海氏桨角蚜小蜂对不同龄期“Q”烟粉虱的取食和寄生反应

【背景】近年来＂Q＂烟粉虱在我国快速扩张,已成为农业生产上的一种重要入侵害虫。由于化学农药的大量使用,＂Q＂烟粉虱已对多种农药产生高抗药性,保护和利用天敌昆虫对其进行控制具有重要意义。【方法】本文在室内研究了近年引入我国的海氏桨角蚜小蜂对不同龄期＂Q＂烟粉虱若虫的取食和寄生能力。【结果】各龄期的＂Q＂烟粉虱若虫均可被海氏桨角蚜小蜂取食和寄生。在48h内,寄生蜂取食1、2、3、4龄烟粉虱若虫的数量分别为10.7、6.4、6.7、5.0头,呈现随龄期增大取食数量下降的趋势;海氏桨角蚜小蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱若虫的寄生能力存在明显差异,其更偏好寄生2、3龄若虫（25.4和27.5头）,其次是1龄若虫（22.1头）,而寄生4龄粉虱的数量最低（16.5头）。【结论与意义】寄主龄期对海氏桨角蚜小蜂的取食和寄生能力具有显著影响。综合来看,该寄生蜂表现出对＂Q＂烟粉虱较好的生物防治潜能,是防治烟粉虱的理想寄生性天敌昆虫。     

海氏桨角蚜小蜂对不同龄期 “Q”烟粉虱的取食和寄生反应

【背景】近年来 “Q”烟粉虱在我国快速扩张,已成为农业生产上的一种重要入侵害虫。由于化学农药的大量使用,“Q”烟粉虱已对多种农药产生高抗药性,保护和利用天敌昆虫对其进行控制具有重要意义。【方法】本文在室内研究了近年引入我国的海氏桨角蚜小蜂对不同龄期 “Q”烟粉虱若虫的取食和寄生能力。【结果】各龄期的 “Q”烟粉虱若虫均可被海氏桨角蚜小蜂取食和寄生。在48 h内,寄生蜂取食1、2、3、4龄烟粉虱若虫的数量分别为10.〖KG-*8〗7、6.[KG-*8]4、6.[KG-*8]7、5.[KG-*8]0头,呈现随龄期增大取食数量下降的趋势;海氏桨角蚜小蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱若虫的寄生能力存在明显差异,其更偏好寄生2、3龄若虫（25.[KG-*8]4和27.[KG-*8]5头）,其次是1龄若虫（22.[KG-*8]1头）,而寄生4龄粉虱的数量最低（16.[KG-*8]5头）。【结论与意义】寄主龄期对海氏桨角蚜小蜂的取食和寄生能力具有显著影响。综合来看,该寄生蜂表现出对 “Q”烟粉虱较好的生物防治潜能,是防治烟粉虱的理想寄生性天敌昆虫。     

雪莲果为替代寄主植物繁育的丽蚜小蜂对MED烟粉虱生防潜能

雪莲果Smallanthus sanchifalius被视为替代烟草高效繁育丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa Gahan的理想寄主植物,且中间寄主植物雪莲果繁育的丽蚜小蜂对温室白粉虱Trialeurodes vaporariorum（Westwood）具有更高的生防潜能。但中间寄主植物雪莲果繁育的丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）的生防效果尚未明确,本研究测定了雪莲果繁育的丽蚜小蜂对MED烟粉虱1~4龄若虫的寄生率、取食数量、杀死数量,及其子代发育时间和羽化率。研究结果表明,雪莲果繁育的丽蚜小蜂对MED烟粉虱各龄幼虫的寄生率、取食数量均显著高于烟草繁育的丽蚜小蜂,其中,对3龄若虫的防控效果最好,杀死数量为10.5头,寄生率为17.2%,取食数量为1.9头。雪莲果为寄主植物繁育的丽蚜小蜂寄生MED烟粉虱1~4龄若虫的发育时间分别为21.2 d、16.0 d、13.9 d和13.4 d,均显著短于烟草繁育丽蚜小蜂子代发育时间。综合来看,中间寄主植物雪莲果繁育的丽蚜小蜂对MED烟粉虱生防潜能显著高于中间寄主植物烟草繁育的丽蚜小蜂。研究结果为进一步应用中间寄主植物雪莲果繁育的丽蚜小蜂防治烟粉虱提供了理论依据。     

南方部分地区烟粉虱及其寄生蜂内共生菌Cardinium的检测及其系统发育关系

【目的】研究我国南方四个省份6个烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci种群和2个蚜小蜂种群内共生菌Cardinium的感染率及其系统发育关系。【方法】利用PCR技术与DNA测序技术检测来自广州、肇庆、南宁、昆明、厦门烟粉虱种群以及广州2个蚜小蜂种群内Cardinium的感染情况,通过基于mt COⅠDNA序列和16S r RNA序列建立烟粉虱和Cardinium系统进化树,分析烟粉虱、寄生蜂和共生菌Cardinium的协同进化关系。【结果】广州的Asia II1与Asia II7烟粉虱种群、肇庆与南宁的MEAM1烟粉虱种群、昆明与厦门的Mediterranean烟粉虱种群以及广州的丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa、双斑蚜小蜂Encarsia bimaculata种群体内都有Cardinium的感染,且以Mediterranean与土著的Asia II1、Asia II7感染率较高(65.2%~92.5%),寄生蜂体内的感染率较低(16.7%~18.6%)。通过进化树对比分析发现,Cardinium与烟粉虱寄主之间无协同进化现象,但是Cardinium在烟粉虱不同地理种群之间,烟粉虱与寄生蜂之间的同源性超过98%。【结论】Cardinium在两种寄主昆虫之间进行相互感染与传播的概率较大,寄生蜂可能是Cardinium在不同烟粉虱种群之间水平传播的桥梁之一。     

