塔里木河中下游地区湿地景观格局变化

在RS和GIS技术的支持下,结合塔里木河中下游的区域特点,确定了塔里木河中下游湿地景观分类系统.通过采用景观多样性指数、优势度、景观破碎化指数、分布质心和平均斑块形状指数等景观的空间格局指数,较系统地分析了1980～2000年塔里木河中下游湿地景观空间格局变化.结果表明：塔里木河中下游湿地的分布面积呈显著下降趋势.1980～1990年湿地面积减少,斑块数量和密度增加.1990～2000年湿地面积有所增加,斑块数量和密度持续增加;随着人类干扰强度增加,景观多样性增加,优势度降低,湿地的破碎化程度越来越大;湿地景观要素中,河渠湿地、水库坑塘湿地面积有所增加,而湖泊、滩地、沼泽面积均在不断减少,其中沼泽湿地面积减少幅度最大.     

北京东灵山地区景观格局及破碎化评价

 人类活动已将北京东灵山地区地带性原生暖温带落叶阔叶林破坏殆尽。本项研究基于植被图,在地理信息系统(GIS)支持下,选择多种景观格局指数,从斑块面积、斑块数、斑块周长、分形维数和多样性的角度进行了格局分析和破碎化评价。结果表明,该区景观类型以次生林和灌丛为主,面积分布极不均衡,且多呈小面积零散分布。各森林类型的分布面积、周长和斑块数一般小于灌丛、草地和农田,且边界密度和斑块密度较高,显示出较高程度的破碎化。各景观类型的平均斑块面积和周长遵从分形规律,分形维数1.30,景观整体的斑块边界的褶皱程度较低。景观多样性的Shannon指数,景观组分的类型面积(2.262)<类型周长(2.435)<类型斑块数(2.675),均小于等概率情形(2.940)。上述结果均显示,该区森林景观破碎化程度较高。     

黄河中游连伯滩湿地景观格局变化

以黄河中游连伯滩湿地1990、1995、2000、2005年4个时相的卫星遥感影像为基础,通过斑块密度、斑块边缘长度、景观多样性指数、优势度、景观破碎化指数、平均斑块分维数等景观空间格局指数,系统地分析了连伯滩湿地1990年以来湿地景观空间格局变化情况。研究结果发现:(1)1990-2005年,草地、耕地、林地斑块面积在增加,而水域和滩地斑块的面积在不断减小;(2) 湿地景观多样性指数从1990年的0.9947增加到2005年的1.1247,表明随着人类干扰活动的增加,景观结构异质性增大;(3) 斑块数量的增加、斑块密度的增加以及斑块边缘长度的增加等都说明该区域破碎化程度增加。造成湿地退化的自然因素主要是长期干旱导致黄河及汾河径流补给大大减少,而人口的压力则是湿地退化最根本的原因。     

吉尔格朗河流域塞威氏苹果53年来景观格局动态变化

以景观生态学理论和遥感技术为基础, 基于1964年、1980年、2000年、2017年四期遥感影像数据充分利用GIS、RS、景观格局方法、空间地统计学等方法对影像进行解译, 结合野外实地调查资料等其他信息源, 分析研究区景观格局动态变化特征, 结果发现: (1)1964—2017年塞威氏苹果斑块数、斑块密度、边界密度较大, 且呈逐渐增加的趋势, 其景观生态过程较活跃, 2000年以前受到人类活动的干扰较强。塞威氏苹果的面积减少, 斑块数增加, 破碎化加大, 斑块破碎化程度增加, 受到人为和自然环境的干扰程度变多。(2)1964—2017年斑块数、斑块密度、边界密度等指数总体呈增加趋势, 斑块形状趋于不规则, 边界区域不规则性。(3)蔓延度指数、香农多样性指数、景观均匀度指数虽然总体变动不够明显, 但存在部分波动变化, 景观的异质性程度在增加, 这可能是人为干扰使塞威氏苹果消亡面积比例降低所致。塞威氏苹果面积从1964年到2017年减少了3870.81 hm2, 年均动态度为-1.20%。     

