中国盐三土壤中AM菌的生态分布

对我国盐碱封中丛枝菌根（Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ Ｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａ,ＡＭ）菌的种属构成、生态分布状况进行了研究。结果表明,不同地区菌种属构成不同,其种属组成、分布与土壤类型碱化度和土壤有机质含量有关。盐渍化砂土、壤土和粘土中,Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ属的真菌数量最多,Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ属次这,而Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ属中的Ｇ．ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ则是分布最为广泛的菌种。随土壤碱化度的增加,Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ出现     

中国盐碱土壤中AM菌的生态分布

对我国盐碱土壤中丛枝菌根（Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ Ｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａ,ＡＭ） 菌的种属构成、生态分布状况进行了研究．结果表明,不同地区ＡＭ 菌种属构成不同,其种属组成、分布与土壤类型、碱化度和土壤有机质含量有关．盐渍化砂土、壤土和粘土中,Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ 属的真菌数量最多,Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ 属次之,而Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ 属中的Ｇ．ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ 则是分布最为广泛的菌种．随土壤碱化度的增加,Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ 出现频率随之相对增加．在一定范围内有机质含量越高,土壤中ＡＭ 菌种和属的种类就越多．ＡＭ 菌的种属组成因不同寄主植物而异,其中豆科植物根围中ＡＭ 菌分布的种属数量最多．     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米和棉花内源激素的影响

在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根（Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ ｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｓ,ＡＭ）真菌：Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ ｒｏｓｅａ Ｎｉｃｏｌ．＆ Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｎｉｃｏｌ．＆ Ｇｅｒｄ．）Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ ＆ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ和Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ （Ｋａｒｓｔｅｎ）Ｂｅｒｃｈ对玉米和棉花植株内源激素的影响。结果表明,ＡＭ真菌在正常供水和干旱条件下均能显著提高     

寄生植物和接种物对丛枝菌根菌接种势的影响

在盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根菌（ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ ｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｌ ｆｕｎｇｉ,ＡＭＦ）单孢、多孢和菌根根段接种物及其寄主植物烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ ｔａｂａｃｕｍ Ｌ．）、苏丹草（Ｓｏｒｇｈｕｍ ｓｕｄａｎｅｎｓｅ（Ｐｉｐｅｒ）Ｓｔａｐｆ）和三叶草（Ｔｒｉｆｏｌｉｕｍ ｒｅｐｅｎｓ Ｌ．）对ＡＭＦ Ｇｌｏｍｎｓ ｍａｃｒｏｃａｒｐｕｍ Ｔｕｌ、Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｎｉｃｏｌ＆     

丛枝菌根真菌对植物根尖分生区和根冠细胞的侵染*

一般说来,从枝菌根（ＡＭ）真菌大多数是从植物根系根毛区（成熟区）侵入和扩展的,在显微镜下往往看不到根尖分生区和根冠表皮细胞被ＡＭ真菌侵染的特征。这就很容易给人们造成一种假象,似乎ＡＭ真菌不能侵染根尖分生区和根冠表皮细胞,即它们对ＡＭ真菌是免疫的。然而笔者多次于显微镜下看到ＡＭ真菌侵染根尖分生区和根冠表皮细胞,并形成典型的泡囊、丛枝、菌丝等结构。这一现象导致作者在温室盆栽和大田条件下研究了玫瑰红巨孢囊霉（ Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ　ｒｏｓｅａ Ｎｉｃｏｌ　＆ Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ）、珠状巨孢囊霉（Ｇｉｇａｓｐｏｒａ　ｍａｒｇａｒｉｔａ　Ｂｅｃｋｅｒ　＆　Ｈａｌｌ）、根内球囊霉（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ　ｏｍｔｒａｒａｄｉｃｅｓ　ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ　＆　Ｓｍｉｔｈ、摩西球囊霉（Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ （Ｎｉｃｏｌ　＆ Ｇｅｒｄ．） Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ　＆ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ）、地表球囊霉（ Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ（ Ｋａｒｓｔｅｎ）Ｂｅｒｃｈ）和弯丝硬囊霉（ Ｓｃｌｅｒｏｃｙｓｔｉｓ　ｓｉｎｕｏｓａ　Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ　＆ Ｂａｋｈｉ）对棉花（Ｇｏｓｓｙｐｉｕｍ　ｈｉｒｓｕｔｕｍ　Ｌ．）、烟草（Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ　 ｔａｂａｃｕｍ Ｌ．）和白     

