畜禽粪便堆肥过程中各种氮化合物的动态变化及腐熟度评价指标

对不同畜禽粪便在堆肥过程中各种含氮化合物的动态变化进行了研究,结合综合性腐熟度评价指标——种子发芽指数（GI）,探讨了畜禽粪便堆肥过程中与氮有关的腐熟度评价指标.结果表明：随着堆肥的进行,除奶牛粪外,其它畜禽粪便的全氮（TN）含量均呈先下降而后平稳变化趋势,奶牛粪则呈先增加而后平稳变化趋势;各种畜禽粪便中,碱解性氮（HN）含量先增后降;NH₄⁺-N含量先下降而后保持平稳;NO₃^- -N含量则持续增加;NH₄⁺ -N/NO₃^- -N迅速降低.堆肥腐熟度指标中,除综合性评价指标GI值外,HN/TN和NH₄⁺ -N/TN也可作为评价畜禽粪便腐熟程度的优选指标,而NO₃^- -N/TN只能作为一般性评价指标.根据综合性评价指标GI值达到腐熟要求的标准（GI>0.50）,除仔猪粪外,其它畜禽粪便在HN/TN<20.77％、NH₄⁺ -N/TN<10.06％及NO₃^- -N/TN>0.38％时基本达到腐熟要求.     

Characterization of dairy cattle manure/wallboard paper compost mixture

The aim of this research was to evaluate the use of manufacturing wallboard paper scraps as an alternative bulking agent for dairy cattle manure composting. The characteristics of the composting process were studied based on the changes in physico-chemical parameters and final compost quality. Composting of dairy cattle manure with wallboard paper was performed in a 481-L cylindrical reactor with vacuum-type aeration. Rapid degradation of organic matter was observed during the thermophilic stage of composting due to high microbial activity. High temperature and alkaline pH conditions promoted intense ammonia emission during the early stage of composting. The number of mesophilic and thermophilic microorganisms were found to be affected by changes in temperature at different composting stages. The total nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sodium (Na) concentrations of the mixture did not change significantly after 28days of composting. However, the presence of gypsum in the paper scraps increased the calcium content of the final compost. The wallboard paper had no phyto-inhibitory effects as shown by high germination index of final compost (GI=99%).     

Changes in biochemical and microbiological parameters during the period of rapid composting of dairy manure with rice chaff

Various parameters were measured during the period of composting of dairy manure and rice chaff in different ratios (dairy manure/rice chaff=V/V, pile 1: 75/25; pile 2: 80/20; pile 3: 85/15) to evaluate their suitability as indicators for the composting process. The temperature in pile 1 increased rapidly and remained above 60 °C for 30 days, while the temperature in pile 3 increased slowly relative to the other two piles. Furthermore, the degradation of organic substrates, as indicated by the reduction of C/N ratio, was rapid in pile 1 (below 20% 28 days after beginning of the composting). The major fluctuations of various water-soluble fractions in all piles were observed during the first 3 weeks, and the results in general showed that the highest microbial populations and enzymatic activities also appeared in this phase. Various parameters indicated that the rapid composting method was a feasible one for treating agricultural wastes.     

Persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and other zoonotic pathogens during simulated composting, manure packing, and liquid storage of dairy manure

