盐胁迫对大麦叶片类囊体膜组成和功能的影响

盐胁迫下大麦叶片类囊体膜蛋白和叶绿素含量以及叶绿素ａ／叶绿素ｂ,磷脂／膜蛋白和膜脂结合半乳糖／膜蛋白比值下降,膜脂中亚麻酸摩尔百分数上长,不饱和指数上升,类囊体膜Ｈ＾＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活性先升后降,希尔反应一直呈较高活性。     

镉对烟草光合特性的影响

烟草植株经镉处理后,其叶片光合速率和希尔反应活力受抑制,叶绿素含量、叶绿素α—荧光发射强度和光系统Ⅱ活力下降。     

小麦Rubisco活化酶基因的克隆和表达特性

Rubisco活化酶是广泛存在于光合生物中调节Rubisco活性的酶,我们利用PCR技术,从小麦(Triticum aestivum)叶片cDNA文库中克隆得到Rubisco活化酶基因cDNA片段,该片段长度为850 bp,编码201个氨基酸.Northern blot表明,小麦叶片在暗诱导衰老的条件下,叶片中活化酶基因表达水平逐渐下降;同时,小麦叶片的光合特性、叶绿素含量和Rubisco活性呈现下降趋势.这些结果表明,衰老时小麦叶片Rubisco活化酶基因表达水平下降与光合速率下降密切相关.     

苜蓿二磷酸核酮糖(RuBP)羧化酶体内活化作用的调节

苜蓿RuBP羧化酶的初活性和活化作用在不饱和光强下与光合速率一样随光强增加而增加。缺硫培养苜蓿叶片的光合速率和RuBP羧化酶的含量、初活性及总活性均比对照有不同程度的降低,其中酶的初活性与光合速率两者减少的趋势比较接近,说明RuBP羧化酶的初活性可能在光合CO_2固定作用中具有决定作用。然而,缺硫植株中酶的活化作用比对照明显增高。酶的活化作用与叶片中的叶绿素,6-PG,NADPH及ATP相对酶含量的比值成正比,与体内的酶量成反比。     

光合产物水平与光合机构运转关系的探讨

在作了增加或减少光合产物含量的处理之后测定了菠菜叶片的净光合作用速率及其离体叶绿体的希尔反应、光合磷酸化与碳固定活力和叶片的蔗糖、淀粉含量。 光合产物的短期(6小时)积累对叶片的净光合作用速率和离体叶绿体的 CO_2固定没有明显影响。但是,处理叶片离体叶绿体的光合磷酸化活力往往稍低于对照。光合产物的较长期(3～5天)积累引起叶片净光合作用速率、离休叶绿体的希尔反应、光合磷酸化和碳固定活力的明显下降,而处理叶片的呼吸速率比对照增加二倍多。由遮阴而引起光合产物亏缺后,叶片净光合作用速率和离体叶绿体希尔反应、光合磷酸化活力也下降。在遮阴时将离体叶片的叶柄插在0.1M的蔗糖溶液中,其后来的净光合作用速率比叶柄插在水中的对照提高20％之多。 叶片光合产物含量与净光合作用速率之间的关系,可以用一条钟罩形的曲线来表示。当光合产物含量远低于或高于一个最适值时,光合产物水平与净光合速率之间分别有正相关或负相关;而当光合产物含量处于这个最适值附近的一定范围内时,似乎没有仟么明显的相关。这种曲线可以解释其他作者获得的许多相互矛盾的结果。     

烟草叶片发育过程中光合功能衰退与H_2O_2积累的关系

以烟草(NicotianatabacumL.cvNC89)为材料,研究了叶片发育过程中H2O2积累与叶绿体光合功能衰退、抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环的关联。结果表明,光合功能衰退过程中,各光合参数均表现为先缓慢后快速的下降趋势,核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸羧化酶(RuBPCase)活性下降较电子传递活性下降迅速,H2O2含量与叶绿素含量、光合速率、RuBPCase活性、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性显著负相关。H2O2的定位染色也证实光合功能衰退与H2O2积累密切相关。APX和GR在光合功能可逆衰退阶段维持较高水平,不可逆衰退阶段下降稍快。烟草叶片光合功能衰退快于AsA-GSH循环运转的下调。     