丛枝菌根真菌对玉米和棉花内源激素的影响*

在温室盆栽条件下研究了丛枝菌根（Ａｒｂｕｓｃｕｌａｒ　ｍｙｃｏｒｒｈｉｚａｓ,ＡＭ）真菌：ＧｉｇａｓｐｏｒａｒｏｓｅａＮｉｃｏｌ．＆Ｓｃｈｅｎｃｋ、Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ　ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｎｉｃｏｌ．＆　Ｇｅｒｄ．）Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ　＆Ｔｒａｐｐｅ和Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ　ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ　（Ｋａｒｓｔｅｎ）Ｂｅｒｅｈ对玉米和棉花植株内源激素的影响。结果表明,ＡＭ真菌在正常供水和干旱条件下均能显著提高玉米和棉花植株叶片和根内玉米素、生长素和赤霉素的含量,并降低脱落酸的含量。在植物体内含磷量、生长量及其生长发育阶段等一致、仅存在接种与不接种唯一差异条件下,供试ＡＭ真菌同样能改变玉米和棉花植株内源激素的平衡状况。接种处理植株的脱落酸含量与气孔阻力呈正相关关系。表明玉米和棉花植株抗旱性和生长状况的改善与ＡＭ真菌改变内源激素的平衡状况有关。接种ＡＭ真菌的植株表现较强的抗旱性;其生长量也显著大于不接种的对照。ＧＩ．ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ的效应最大。     

云南热带蕨类植物根际土壤中的六种VA菌根真菌

从热带地区野生或从野外移栽于温室中的蕨类植物根际土壤中分离得到六种ＶＡ菌根真菌：双网无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｂｉｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ Ｒｏｔｈｗｅｌｌ ｅｔ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,细凹无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｓｃｒｏｂｉｃｕｌａｔａ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,瘤状无梗囊霉Ａｃａｕｌｏｓｐｏｒａ ｔｕｂｅｒｃｕｌａｔａ Ｊａｎｏｓ ＆ Ｔｒａｐｐｅ,多梗球囊霉Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｕｌｔｉｃａｕｌｅ Ｇｅｒｄ     

我国东南沿海地区的AM真菌Ⅳ.四个我国新记录种

本文报道了采自我国山东、福建、广西和海南四省土壤中的四种ＡＭ真菌新记录种：１．两型球囊霉ＧｌｏｍｕｓｄｉｍｏｒｐｈｉｃｕｍＢｏｙｅｔｃｈｋｏ＆Ｔｅｗａｒｉ;２．多产球囊霉ＧｌｏｍｕｓｆｅｃｕｎｄｉｓｐｏｒｕｍＳｃｈｅｎｃｋ＆Ｓｍｉｔｈ;３．亮色盾巨孢囊霉ＳｃｕｔｅｌｏｓｐｏｒａｆｕｌｇｉｄａＫｏｓｋｅ＆Ｗａｌｋｅｒ;４．网纹盾巨孢囊霉Ｓｃｕｔｅｌｏｓｐｏｒａｒｅｔｉｃｕｌａｔａ（Ｋｏｓｋｅ,Ｍｉｌｅｒ＆Ｗａｌｋｅｒ）Ｗａｌｋｅｒ＆Ｓａｎｄｅｒｓ。文中详细描述了其形态特征和生境状况。     

玻璃珠分室培养AM真菌方法的建立

以粒径０．８ｍｍ￣１．２ｍｍ的玻璃珠为培养基质,建立用于培养纯净ＡＭ真菌的玻璃珠分室培养系统。由三叶草、玉米和两个真菌菌种Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ和Ｇｌｏｍｕｓ ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ在这种培养系统中形成菌根共生体,并获得了相应纯净纯净真菌,每盆可获得多至１０毫克干重的菌体。对所得菌体的Ｐ．Ｋ．Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ等矿质养分含量进行了初步的化学分析。     