Livestock manures contain numerous microorganisms which can infect humans and/or animals, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis). The effects of commonly used manure treatments on the persistence of these pathogens have rarely been compared. The objective of this study was to compare the persistence of artificially inoculated M. paratuberculosis, as well as other naturally occurring pathogens, during the treatment of dairy manure under conditions that simulate three commonly used manure management methods: thermophilic composting at 55 degrees C, manure packing at 25 degrees C (or low-temperature composting), and liquid lagoon storage. Straw and sawdust amendments used for composting and packing were also compared. Manure was obtained from a large Ohio free-stall dairy herd and was inoculated with M. paratuberculosis at 10(6) CFU/g in the final mixes. For compost and pack treatments, this manure was amended with sawdust or straw to provide an optimal moisture content (60%) for composting for 56 days. To simulate liquid storage, water was added to the manure (to simulate liquid flushing and storage) and the slurry was placed in triplicate covered 4-liter Erlenmeyer flasks, incubated under ambient conditions for 175 days. The treatments were sampled on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 for the detection of pathogens. The persistence of M. paratuberculosis was also assessed by a PCR hybridization assay. After 56 days of composting, from 45 to 60% of the carbon in the compost treatments was converted to CO2, while no significant change in carbon content was observed in the liquid slurry. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Listeria were all detected in the manure and all of the treatments on day 0. After 3 days of composting at 55 degrees C, none of these organisms were detectable. In liquid manure and pack treatments, some of these microorganisms were detectable up to 28 days. M. paratuberculosis was detected by standard culture only on day 0 in all the treatments, but was undetectable in any treatment at 3 and 7 days. On days 14, 28, and 56, M. paratuberculosis was detected in the liquid storage treatment but remained undetectable in the compost and pack treatments. However, M. paratuberculosis DNA was detectable through day 56 in all treatments and up to day 175 in liquid storage treatments. Taken together, the results indicate that high-temperature composting is more effective than pack storage or liquid storage of manure in reducing these pathogens in dairy manure. Therefore, thermophilic composting is recommended for treatment of manures destined for pathogen-sensitive environments such as those for vegetable production, residential gardening, or application to rapidly draining fields.     

Characterization of organic matter degradation during composting of manure-straw mixtures spiked with tetracyclines

The objective of this study was to investigate humification and mineralization of manure-straw mixtures contaminated by tetracyclines during composting. Hen manure, pig manure and rice straw were used as the raw materials. The manure-straw mixtures were spiked with tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline at the concentration of 60 mg/kg dry matter. The results show that tetracyclines had no obvious influence on the composting process and more than 93% of the tetracyclines was decreased during a 45-day composting. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra indicated that easily biodegradable components such as aliphatic substrates, carbohydrates and polysaccharides were decomposed and the contents of aromatic components relatively rose during the composting. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra confirmed the natural formation of struvite, the degradation of easily biodegradable components, and the mineralization of organic matter during the composting. Therefore, FTIR and XRD analysis can be useful tools for monitoring the composting process.     

Persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Other Zoonotic Pathogens during Simulated Composting, Manure Packing, and Liquid Storage of Dairy Manure

Livestock manures contain numerous microorganisms which can infect humans and/or animals, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis). The effects of commonly used manure treatments on the persistence of these pathogens have rarely been compared. The objective of this study was to compare the persistence of artificially inoculated M. paratuberculosis, as well as other naturally occurring pathogens, during the treatment of dairy manure under conditions that simulate three commonly used manure management methods: thermophilic composting at 55°C, manure packing at 25°C (or low-temperature composting), and liquid lagoon storage. Straw and sawdust amendments used for composting and packing were also compared. Manure was obtained from a large Ohio free-stall dairy herd and was inoculated with M. paratuberculosis at 10⁶ CFU/g in the final mixes. For compost and pack treatments, this manure was amended with sawdust or straw to provide an optimal moisture content (60%) for composting for 56 days. To simulate liquid storage, water was added to the manure (to simulate liquid flushing and storage) and the slurry was placed in triplicate covered 4-liter Erlenmeyer flasks, incubated under ambient conditions for 175 days. The treatments were sampled on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 28, and 56 for the detection of pathogens. The persistence of M. paratuberculosis was also assessed by a PCR hybridization assay. After 56 days of composting, from 45 to 60% of the carbon in the compost treatments was converted to CO₂, while no significant change in carbon content was observed in the liquid slurry. Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Listeria were all detected in the manure and all of the treatments on day 0. After 3 days of composting at 55°C, none of these organisms were detectable. In liquid manure and pack treatments, some of these microorganisms were detectable up to 28 days. M. paratuberculosis was detected by standard culture only on day 0 in all the treatments, but was undetectable in any treatment at 3 and 7 days. On days 14, 28, and 56, M. paratuberculosis was detected in the liquid storage treatment but remained undetectable in the compost and pack treatments. However, M. paratuberculosis DNA was detectable through day 56 in all treatments and up to day 175 in liquid storage treatments. Taken together, the results indicate that high-temperature composting is more effective than pack storage or liquid storage of manure in reducing these pathogens in dairy manure. Therefore, thermophilic composting is recommended for treatment of manures destined for pathogen-sensitive environments such as those for vegetable production, residential gardening, or application to rapidly draining fields.     

