic iron complex. Other hemoproteins such as cytochrome c and human hemoglobin were also examined, and the results were compared with those for myoglobin. The effect of buffer solution is also discussed.     

New histochemical techniques for the demonstration of carboxyl groups in mucosubstances

Synopsis The histochemical demonstration of the carboxyl groups of mucosubstances was studied by two methods at the light and electron microscopic levels. Conditions for activating carbohydrate carboxyl groups were elucidated from which a modified carbodiimide reaction procedure was worked out. With this procedure several acid mucosubstances could be demonstrated; some were characterized as sialomucoproteins. The mechanism of the carbodiimide reaction is discussed.A method is also discussed for increasing the electron opacity of Alcian Blue-stained mucosubstances with a sulphide-silver reaction.     

Characterization and mass spectral analysis of some grayanotoxin derivatives

The mass spectra of grayanotoxin III and some of its mono-, di, and tri-ester derivatives are discussed. Some of the physiological responses of this compound class are also presented. The extraction of this material from a natural source is discussed as well as the schemes for ester derivatization and spectral characterization of all compounds studied. High resolution mass spectral analysis and comparison of the mass spectra of similar compounds were used to define possible fragmentation mechanisms.     

On the local cardiac renin angiotensin system. Basic and clinical implications

In the present review we reevaluated the experimental and clinical evidence that there is a local renin angiotensin system in the heart as well as the presence of a functional intracrine component which is activated during pathological conditions like heart failure and hypertension. The implications of these findings for cardiology were discussed. The novel finding that cell swelling impairs cell coupling and impulse propagation through activation of ionic channels with consequent generation of cardiac arrhythmias and the evidence that AT1 receptors are mechanosensors able to alter the heart function independently of Ang II were discussed. Particular attention was given to the role of salt loading on the activation of a local cardiac renin angiotensin and its consequences.     

Gene expression and its regulation during the cell cycle of higher plants in synchronous cell culture systems

Summary This review paper describes the importance of synchronous cell cultures as experimental systems for investigations of mechanisms of the cell cycle of higher plants, and various methods of synchronization are discussed. The efficient synchronization methods were double phosphate starvation in Catharanthus roseus cells and aphidicolin treatment in tobacco cells. Using these systems, cell cycle-dependent genes were isolated and characterized. One of them, cyc07, was investigated in detail and the possible function of cyc07 is discussed as an example of genes involved in the progression of the cell cycle of higher plants. Finally, a perspective of investigations of the cell cycle of higher plant cells is discussed.     

Aspects of the mineral nutrition of some native British plants — inter-site variation

Fifteen common native British plants were each sampled at a range of sites in Great Britain and green tissues analysed for several inorganic nutrients. Sampling criteria are discussed. The inter-site variation of each element within a species is assessed as a frequency distribution of raw data. Sample values of parameters including arithmetic mean, variance (coefficient of variation), skewness and kurtosis are presented. Their stability is assessed from nitrogen in sub-samples of Pteridium. This suggested sample sizes were adequate but some distributions had sufficient kurtosis to affect the variance. These parameters showed distinctions between macro- and micro-elements and between species. Some mean values sharply distinguished between species and may help to assess current theories of strategy and adaptation but a wider range of species is needed to clarify trends. Coefficients of variation are discussed and were relatively low for a nation-wide survey after allowing for sampling constraints. Coefficients of skewness and kurtosis showed two-thirds of the sample distributions were non-normal. Ecological aspects of the distributions are discussed and are relevant to studies along environmental gradients. Published hypotheses linking positive skewness to stress in the field are considered and two other postulates discussed. Distribution bounds such as those confining 95% of the values are discussed in relation to possible critical levels of nutrients.Nomenclature follows Clapham et al. (1981), Excursion flora of the British Isles. 3rd ed. University Press, Cambridge, except Chamaenerion.     

中国大陆马鞭草科一新记录变种——朝鲜紫珠

报道了采自浙江省普陀区东福山岛的中国大陆马鞭草科(Verbenaceae J.St.-Hil.)1新记录变种——朝鲜紫珠(Callicarpajaponica var.luxurians Rehd.),提供了形态描述与图片,简要讨论了该变种的经济价值和濒危程度,列举分析了舟山海岛与台湾、日本间断分布的植物,说明三地之间植物区系有着密切的联系。凭证标本存放于浙江农林大学植物标本馆(ZJFC)。