我国北方VA菌根真菌某些属和种的生态分布

虽然ＶＡ真菌遍布全球,但其属和种的分布是不均衡的,常有程度不同的地域性。以新疆、北京和吉林三地为代表的我国北方土壤中的ＶＡ真菌大都为球囊霉属Ｇｌｏｍｎｓ。对摩西球囊霉Ｇ．ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ、地表球囊霉Ｇ．ｖｅｒｓｉｆｏｒｍｅ及未发表种Ｇｌｏｍｕｓｓｐ．９等菌种和某些生态因子的统计分析表明：土壤ｐＨ、土壤有机质含量和采集地海拔高度对三菌种的分布影响显著。在ｐＨ５－９．５范围内,球囊霉属所占比例随土壤ｐＨ     

盐胁迫对VA菌根形成及接种VAM真菌对植物耐盐性的效应

用盆栽法研究了不同土壤含盐量条件下接种不同VAM真菌菌株对棉花、玉米、大豆和甜瓜耐盐性的影响。结果表明,随着土壤中NaCl水平提高,真菌对棉花、玉米、大豆和甜瓜的侵染率下降,其生长量亦均呈递减趋势但对VAM真菌的依赖性则呈明显递增趋势。接种VAM真菌促进了棉花、玉米和大豆的生长,如在NaCl施入量为0～3g·kg^-1时,接种M₁菌株使棉花干重提高4.6～80.9%;在NaCl施入量为0～2.5g·kg^-1时,接种M₁菌株的玉米干重比对照增加20～109.6%;NaCl施入量为1g·kg^-1时,接种M₁和M₂两菌株使大豆干重分别增加22.1%和10.2%.不同的VAM真菌菌株对同一植物的耐盐性以及同一种VAM真菌菌株对不同植物的耐盐性的影响程度不同。可以认为,VAM真菌与植物共生对植物在盐渍环境中的生存起着重要的作用;接种VAM真菌可以提高植物在盐渍土壤上的生产能力并减轻植物因盐害造成的产量损失。     

Effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ofagrobacterium radiobacter on maize growth

An influence of dual inoculation with the rhizosphere bacteriumAgrobacterium radiobacter, and the VAM fungi,Glomus mosseae andGlomus sp., on maize growth and mycorrhizal infection was observed. Separate inoculations of bacteria or fungi showed significant positive effects on the shoot biomass production of pot-cultured plants only at the last of three consecutive harvests. Plant biomass production was enhanced substantially after a dual inoculation with bacteria and fungi. Synergistic interaction of fungal and bacterial inoculation and growth stimulation was evident at all three harvests compared to uninoculated plants and also compared to plants inoculated with fungi or bacteria only. The dual inoculation increased the shoot biomass of plants by approximately 30% as compared with control. No significant differences were found in mycorrhizal infection between plants uninoculated and inoculated with bacteria.Agrobacterium radiobacter seems to be compatible with mycorrhizal symbiosis and can act a synergistic partner of some VAM fungi.     

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,particularly Glomus tenue,in Venezuelan bromeliad epiphytes

The mycorrhizal status of water-impounding tank bromeliad epiphytes from three locales differing in altitude and moisture regime within Venezuelan cloud forest was examined. Species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi found in arboreal soils were compared to VAM fungi found in terrestrial soils. Sixteen of the 19 epiphytes examined for the presence of VAM fungi had roots with infection stages; 14 of these specimens showed growth of the fine endophyte Glomus tenue. Fine endophyte was the only VAM fungus found associated with epiphytes in the driest locale studied, while coarse VAM fungi (Gigaspora and Scutellospora spp.) were found at sampling locales receiving more moisture. Root infection was usually composed of intercellular hyphae and peletons; few arbuscules were observed. However, abundant extracellular hyphae were often observed tangled about roots in arboreal soil. It is concluded that epiphytic bromeliads probably benefit, at least periodically, from VAM fungi scavenging for sporadically available nutrients in arboreal soils. Glomus tenue may be particularly important as a colonizing VAM fungus in drier sites of Venezuelan cloud forest. The species composition of VAM fungi in arboreal soils was different to that of terrestrial soils sampled directly under epiphytic bromeliad perches, suggesting that VAM fungi species associated with bromeliads are dispersed to their hosts by vagile animal vectors.     