Comparison of bacterial community structure and dynamics during the thermophilic composting of different types of solid wastes: anaerobic digestion residue,pig manure and chicken manure

This study investigated the impact of composting substrate types on the bacterial community structure and dynamics during composting processes. To this end, pig manure (PM), chicken manure (CM), a mixture of PM and CM (PM + CM), and a mixture of PM, CM and anaerobic digestion residue (ADR) (PM + CM + ADR) were selected for thermophilic composting. The bacterial community structure and dynamics during the composting process were detected and analysed by polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) coupled with a statistic analysis. The physical-chemical analyses indicated that compared to single-material composting (PM, CM), co-composting (PM + CM, PM + CM + ADR) could promote the degradation of organic matter and strengthen the ability of conserving nitrogen. A DGGE profile and statistical analysis demonstrated that co-composting, especially PM + CM + ADR, could improve the bacterial community structure and functional diversity, even in the thermophilic stage. Therefore, co-composting could weaken the screening effect of high temperature on bacterial communities. Dominant sequencing analyses indicated a dramatic shift in the dominant bacterial communities from single-material composting to co-composting. Notably, compared with PM, PM + CM increased the quantity of xylan-degrading bacteria and reduced the quantity of human pathogens.     

猪粪好氧堆制不同阶段氧气含量变化特征

研究了不同堆肥阶段氧气浓度和耗氧速率的变化特征．结果表明,不同堆肥阶段通风补充氧气所需的时间很短,各阶段通风后氧气浓度都恢复到17％以上．堆肥升温阶段、高温阶段初期耗氧速率高,达900μl·L^-1·s^-1以上;随着堆肥的进行,耗氧速率逐渐降低,经过5～7d的持续高温期后,耗氧速率下降到100μl·L^-1·s^-1以下,堆肥基本腐熟．根据耗氧堆肥的氧气动态变化特征,提出了相应的通风策略．     

添加竹炭对猪粪堆肥过程中升温脱水及氮素损失的影响

堆肥是实现畜禽粪便处理及资源化利用的有效途径,但传统堆肥过程存在升温脱水效果不佳及氮素损失的问题.本文利用猪粪进行堆肥试验,探讨了堆肥过程中添加不同比例竹炭对堆肥升温脱水及氮素损失的影响.结果表明: 与不添加竹炭的对照相比,添加竹炭处理可以使堆体升温时间缩短24～48 h,脱水率提高13.6%～21.4%,堆肥高温期持续时间延长216～264 h;添加竹炭处理可以增加堆肥铵态氮、硝态氮及总氮含量,使氮素固定率提高28.3%～65.4%.
     