盐城国家级自然保护区景观格局变化及其驱动力

利用RS、GIS手段研究分析了盐城新洋港—新港闸段国家级自然保护区内景观格局的时空变化及其驱动力因子,结果表明:1992—2008年间,在景观面积变化方面,全区内景观主体由自然景观变成了人工景观;核心区内自然景观面积变化不大,仍以自然景观为主;缓冲区和试验区内的自然景观面积都不断减少,分别减少了约30%和75%。在景观破碎度方面,全区内景观的密度指数增加1倍,景观破碎化程度加剧;核心区内斑块密度指数呈现略减,各景观类型的平均斑块的面积增大,景观破碎化程度略增但不显著;缓冲区和试验区破碎化程度加剧。在景观多样性方面,全区内景观格局由简单变得复杂化,多样性指数增大,异质化程度增加;核心区内景观多样性呈现略增但不显著;缓冲区内景观多样性显著增加;实验区内多样性指数减小,景观异质化程度降低;整个研究区内的景观格局向均衡化方向发展,核心区和缓冲区变化与全区一致,而试验区景观格局朝单一化方向发展。由于引起景观格局变化的外界干扰不断加深,盐城国家级自然保护区内的景观生态环境保护与经济开发之间的矛盾亦将愈发突出。     

北京市近二十年景观破碎化格局的时空变化

基于1993—2013年3期时间序列的遥感影像获得的一、二级景观类型的土地覆盖数据,利用移动窗口法和空间主成分分析法研究景观破碎度空间分布格局和破碎化过程。结果表明:北京市正处于快速城市化阶段,20年间其建设用地面积增加了1000.8 km~2,增长47.14%,而耕地面积减少21.86%;全市破碎化程度增加,其中,景观斑块总数增加了15.26%,而景观斑块的平均面积缩小了15.35%,景观形状指数(LSI)从88.426增加到98.897;北京市景观破碎化格局的空间异质性较大,但没有方向性偏好,却表现了"两极化"发展趋势,其中,高破碎化区域和低破碎化区域的面积增加,中等破碎化的区域面积减少,核心大城区和山区的景观破碎度降低,而新兴城区和郊区的景观破碎度增大;北京市景观破碎化格局的距离效应显著,呈现倒"U"型二次函数关系,其中,2013年的破碎度距离函数为:Y_3=0.1767+0.02898X_3-0.0005167X_3~2,距城市中心20—35 km处的城郊交错区景观破碎化程度最高。景观破碎化格局的分析有助于了解大城市快速发展阶段的景观格局演变规律,为城市生物多样性保护、绿地廊道维护和生态文明城市建设提供理论依据。     

从景观格局分析人为驱动的绿洲时空变化——以天山北坡三工河流域绿洲为例

根据三工河流域1978、1987年航片和1998年TM影像,利用GIS、RS和景观生态的研究方法,主要从绿洲景观格局分析了人为驱动的绿洲变化,包括景观多样性与人类活动的复杂多样性、景观斑块形状与绿洲扩张、斑块破碎化程度与人类活动的强度等。结果表明:(1)绿洲景观多样性总体呈现下降趋势,区域差异性较为明显。人类活动可以显著地改变绿洲景观的多样性。(2)绿洲景观斑块形状总体趋向不规则性和复杂性,但趋势减弱。人类一方面尽力在扩张绿洲外围,增加外围斑快形状的不规则性和复杂性,增加分维数,另一方面也在尽量规划绿洲内部,又使斑块形状趋向规则,降低其复杂性;但近20a,绿洲总体上以外围扩张为主。(3)人类活动强度和支配程度较大的绿洲区域,其景观的破碎化程度总体较高,绿洲中部人类活动强度最大,其景观破碎化程度总体高于人类活动强度较弱的绿洲下部和上部;绿洲斑块密度和景观破碎化程度随时间总体呈下降的趋势;人为引入斑块的破碎化程度普遍高于环境资源斑块的破碎化程度。     