Seasonality of VAM infection in three populations of Agrostis capillaris (Gramineae) on soil with or without heavy metal enrichment

Three populations of the perennial grass Agrostis capillaris, growing on limestone derived clay with and without natural enrichment of the heavy metals cadmium, lead, and zinc, and on a sandy soil polluted by a metal smelter have been investigated with regard to the percentage and seasonality of infection with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and its impact on mineral nutrition.In all populations VAM infection was lowest during winter, and highest during late summer and autumn. The population at the metal smelter site was less infected by VAM fungi than both other populations. The concentration of mineral nutrients for the three populations was clearly related to the soil concentration, but hardly modified by the degree of VAM infection.     

森林次生演替和土壤层次对微生物群落结构的影响

森林次生演替与生态系统结构和功能的动态变化密切相关。大多数研究主要关注植物群落以及土壤有机碳(SOC)的变化,然而土壤微生物群落如何响应森林次生演替还需要进一步探究。本研究以长白山森林次生演替序列(20、80、120、200和≥300年)和两个土壤层次为对象,采用磷脂脂肪酸微生物标志物,探究温带森林次生演替过程中地下微生物群落结构变化。森林次生演替改变了土壤微生物群落结构,主要归因于某些特定微生物类群的变化,演替前期革兰氏阴性菌和腐生真菌占主导,而在演替后期革兰氏阳性菌和丛枝菌根真菌占主导。另外,土壤有机质数量和质量差异是影响微生物群落结构和生物量的主要环境因素。森林演替前期和中期增加的SOC含量促进了微生物生物量,而演替后期增加的难分解芳香族有机组分抑制了微生物生物量合成。土壤层次间理化性质的差异导致微生物群落变化,有机质层高的SOC以及氮含量导致更多微生物生物量的合成。微生物群落在时间和空间尺度的变化及其驱动因素反映了生态系统结构和功能对环境变化的响应。     

A field study using the fungicide benomyl to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal fungi on plant fitness

Summary The effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) on the fecundity ofVulpia ciliata ssp.ambigua was investigated at two field sites in eastern England by applying the fungicide benomyl to reduce VAM infection. The application of benomyl at the two sites produced very different results. At one site the application of the fungicide reduced the fecundity of plants whereas at the other fecundity was increased. At the first site the reduction in fecundity was linked to a significant reduction in VAM infection on the sprayed plants. The mechanism of the benefit associated with the VAM infection is however unclear: there was no treatment effect on morphology or on phosphorus inflow. At the second site, where fecundity was increased, there was only a negligible amount of VAM infection amongst the unsprayed plants and it is suggested that the increase in fecundity with the application of benomyl may have resulted from a reduction in infection by other, presumably pathogenic, fungi. The value of VAM fungi to the host plant may therefore not be restricted to physiological benefits. They may also provide protection to the plant by competing for space with other species of pathogenic fungi.     

Resistance Responses of Potato to Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi under Varying Abiotic Phosphorus Levels

In mycorrhizal symbioses, susceptibility of a host plant to infection by fungi is influenced by environmental factors, especially the availability of soil phosphorus. This study describes morphological and biochemical details of interactions between a vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungus and potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Russet Burbank) plants, with a particular focus on the physiological basis for P-induced resistance of roots to infection. Root infection by the VAM fungus Glomus fasciculatum ([Thaxt. sensu Gerdemann] Gerdemann and Trappe) was extensive for plants grown with low abiotic P supply, and plant biomass accumulation was enhanced by the symbiosis. The capacity of excised roots from P-deficient plants to produce ethylene in the presence or absence of exogenous 1-amino cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) was markedly reduced by VAM infection. This apparent inhibition of ACC oxidase (ACC_ox) activity was localized to areas containing infected roots, as demonstrated in split-root studies. Furthermore, leachate from VAM roots contained a potent water-soluble inhibitor of ethylene generation from exogenous ACC by nonmycorrhizal (NM) roots. The leachate from VAM-infected roots had a higher concentration of phenolics, relative to that from NM roots. Moreover, the rates of ethylene formation and phenolic concentration in leachates from VAM roots were inversely correlated, suggesting that this inhibitor may be of a phenolic nature. The specific activity of extracellular peroxidase recovered in root leachates was not stimulated by VAM infection, although activity on a fresh weight basis was significantly enhanced, reflecting the fact that VAM roots had higher protein content than NM roots. Polyphenol oxidase activity of roots did not differ between NM and VAM roots. These results characterize the low resistance response of P-deficient plants to VAM infection. When plants were grown with higher abiotic P supply, the relative benefit of the VAM symbiosis to plant growth decreased and root infection was lower. The in vivo ACC_ox activity was also greater in roots of plants grown on high levels of P compared with those grown on low levels, although the influence of VAM infection was partially to counteract the nutritional effect of P on ACC_ox activity. Similar to ACC_ox activity, extracellular peroxidase activity of roots increased linearly with increasing abiotic P supply, thus indicating a greater potential for resistance to VAM infection. These findings suggest that VAM fungi may alter phenolic metabolism of roots so as to hinder ethylene production and the root's ability to invoke a defense response. Raising the abiotic P supply to plants at least partially restores the capacity of roots to produce ethylene and may, in this way, increase the root's resistance to VAM infection.     

Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of lucerne roots in a cellulose-amended soil

Lucerne plants inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were grown in pots in a sandy soil amended or not amended with cellulose. Whatever the endophyte or cellulose sources used, the rate of VAM colonization was lower in amended soil. The inhibition of VAM infection increased with the cellulose concentration in the soil. Sequential harvest experiments showed a clear reduction of root colonization from the early stages of plant growth. The effectiveness of cellulose in reducing VAM colonization was influenced by the addition of N fertilizer.     

Establishment of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Other Microorganisms on a Beach Replenishment Site in Florida

Beach replenishment is a widely used method of controlling coastal erosion. To reduce erosional losses from wind, beach grasses are often planted on the replenishment sands. However, there is little information on the microbial populations in this material that may affect plant establishment and growth. The objectives of this research were to document changes in the populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and other soil microorganisms in replenishment materials and to determine whether roots of transplanted beach grasses become colonized by beneficial microbes. The study was conducted over a 2-year period on a replenishment project in northeastern Florida. Three sampling locations were established at 1-km intervals along the beach. Each location consisted of three plots: an established dune, replenishment sand planted with Uniola paniculata and Panicum sp., and replenishment sand left unplanted. Fungal and bacterial populations increased rapidly in the rhizosphere of beach grasses in the planted plots. However, no bacteria were recovered that could fix significant amounts of N₂. The VAM fungi established slowly on the transplanted grasses. Even after two growing seasons, levels of root colonization and sporulation were significantly below those found in the established dune. There was a shift in the dominant VAM fungi found in the planted zone with respect to those in the established dunes. The most abundant species recovered from the established dunes were Glomus deserticola, followed by Acaulospora scrobiculata and Scutellospora weresubiae. The VAM fungi that colonized the planted zone most rapidly were Glomus globiferum, followed by G. deserticola and Glomus aggregatum.     

Influence of inoculum density of two vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and temperature/light intensity on Trifolium repens

The influence of three inoculum densities of Glomus caledonius and G. epigaeus and two temperature/light intensity conditions was investigated on Trifolium repens. The significance of inoculation was compared to the significance of naturally occurring vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi and to application of soluble phosphate fertilizer. Increasing density of inoculum and the highest temperature/light intensity condition tested increased VAM infection, whereas only small differences were found between efficiency of the two introduced VAM fungi. The presence of naturally occurring VAM fungi proved as efficient in establishing infection as the most successful inoculations. Some interactions among the investigated parameters were found for several recordings. The increase in VAM infection was followed by an increase in number of nodules; in uptake of phosphorus, nitrogen, zinc, and copper; and in growth of roots and shoots. The calculated inflow of phosphate, zinc, and copper into roots was not associated with inoculum density, VAM species or temperature/light conditions. Compared to an uninoculated control without application of phosphate, inoculation with the highest spore density increased (after 18 weeks growth) the dry weight of shoot 52 fold and 7 fold for G. caledonius , and 121 fold and 9 fold for G. epigaeus at low and high temperature/light conditions, respectively. It was also found that VAM increased weight per nodule 52% when roots with no or sparse VAM infection were compared to roots with low to maximal VAM infection and 98% when roots with low VAM infection were excluded. Application of phosphate fertilizer enhanced nodulation and growth of non–mycorrhizal plants to a level similar to that of the most heavily VAM infected plants.