Transformation of organic matter during co-composting of pig manure with sawdust

Co-composting of pig manure with sawdust was studied in order to characterize the organic transformation during the process, using both chemical and spectroscopic methods. Humic acids (HA) and fulvic acids (FA) were fractionated from immature and mature pig manure compost, and characterized. After 63 days of composting, the ratio of total organic carbon and soluble organic carbon decreased to a satisfactory low level and the solid and soluble C/N ratios decreased rapidly for the first 35 days before attaining a constant value, indicating compost maturity. Humification could be responsible for the increase in humic acid proportion during composting. The increase in the aromatic bonds after composting, as indicated by the reduction of C/H and C/O ratios of HA and FA, resulted in a more stabilized product. A substantial increase in high molecular weight compounds along with a small increase in low molecular weight compounds was found in mature compost. Moreover the HA also had more complex organic compounds at this stage. Fluorescence spectral analysis showed an increase in the maximum wavelength of HA associated with the contents of aromatic structures in solution. A decrease in relative absorbance of HA at 1160 cm(-1), 2950 cm(-1) and 2850 cm(-1) was seen in the FTIR spectra indicating the decomposition of complex organic constituents, into simpler ones. Increase in the aromatic compounds with higher stability could account for the relative increase in the absorbance of HA at 1650 cm(-1) and 1250 cm(-1) of the mature compost. The composition of FA was not much altered, indicating most of the degradation of organic matter occurred in HA. Data from organic carbon, C/N ratio, elemental analysis, E(4)/E(6) ratio, gel chromatography, fluorescence and FTIR spectra indicated an increase in polycondensed structures and the presence of more stable organic matter in the mature compost.     

Allantoin and allantoic acid titre in the faeces and tissues of the developing larva of the moth, Orthaga exvinacea Hampson

Allantoin and allantoic acid are investigated in the faeces and tissues of the developing sixth instar larva of the moth, Orthaga exvinacea. The nitrogen excreted as allantoin and allantoic acid is compared with nitrogen excreted as uric acid and ammonia. The larva excretes 2.35–5.14 μmol/g allantoin and 0.74–1.34 μmol/g allantoic acid which account for 0.83 to 2.39% and 0.23 to 0.53%, respectively, of the excreted total nitrogen. Allantoin and allantoic acid are found to be minor nitrogenous end-products of the larva. Allantoin and allantoic acid are also present in the haemolymph and fat body of the larva in varying concentrations. The level of allantoin in the haemolymph shows a negative correlation with the allantoin concentration of faeces and fat body. The allantoin is found to be stored in the fat body at a low level. The results of the present study also indicate the coexistence of uric acid storage and uricolysis.     

好氧高温猪粪堆肥中重金属砷、铜、锌的形态变化及钝化剂的影响

采用连续提取法研究了猪粪好氧堆肥处理中重金属浓度和形态的变化以及添加不同比例的重金属钝化剂对其浓度和形态的影响.结果表明：经过堆肥处理后,猪粪中重金属As、Cu和Zn的总浓度均有所增加.从重金属结合形态的变化来看,可交换态As和Zn含量降低,残渣态As和Zn含量升高,表明As和Zn存在着向有效性相对较低的形态转化的趋势;重金属Cu则表现出不同的变化趋势,即可交换态与残渣态Cu含量下降,而碳酸盐结合态、铁锰结合态及有机结合态Cu含量有所增加,在今后的堆肥利用中应注意其可能带来的环境风险;3种重金属钝化剂及不同添加比例的处理中,5.0%的海泡石和2.5%的膨润土分别对重金属As、Zn表现出较好的钝化效果,堆肥后残渣态As和Zn的增幅分别达到79.8%和158.6%,均高于不加钝化剂处理.与对照相比,堆肥后7.5%的海泡石对残渣态Cu的降低幅度最小,为39.3%.猪粪堆肥中添加适量的重金属钝化剂,可以在一定程度上降低重金属的有效性以及猪粪堆肥利用中重金属污染的风险.     

Evolution of extracellular enzyme activities during manure composting

AIMS: The objectives of this work were to determine the extracellular enzyme profiles during composting, relate the activities of these enzymes to the changes in microbial population and compare the enzyme profiles between two manures. METHODS AND RESULTS: API ZYM assay was used to monitor the activities of 19 extracellular enzymes during poultry and pig manure composting. Results showed an overall increase in diversity and relative abundance of enzymes present. The relative abundance and activities of enzymes were higher in poultry manure than in pig manure. Among the 19 enzymes tested, esterase, valine amino-peptidase and alpha-galactosidase were the most abundant enzymes in poultry manure, whereas it was N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase for the pig manure. A number of these enzymes correlated with change in numbers of different microbial groups during composting. CONCLUSIONS: The composting process represented a combined activity of a wide succession of environments, as one enzyme/microbial group overlapped the other and each emerged gradually due to the continual change in temperature and progressive breakdown of complex compounds to simpler ones. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results presented here show the applicability of the API ZYM test not only in monitoring the quantitative and qualitative fluctuation of the available substrate during composting, but also in revealing differences in composts and compost maturity.     