干旱区绿洲土地利用/覆被及景观格局变化特征——以新疆精河县为例

从宏观上运用3S技术,利用1972年MSS、1990年Landsat TM、2001年Landsat ETM+和2005年CBERS 4个时期遥感影像数据,将GIS和景观生态学的数量分析方法相结合,运用ArcGIS以及Fragstats,分析了干旱区绿洲精河县1972～2005年间的土地利用/覆被和景观格局的变化.结果表明:(1)1972～2005年的33a中,精河县LUCC的总体变化趋势是绿洲面积有小幅度扩张,其中人工绿洲面积扩张尤为显著,天然绿洲面积减少.(2)研究区水域面积的变化受艾比湖湖面面积的变化影响较大,变化不显著,但总体上呈缓慢增长的趋势.(3)盐渍地面积的变化经历了先扩张后减小的一个过程.1990年达到最大值,但到2005年面积又有很大程度减少.沙地面积小幅度减小,其他地类的面积始终呈增加趋势.(4)景观在各个研究时段也发生显著变化.总的来说,整个研究区景观的密度持续增大,最大斑块指数先减小后增大,面积加权形状指数减小,形状趋于规则;斑块间的最邻近距离减小.表明1972年时景观中的优势斑块类型的连接性较2005年好,逐渐向具有多种要素的密集格局演变,景观更加破碎.同时不同斑块间的分离度增大,也说明景观破碎化程度加深.从香农多样性指数和香农均度指数的变化可以看出,景观的多样性增加,且均度增强.景观多样性及破碎化程度增加,也反映了土地利用越来越丰富.总之,要实现区域土地资源的可持续发展和景观生态功能的良性发挥,必须注重土地利用格局优化,维护景观生态过程与格局的连续性.     

广州市花都区景观动态变化研究

应用遥感和GIS技术,采用多样性指数、破碎度指数和分维数等指数,分析了广州市花都区1979年到2000年的景观动态变化,结果表明:(1)各景观类型的斑块数量增加,面积变化较大,且斑块形状复杂性增加;(2)景观破碎度增大,景观类型稳定性增加,优势度减少,受人类干扰程度加深;(3)景观斑块间的转移中,林地、耕地不断转移为城市用地、农村居民点以及工矿等用地,农村居民点以及工矿等用地也成为景观格局中的主要组成要素;(4)整体上景观变化后10年比前10年的幅度稍大。     

长江宜昌至武汉段岸线1 km近二十年土地利用及景观格局时空变化研究

长江拥有中国最长、开发条件最好的内陆岸线, 岸线资源的存量大且开发潜力高。了解岸线资源的利用现状, 为保障岸线资源开发、生态环境保护提供科学依据。研究以2000、2005、2010、2015和2019年土地利用为数据源, 分析长江宜昌至武汉段岸线1 km区域不同时期土地利用类型面积与景观格局指数。研究结果表明, 2000—2019年, 研究区域土地利用主要以农田和建筑用地为主, 变化的明显特点是农田面积在2019年较2000年下降了9.39%, 建筑用地和草地/林地面积扩张, 其中农田-建筑用地的转化较为剧烈。研究区域湿地资源丰富, 湿地总面积占比均在70%以上, 人工湿地占总湿地面积比均在92%以上。从斑块类型水平上看, 各用地类型斑块数量增长明显, 均发生了不同程度的景观破碎化现象; 其中草地/林面积虽增加了35.63 km2, 但斑块数量从0.114万个增加到0.618万个, 景观形状指数由34.92增加到95.19, 景观聚集度指数下降了10.82%, 其斑块趋向破碎化、形状不规则化, 这会阻碍种群间的基因交流、改变物种生存的生物地理环境, 减少生物物种多样性, 结构趋向紧凑对某些干扰的蔓延如虫灾、火灾等的抑制作用减弱。在景观类型层级, 斑块数量由1.24万个增加到2.34万个, 香农多样性指数增加了0.14, 蔓延度指数下降了8.48%, 整个研究区域景观的破碎化现象加剧, 区域原本优势的斑块类型破裂, 优势度差距逐渐缩小, 且空间的连通性降低, 空间优势减弱。文章定量揭示了长江宜昌至武汉岸线土地利用景观格局时空变化特征, 可为该区域景观格局的进一步优化提供依据。     

Crystal structure, detonation performance, and thermal stability of a new polynitro cage compound: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptacyclo [5.5.1.13, 11. 15, 9] pentadecane

A new polynitro cage compound 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonanitro-2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15-nonaazaheptcyclo [5.5.1.1(3,11).1(5,9)] pentadecane (NNNAHP) was designed in the present work. Its molecular structure was optimized at the B3LYP/6-31 G(d,p) level of density functional theory (DFT) and crystal structure was predicted using the Compass and Dreiding force fields and refined by DFT GGA-RPBE method. The obtained crystal structure of NNNAHP belongs to the P-1 space group and the lattice parameters are a = 9.99 ?, b = 10.78 ?, c = 9.99 ?, α = 90.01°, β = 120.01°, γ = 90.00°, and Z = 2, respectively. Based on the optimized crystal structure, the band gap, density of state, thermodynamic properties, infrared spectrum, strain energy, detonation characteristics, and thermal stability were predicted. Calculation results show that NNNAHP has detonation properties close to those of CL-20 and is a high energy density compound with moderate stability.     