烟粉虱生物型对浅黄恩蚜小蜂寄主选择及个体发育的影响

为探讨寄生蜂在Q型烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci替代B型烟粉虱的过程中是否起作用, 我们在实验室条件(温度27±1℃, 光周期16L∶8D, 相对湿度RH 70%～80%)下, 观察了浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia寄生B型和Q型烟粉虱若虫的行为, 研究了浅黄恩蚜小蜂对B型和Q型烟粉虱若虫的选择性、 烟粉虱生物型对浅黄恩蚜小蜂取食数量及个体发育的影响。结果发现, 浅黄恩蚜小蜂体外检测时间在B型和Q型烟粉虱若虫间差异不显著, 而寄生Q型烟粉虱若虫时的体内检测和产卵时间(190.2±14.6 s）显著高于寄生B型时所用时间(140.0±7.5 s)。在非选择条件下, 浅黄恩蚜小蜂寄生B型烟粉虱若虫的数量(8.1±0.5头)及总产卵量（9.3±0.6粒）显著高于仅提供Q型烟粉虱的寄生数量(6.3±0.5头)及总产卵量(7.0±0.6粒); 而被寄生若虫单头着卵量在处理间差异不显著。在选择性条件下, 该蜂寄生B型烟粉虱若虫量(3.1±0.4头)、总产卵量(3.8±0.5粒)及被寄生若虫单头着卵量(1.2±0.1粒)都显著高于寄生Q型烟粉虱时的情况(1.8±0.3头、1.8±0.4粒、0.7±0.1粒)。被寄生蜂取食的B型与Q型烟粉虱数量间差异不显著, 但对于同一生物型而言, 交配过的雌蜂能够取食更多的烟粉虱若虫。以B型烟粉虱为寄主时, 浅黄恩蚜小蜂雌蜂卵-黑蛹(7.2±0.1 d)、黑蛹-羽化(5.2±0.1 d)的发育时间与以Q型烟粉虱若虫为寄主时的相应发育时间(7.3±0.1 d, 5.6±0.1 d)间无显著性差异。以B型烟粉虱为寄主时寄生蜂的羽化率（73.55%±1.42%）与以Q型烟粉虱为寄主时的羽化率（68.42%±13.01%）间差异不显著。这些结果表明, 虽然浅黄恩蚜小蜂发育时间、 羽化率在烟粉虱2种生物型间无显著差异, 但该小蜂倾向于B型烟粉虱若虫作为寄主, 而且, 以B型烟粉虱若虫为寄主时, 小蜂的产卵量和寄生若虫数量均增加。但田间浅黄恩蚜小蜂的存在是否有助于Q型烟粉虱成为B型和Q型混合种群的优势种群, 还需进一步研究。     

烟粉虱及海氏桨角蚜小蜂对中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒感染烟草的嗅觉反应

双生病毒可通过调控寄主植物促进媒介昆虫烟粉虱种群增长,然而病毒侵染植物后是否通过调控植物挥发物来影响烟粉虱及其天敌的嗅觉反应还未见报道。【目的】本文旨在研究烟草植株感染中国番茄黄化曲叶病毒(Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus,TYLCCNV)后对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)及其重要寄生性天敌海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati(Zolnerowich and Rose)嗅觉反应行为的影响。【方法】利用Y形嗅觉仪方法,我们测试了烟粉虱及海氏桨角蚜小蜂对带毒植株、健康植株及烟粉虱危害植株的选择偏好性。【结果】烟粉虱及海氏桨角蚜小蜂选择携带TYLCCNV病毒的烟草显著多于健康烟草植株,但烟草被病毒与烟粉虱共同侵染时,烟粉虱对带毒烟草的选择仍显著多于无毒植株,而寄生蜂虽然仍较多选择带毒植株,但无显著差异。【结论】这些结果表明烟粉虱及海氏桨角蚜小蜂偏好选择携带TYLCCNV病毒的烟草,但这种偏好作用在烟粉虱取食共同危害时有一定程度的减弱。本研究首次报道了双生病毒侵染植物可增加烟粉虱及其天敌对植物的选择作用,并就其功能及机制进行了讨论。     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择性(英文)