条锈病对小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)叶片光合功能及光合功能蛋白D1表达的影响

测定了小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)感染小麦条锈病后的光合常数,以及叶绿素含量、类囊体膜光合电子传递速率和光合反应中心D1蛋白的变化.实验显示,条锈病侵染导致感病小麦叶片净光合速率与叶绿素含量降低;抗病小麦经侵染后净光合速率却有恢复过程,叶绿素含量先降后升.此外,感病小麦叶片被侵染后全链电子传递速率受到抑制,PSII电子传递速率的变化与全链电子传递速率的变化趋势相似,但PSI电子传递速率受到的影响较小;抗病小麦小麦叶片被侵染后电子传递速率所受影响较小.同时发现,病程中,感病和抗病小麦PSII的光合反应中心D1蛋白含量变化总是与PSII电子传递速率的变化类似,推测D1蛋白的表达量变化是引起PSII电子传递活性与全链电子传递速率变化的主要因素之一.     

麦秸翻压还田对隔茬冬小麦旗叶抗性的生理效应

为了揭示秸秆翻压还田对冬小麦旗叶叶片衰老及抗性指标的变化规律,试验设置4个小麦秸秆翻压还田量(0、4500、6000、7500kg/hm2),测定分析了冬小麦旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及可溶性蛋白质含量等抗性指标。结果表明,秸秆还田可明显减缓冬小麦植株衰老过程中叶片叶绿素的降解和光合速率下降,并有效调节叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性下降、可溶性蛋白质含量下降和丙二醛(MDA)含量的增加,延缓了冬小麦生育后期叶片的衰老;通过对各抗性指标与光合速率的相关性分析表明,各抗性指标在抑制冬小麦衰老过程中的作用大小依次为:丙二醛>可溶性蛋白质>POD活性>SOD的活性(丙二醛-0.999**;可溶性蛋白质0.997**;POD活性0.976*;SOD活性0.954*)。综合各处理的抗性指标得出,处理Ⅲ(6000kg/hm2)在提高作物后期抗逆性能力方面表现较好,处理Ⅳ(7500kg/hm2)表现较差。     

杂交水稻及其亲本光合特性的研究Ⅱ.功能叶片的希尔反应、光合磷酸化、ATP酶活性和ATP含量

研究了杂交水稻青优159（母本青A,父本R159）和广优四号（母本广A,父本青六矮）及其亲本功能叶片的希尔反应活性、光合磷酸化、ATP含量及ATP酶活性等。实验结果表明了两组杂交水稻功能叶片的希尔反应活性高于其亲本,其超亲优势分别为13．44％、13、93％,平均优势分别为26．44％、1774％;功能叶片的光合磷酸化活性亦有杂种优势,其超亲优势分别为21．35％、18．81％,平均优势分别为34．06％、22．71％;杂种F1的两种ATP酶（Cd －ATP酶和Mg －ATP酶）活性和叶组织中ATP含量均高于其亲本,亦表现出明显的杂种优势。另外从我们的试验结果中还可以见到,希尔反应活性、光合磷酸化活性、ATP酶活性及ATP含量与光合速率的大小有密切的正相关关系,说明这些生理生化特性可以作为高光合速率杂交水稻鉴别的指标。     

盐胁迫对大麦叶片类囊体膜组成和功能的影响

盐胁迫下大麦叶片类囊体膜蛋白和叶绿素含量以及对绿素a／叶绿素b、磷脂／膜蛋白和膜脂结合半乳糖／膜蛋白的比值下降,膜脂中亚麻酸（18：3）摩尔百分数上升,不饱和指数上升,类囊体膜H －ATPase活性先升后降,希尔反应一直呈较高活性。类囊体膜组分和功能的变化可能与植物盐适应有关。     