Relations of the Al,B, Ba,Br, Ca,Cl, Cu,Fe, K,Li, Mg,Mn, Na,P, S,Si, Sr,and Zn mass fractions to morphometric parameters in pediatric and nonhyperplastic young adult prostate glands

The variation with age of the 18 trace element mass fractions and some histological characteristics of intact prostate glands of 50 subjects aged 0–30 years was investigated by instrumental neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and a quantitative morphometric analysis. Mean values ± standard error of the mean (M ± SΕΜ) for the mass fractions (in milligrams per kilogram wet tissue) of these trace elements in pre-puberty were: Al 28.5 ± 9.0, B 0.40 ± 0.11, Ba 1.48 ± 0.44, Br 10.5 ± 1.5, Ca 241 ± 30, Cl 3,203 ± 278, Cu 3.51 ± 0.89, Fe 33.7 ± 4.1, K 2,364 ± 145, Li 0.020 ± 0.004, Mg 153 ± 23, Mn 0.46 ± 0.06, Na 2,286 ± 130, P 1,391 ± 100, S 1,698 ± 132, Si 62 ± 11, Sr 0.38 ± 0.08, and Zn 27.6 ± 2.3. During puberty and postpuberty, when there is a significant increase in circulating androgens, the mean values were: Al 7.2 ± 1.4, B 0.21 ± 0.05, Ba 0.25 ± 0.06, Br 5.8 ± 1.0, Ca 433 ± 81, Cl 2,314 ± 201, Cu 1.77 ± 0.13, Fe 20.9 ± 1.6, K 2,585 ± 118, Li 0.0088 ± 0.0014, Mg 232 ± 27, Mn 0.34 ± 0.04, Na 1,875 ± 107, P 1,403 ± 98, S 1,673 ± 73, Si 22.2 ± 3.1, Sr 0.22 ± 0.03, and Zn 93.3 ± 8.9. Mean values (M ± SΕΜ) of percent volumes (%) of the stroma, epithelium and lumen in the prostate before puberty were 73.4 ± 2.6, 20.4 ± 1.7, and 4.45 ± 0.94, respectively, versus 46.5 ± 2.5, 38.5 ± 1.9, and 14.9 ± 1.2 during puberty and postpuberty. This work’s results confirm that the Zn mass fraction in prostate tissue is an androgen-dependent parameter. For the first time it has been demonstrated that the glandular lumen is a main pool of Ca, Mg, and Zn accumulation and that the stroma is a main pool of Al, B, Ba, Br, Cl, Cu, Fe, Mn, Na, and Si accumulation in the normal human prostate, for the age range 0–30 years. It was concluded that the Ca, Mg, and Zn binds tightly within the prostatic fluid, because the volume of glandular lumen reflects the volume of prostatic fluid.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Reference values for the concentrations of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Fe, I,Hg, Mn,Mo, Ni,Pb, Se,and Zn in selected human tissues and body fluids

This report attempts to formulate reference ranges of elemental concentrations for 15 trace elements in selected human tissues and body fluids. A set of samples consisting of whole blood, blood serum, urine, milk, liver, and hair were chosen and considered for 15 elements of biological significance: As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, F, Fe, I, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn. The results represent wholly or partially data received from 40 countries of the global regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, North, South, and Central America, Australia, and New Zealand. This survey, even if qualitative, has been useful in demonstrating certain trends of trace-element scenarios around the world. It is of course recognized that both diet and environment exert a strong influence on the distribution pattern of several elements, such as As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Se, and Zn. A limited comparison of the available information on soil status of different countries reflected some interesting associations for elements, such as Mn and Zn. Importantly, this study revealed that only a few countries were in a position to identify a reasonable amount of data on samples requested for this project. Regretably, for a number of countries, any dependable data for even such essential elements as Cu, Fe, and Zn were not available. In view of the nutritional importance of many elements, the time is ripe for concerted efforts by intergovernmental agencies to initiate investigations or commission task forces/projects to generate reliable reference data for selected global regions, which sadly lack data of any kind at present.     