Co-composting of oil exhausted olive-cake, poultry manure and industrial residues of agro-food activity for soil amendment

The co-composting of exhausted olive-cake with poultry manure and sesame shells was investigated. These organic solid wastes were watered by the confectionary wastewater which is characterized by its high content of residual sugars raising its COD. Four aerated windrows were performed to establish the effects of confectionary by-products on the compost process. Different mixtures of the agro-industrial wastes were used. During the composting process, physico-chemical parameters (temperature, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, total carbon and total nitrogen) were studied. The stability of the biological system was noticed after 70 days. The final products were characterized by their relatively high organic matter content, and low C/N ratio of 14-17. The humidification of the windrows with the wastewater seemed to have accelerated the composting process in comparison to a windrow humidified with water. In addition, the organic matter degradation was enhanced to reach 55-70%. The application of the obtained composts to soil appeared to significantly improve the soil fertility. Indeed, field experiments showed an increase in potato yield; the production was 30.5-37.5 tons ha(-1), compared to 30.5 tons ha(-1) with farm manure.     

The behavior of tetracyclines and their degradation products during swine manure composting

The purposes of this study were to investigate the behavior of three tetracyclines including chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC) and tetracycline (TC) and their degradation products in a pilot scale swine manure composting, and also to study the degradation kinetics of CTC, OTC and TC. During the pilot scale composting, CTC, OTC and TC were degraded by 74%, 92% and 70%, respectively. Several degradation products were found like 4-epitetracycline (ETC), 4-epioxytetracycline (EOTC), 4-epichlortetracycline (ECTC), demeclocycline (DMCTC) and anhydrotetracycline (ATC). Both the simple and the adjusted first-order kinetic models successfully fit the degradation process of CTC, OTC and TC during the composting, but the adjusted first-order kinetic model fit much better with the calculated half-lives of 8.2, 1.1 and 10.0 days, respectively.     

The study of the aerobic bacterial microbiota and the biotoxicity in various samples of olive mill wastewaters (alpechin) during their composting process

Five different piles were prepared by mixing olive mill wastewater (alpechin) and alpechin sludge with two bulking agents (cotton waste and maize straw) and two organic wastes with high content of nitrogen (sewage sludge and poultry manure), which were composted by the Rutgers static pile composting system in a pilot plant. The aim of this work was to study the evolution of total nitrogen and different forms of organic matter and evaluate the variation in the aerobic bacterial microbiota present and biotoxicity during the composting process.In piles prepared with alpechin, the use of the maize straw as a bulking agent reduced the nitrogen losses whereas the use of sewage sludge, instead of poultry manure, with cotton waste originated the highest degradation of organic matter. In piles prepared with alpechin sludge a similar evolution of the composting process was observed. There were not great variations during composting in the aerobic bacterial microbiota present in the mixtures. However, the pile prepared with alpechin sludge and maize straw was only one to present bacteria capable of growing in alpechin, and the toxicity study showed that this was only present in the starting mixtures.     

Compost biofiltration of ammonia gas from bin composting

The effects of the manure compost/coconut peels on the ammonia removal efficiency were examined from dairy manure composting mixed with crop residues. The high rapid composting and manure compost biofiltration experiments consisted of three biofilter vessels with one composter. Dairy manure amended with rice hulls and sawdust was composted in 605 L pilot-scale composter using continuous aeration for 19 days. Three pilot-scale manure compost biofilter amended with media bed 500 mm in depth and 300 mm in diameter were built to clean ammonia emission from composter, respectively. The manure compost biofilter media in the three experimental vessels was using a 50:50 by weight mixture of manure compost and coconut peels (MC/CP). The ammonia concentrations at the inlet and outlet biofilter media were measured by boric acid traps as described by Hong et al. [Hong, J.H., Keener, H.M., Elwell, D.L., 1998. Preliminary study of the effect of continuous and intermittent aeration on composting hog manure amended with sawdust. Compost Science and Utilization 6 (3), 74-88]. Results indicated that the mixture of MC/CP performed well as a biofilter media and the ammonia removal efficiency was 100% for the filter depth of 500 mm.     