Changes in Chlorophyll Content and Organization During Senescence of the Primary Leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. in Relation to Photosynthetic Electron Transport

A large decrease was observed in the chlorophyll content ofthe primary leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris during senescence.Chloroplasts isolated from mature and senescent leaves gavevery similar light saturation curves for electron transportreactions involving either PS I or PS II, indicating that theaverage number of chlorophyll molecules associated with eachreaction centre did not change during senescence. It is concludedthat the reaction centres ceased to function at the same timeas, or perhaps before, their antenna chlorophylls were lostfrom the thylakoid membrane, and that the percentage decreasein the number of functional reaction centres per leaf was atleast as great as the percentage decrease in the leaf chlorophyllcontent. The chlorophyll-protein composition of thylakoid membrane preparationswas examined by electrophoresis of samples treated with sodiumdodecyl sulphate. In older leaves a smaller proportion of thechlorophyll applied to polyacrylamide gels was associated withthe P700- chlorophyll a-protein complex. There was also a declinein emission at 734 nm in the 77 °K fluorescence spectrumof intact leaf tissue during senescence. These results indicatethat older leaves contained a smaller proportion of chlorophyllsassociated with PS I, and this is consistent with the decreaseobserved in the leaf chlorophyll a/b ratio during senescence.The effect of these changes in chlorophyll content on the capacityof the chloroplast to carry out photosynthetic electron transportis discussed.     

Age-dependent changes in the functions and compositions of photosynthetic complexes in the thylakoid membranes of Arabidopsis thaliana

Photosynthetic complexes in the thylakoid membrane of plant leaves primarily function as energy-harvesting machinery during the growth period. However, leaves undergo developmental and functional transitions along aging and, at the senescence stage, these complexes become major sources for nutrients to be remobilized to other organs such as developing seeds. Here, we investigated age-dependent changes in the functions and compositions of photosynthetic complexes during natural leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana. We found that Chl a/b ratios decreased during the natural leaf senescence along with decrease of the total chlorophyll content. The photosynthetic parameters measured by the chlorophyll fluorescence, photochemical efficiency (F _v/F _m) of photosystem II, non-photochemical quenching, and the electron transfer rate, showed a differential decline in the senescing part of the leaves. The CO₂ assimilation rate and the activity of PSI activity measured from whole senescing leaves remained relatively intact until 28 days of leaf age but declined sharply thereafter. Examination of the behaviors of the individual components in the photosynthetic complex showed that the components on the whole are decreased, but again showed differential decline during leaf senescence. Notably, D1, a PSII reaction center protein, was almost not present but PsaA/B, a PSI reaction center protein is still remained at the senescence stage. Taken together, our results indicate that the compositions and structures of the photosynthetic complexes are differentially utilized at different stages of leaf, but the most dramatic change was observed at the senescence stage, possibly to comply with the physiological states of the senescence process.     

小麦根系活力变化与叶片衰老的研究

对小麦根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率变化的田问实验结果表明,根系活力的衰退早且快于叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率的衰退;根系活力和叶片光合速率呈正相关关系(r=0．8006)．拔节期追施氮肥,改善根际营养条件后,叶片的光合速率、根系活力明显提高,叶片中ABA含量降低,ZRs升高,SOD活性增加,MDA的高峰期比对照推迟8～10d,说明根系活力变化与地上部叶片的衰老密切相关,改善根际营养,提高生育前期的根系活力有助于延缓地上部分的衰老．     