双斑恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂是华南地区烟粉虱的两种优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了两种寄生蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择特性。结果表明:两种寄生蜂均可寄生烟粉虱的1~4龄若虫。当只有1个龄期的烟粉虱若虫存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂更多地寄生3龄和4龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和2龄若虫;而桨角蚜小蜂则更多地寄生3龄和2龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和4龄若虫。在4个龄期若虫同时存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂会明显增加对3龄和4龄若虫的产卵寄生,降低对1龄和2龄若虫的寄生;而桨角蚜小蜂则增加对2龄和3龄若虫的寄生,减少对1龄和4龄若虫的寄生。寄主植物的差异不影响这二种蚜小蜂对各龄期烟粉虱若虫的产卵选择倾向。结果提示,烟粉虱若虫3龄和4龄是双斑恩蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主,而桨角蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主是烟粉虱2龄和3龄若虫。     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择性（英文）

双斑恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂是华南地区烟粉虱的两种优势种寄生蜂。本文研究了两种寄生蜂对不同龄期烟粉虱寄主的产卵选择特性。结果表明: 两种寄生蜂均可寄生烟粉虱的1～4龄若虫。当只有1个龄期的烟粉虱若虫存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂更多地寄生3龄和4龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和2龄若虫;而桨角蚜小蜂则更多地寄生3龄和2龄若虫,较少寄生1龄和4龄若虫。在4个龄期若虫同时存在时,双斑恩蚜小蜂会明显增加对3龄和4龄若虫的产卵寄生,降低对1龄和2龄若虫的寄生;而桨角蚜小蜂则增加对2龄和3龄若虫的寄生,减少对1龄和4龄若虫的寄生。寄主植物的差异不影响这二种蚜小蜂对各龄期烟粉虱若虫的产卵选择倾向。结果提示,烟粉虱若虫3龄和4龄是双斑恩蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主,而桨角蚜小蜂最适宜的寄主是烟粉虱2龄和3龄若虫。     

宁波地区烟粉虱及其寄生蜂调查

烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)是重要的世界性害虫之一,对农业生产造成了严重的危害.利用天敌对烟粉虱进行生物防治已经成为研究重点.本文于2007年6月至2008年11月对宁波地区不同寄主作物上烟粉虱虫口数量及其寄生蜂种类进行了调查.结果查得烟粉虱寄生蜂共7种,它们是恩蚜小蜂属Encarsm Forster的浅黄恩蚜小蜂En.sophia、日本恩蚜小蜂En.japonica、丽蚜小蜂En.formosa、黄盾恩蚜小蜂En.smithi和桨角蚜小蜂属Eretmocerus Haldeman的蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂Er.mundus、狄氏桨角蚜小蜂Er.debachi、盾黑桨角蚜小蜂Er.melanoscutus,其中优势种为浅黄恩蚜小蜂En.sophia、蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂Er.mundus和狄氏桨角蚜小蜂Er.debachi,这3种寄生蜂分别占收集到寄生蜂总数量的35.89%、49.66%和11.01%;此外,田间十字花科蔬菜上的烟粉虱虫13数量最高峰在2007年12月,自然寄生率最高峰在2008年10月,寄生率可达到13.86%;田间黄瓜上的烟粉虱虫口数量最高峰出现在2007年11月,自然寄生率最高峰在2007年8月,寄生率可达到8.22%;田间茄子上的烟粉虱虫口数量高峰出现在2007年7月和9月及2008年10月,自然寄生率高峰出现在2007年7月和9月及2008年9月,分别达到13.25%,10.30%和5.92%.     

海氏桨角蚜小蜂对两种生物型烟粉虱的功能反应研究

本文报道海氏桨角蚜小蜂Erelmocerus hayati在室内对不同寄主密度下的B型和Q型烟粉虱Bemisiatabaei寄生和取食情况,并比较了该蜂对两种生物型烟粉虱功能反应的差异。结果表明,海氏桨角蚜小蜂对两种生物型烟粉虱的寄生率和致死率可分别达到60％和70％以上,平均每日最大致死量可达40头烟粉虱若虫。该蜂对两种生物型烟粉虱的功能反应曲线符合Holling Ⅱ型,随寄主密度的增加对烟粉虱若虫的寄生和致死数量均增加直至达到每日最大致死数量,而寄生率和致死率则随寄主密度的增加而显著下降。该蜂对两种生物型烟粉虱的功能反应没有显著的差异。     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418     

Separation of the pineal vesicle from the wall of the third ventricle during the post-hatching development of the chicken

Summary According to light- and electron-microscopic observations the pineal organ of the 3-day-old chicken consists of a prominent end vesicle and a tapering parenchymal stalk. During this stage the pineal lumen is in open communication with the third ventricle. However, in the 40-day-old chicken, which still possesses a well-developed end vesicle, the proximal portion of the pineal stalk displays regressive changes leading to local fragmentation. At this stage the pineal stalk is reduced, and the pineal lumen is missing. In 1-year-old chickens the parenchyma of the proximal portion of the stalk is further diminished, and in 3-year-old domestic fowl is completely displaced by bundles of collagenous fibers, only some nerve fibers being present. This post-hatching pineal development may reflect the sequence of changes leading from pineal sense organs to pineal glands.This work was supported by a grant-in-aid for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture of Japan