Potential Compounds for Oral Cancer Treatment: Resveratrol,Nimbolide, Lovastatin,Bortezomib, Vorinostat,Berberine, Pterostilbene,Deguelin, Andrographolide,and Colchicine

Oral cancer is one of the main causes of cancer-related deaths in South-Asian countries. There are very limited treatment options available for oral cancer. Research endeavors focused on discovery and development of novel therapies for oral cancer, is necessary to control the ever rising oral cancer related mortalities. We mined the large pool of compounds from the publicly available compound databases, to identify potential therapeutic compounds for oral cancer. Over 84 million compounds were screened for the possible anti-cancer activity by custom build SVM classifier. The molecular targets of the predicted anti-cancer compounds were mined from reliable sources like experimental bioassays studies associated with the compound, and from protein-compound interaction databases. Therapeutic compounds from DrugBank, and a list of natural anti-cancer compounds derived from literature mining of published studies, were used for building partial least squares regression model. The regression model thus built, was used for the estimation of oral cancer specific weights based on the molecular targets. These weights were used to compute scores for screening the predicted anti-cancer compounds for their potential to treat oral cancer. The list of potential compounds was annotated with corresponding physicochemical properties, cancer specific bioactivity evidences, and literature evidences. In all, 288 compounds with the potential to treat oral cancer were identified in the current study. The majority of the compounds in this list are natural products, which are well-tolerated and have minimal side-effects compared to the synthetic counterparts. Some of the potential therapeutic compounds identified in the current study are resveratrol, nimbolide, lovastatin, bortezomib, vorinostat, berberine, pterostilbene, deguelin, andrographolide, and colchicine.     

New Coleoptera records from New Brunswick, Canada: Stenotrachelidae, Oedemeridae, Meloidae, Myceteridae, Boridae, Pythidae, Pyrochroidae, Anthicidae, and Aderidae

We report 19 new species records for the faunal list of Coleoptera in New Brunswick, Canada, six of which are new records for the Maritime provinces, and one of which is new Canadian record. We also provide the first recent records for five additional species in New Brunswick. One new species of Stenotrachelidae, Cephaloon ungulare LeConte, is added to the New Brunswick faunal list. Additional records are provided for Cephaloon lepturides Newman, as well the first recent record of Nematoplus collaris LeConte. Two species of Oedemeridae, Asclera puncticollis (Say) and Asclera ruficollis (Say), are newly reported for New Brunswick, and additional locality and bionomic data are provided for Calopus angustus LeConte and Ditylus caeruleus (Randall). The records of Ditylus caerulus are the first recent records for the province. Three species of Meloidae, Epicauta pestifera Werner, Lytta sayi LeConte, and Meloe augustcollis Say are reported the first time for New Brunswick; Epicauta pestifera is newly recorded in Canada. Lacconotus punctatus LeConte and the family Mycteridaeis newly recorded for New Brunswick. The first recent records of Borus unicolor Say (Boridae) are reported from the province. One new species of Pythidae, Pytho siedlitzi Blair, and the first recent records of Pytho niger Kirby are added to the faunal list of New Brunswick. Three species of Pyrochroidae are newly reported for the province, including Pedilus canaliculatus (LeConte) and Pedilus elegans (Hentz), which are new for the Maritime provinces. Five species of Anthicidae and the first recent record of Anthicus cervinus LaFerté-Sénectére are newly reported for New Brunswick. Anthicus melancholicus LaFerté-Sénectère, Sapintus pubescens (LaFerté-Sénectère), Notoxus bifasciatus (LeConte), and Stereopalpus rufipes Casey are new to the Maritime provinces faunal list. Ambyderus granularis (LeConte) is removed from the faunal list of the province. Three species of Aderidae, Vanonus huronicus Casey, Zonantes fasciatus (Melsheimer), and Zonantes pallidusWerner, are newly recorded for New Brunswick; Zonantes fasciatus and Vanonus huronicus are new for the Maritime provinces' faunal list. Collection data, bionomic data, and distribution maps are presented for all these species.