猪粪堆肥化处理过程中的氮素转变及腐熟度研究

经过63d堆肥化处理后,猪粪与木屑混合堆肥及猪粪,木屑与树叶混合堆肥的T－N分别从开始的1．57％和1．78％增加到2．0％和2．11％;水溶性NO3－N／水溶性T－N均从接近于0的水平增加到3％左右;水溶性有机N／水溶性T－N分别增加到70％和76％;水溶性NH4－N／水溶性T－N则分别从开始52％和61％下降至堆肥结束时的30％和24％。种子发芽系数的测定结果表明,加入树叶有利于猪粪的腐熟化,可使猪粪堆肥化处理所城的时间从42d缩短至35d。化学指标与种子发芽系数的相关分析结果表明,水溶性NH4－N／水溶性T－N,水溶性NO3－N／水溶性T－N和水溶性有机N／水溶性T－N均与种子发芽系数呈显著相关,可作为堆肥的腐熟度评价指标。     

Influence of carbon and buffer amendment on ammonia volatilization in composting

Laboratory-scale experiments were carried out to test a mathematical model of the nitrogen dynamics in a composting process. The main ingredients of composting materials were wheat straw and dairy manure. The influence of (a) two carbon amendments, i.e. molasses and office paper, and (b) two chemicals forming buffer solutions on ammonia volatilization were investigated. Nitrogen losses amounted to 12-25% of initial nitrogen, in which ammonia volatilization accounted for 60-99%. Addition of molasses, a readily available form of carbon, reduced cumulative ammonia emissions substantially, but office paper, i.e. cellulose, had only a small influence. The addition of buffering chemicals did not significantly reduce ammonia volatilization.     

不同有机废弃物改良新复垦耕地的综合效果评价

由废弃地整理复垦形成的耕地存在土壤有机质和有效养分低、土壤板结、微生物活性弱和土壤耕作性状不良等问题,快速、有效地提高土壤肥力质量是全面提升该类耕地质量和生产性能的重要组成部分.本文通过田间小区试验研究了城郊有机废弃物对新复垦耕地土壤培肥的综合效果,并比较了不同类型城郊有机废弃物在培育耕地质量方面的差异.试验设置了施用等量猪粪、鸡粪、水稻秸秆、蔬菜收获残留物、城市污泥、沼渣、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥、生活垃圾堆肥和对照（不施有机肥）9个处理（年用量30 t·hm^-2）,连续进行3年的定点试验.结果表明： 施用任何有机物对改善土壤肥力均有明显的作用.其中,提升土壤碳库管理指数以施用猪粪、鸡粪、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥、水稻秸秆和沼渣的效果最为显著;增加土壤水稳定性团聚体和降低土壤容重以施用猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥和沼渣的效果最佳;施用污泥、猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥和生活垃圾堆肥可增强土壤保蓄能力;施用猪粪、鸡粪和猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥对增加土壤有效态养分的效果最为明显;各类有机物均显著提高了土壤微生物数量和酶活性.长期施用污泥、生活垃圾堆肥及畜禽粪存在着土壤重金属污染的风险,但短期施用对土壤环境质量影响不明显.总体上,对土壤肥力的改善效果由大至小依次为：猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>鸡粪>猪粪>沼渣>生活垃圾堆肥>水稻秸秆>城市污泥>蔬菜收获残留物;对土壤的相对污染程度由大至小为：城市污泥>生活垃圾堆肥>猪粪>鸡粪>沼渣>猪粪/水稻秸秆堆肥>蔬菜收获残留物>水稻秸秆.