Photosynthetic Characteristics of Photoautotrophically Cultured Cells of Tobacco

The photosynthetic characteristics of photoautotrophically culturedcells of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv. Samsun NN) as well asthose of photomixotrophically cultured cells and green leaveswere investigated. Analyses revealed that on a fresh weightbasis cultured tobacco cells had lower chlorophyll contentsthan cells of green leaves. The chlorophyll content per chloro-plast,however, was almost the same in both types of cell, and thechloroplast number per cell accounted for only small differencesin the cellular chlorophyll content. This indicates that thelarger cell volume of cultured cells is the main factor in thedifference in the chlorophyll content of these cells. Photosynthetic activity measurements also showed differencesin the chloroplasts of cultured and leaf cells. The maximumactivities of photosystem I and the Hill reaction for the culturedcells were about half those for leaf cells on a per unit chlorophyllbasis. Moreover, photo-autotrophic cells had relatively constantphotosystem I and Hill reaction activities during growth; whereas,on a fresh weight basis these activities in leaf cells reflecteddevelopmental changes in the chlorophyll content. Lithium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showedqualitatively similar thylakoid polypeptide compositions forcultured and leaf cells at all stages of growth even thoughthere were quantitative decreases in the contents of severalpolypeptides in the cultured green cells (especially in photomixotrophiccells) in comparison to the polypeptide contents of tobaccoleaves. We speculate that the lower photosynthetic activityof the cultured cells may be caused by this reduction in thecontents of certain thylakoid polypeptides. (Received November 14, 1988; Accepted June 19, 1989)     

Chlorophyll, Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate Carboxylase, and Hill Reaction Activity in Developing Leaves of Populus deltoides

The synthesis of chlorophyll and ribulose diphosphate carboxylase as well as the development of Hill reaction activity were followed in expanding Populus deltoides leaves and related to photosynthetic patterns. Total chlorophyll, which was not correlated with photosynthetic rate in expanding leaves, decreased slightly with age in very young leaves, due to a decrease in chlorophyll b, but then increased linearly. The ratio of chlorophyll a to b, which rose sharply in young leaves, was highly correlated with the onset of net photosynthesis. Hill reaction activity was very low in young leaves and did not increase significantly until leaves were about half expanded. Ribulose diphosphate carboxylase activity increased in a sigmoid fashion with leaf ontogenesis and closely paralleled development of the photosynthetic system. The study demonstrates the importance of chlorophyll a and Calvin cycle enzyme synthesis to photosynthetic development in expanding leaves.     

银杏叶片衰老过程中光合生理特性及叶绿体超微结构的变化

选取自然条件下生长的雌雄银杏植株为实验材料,测定了银杏叶片在衰老过程中部分光合生理指标及叶绿体超微结构的变化。检测结果表明：银杏叶片在衰老过程中净光合速率、叶绿素含量均呈下降趋势,SOD、CAT、APX活性均先上升后下降,MDA含量则一直呈现上升趋势。叶片衰老过程中叶绿体类囊体膜片层逐渐松散,直至膜结构逐渐解体,叶绿体内油脂颗粒增大增多,最终解体。雌雄银杏植株在各项生理指标上差异不显著。     

光质对设施葡萄叶片衰老与内源激素含量的影响

以设施延迟栽培条件下叶片衰老速度不同的意大利和无核白鸡心2个葡萄品种为试材,分别进行补充红光和蓝光处理,研究不同光质对叶片衰老过程中叶绿素含量、净光合速率和内源激素含量的影响.结果表明: 与未补光对照相比,红光能够显著提高叶片的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,降低了内源赤霉素(GA₃)含量,但明显减缓了脱落酸(ABA)含量的增加和玉米素核苷(ZR)总含量的减少,从而显著提高了(GA₃+ZR)/ABA值,延缓叶片衰老.叶片衰老前期,蓝光处理叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率和(GA₃+ZR)/ABA值均低于对照,加速了植株的衰老进程;但在叶片衰老后期,蓝光处理叶绿素含量、净光合速率和(GA₃+ZR)/ABA值逐渐高于对照,在一定程度上延缓了叶片衰老.植物内源激素生长素(IAA)则表现出叶片衰老前期促进叶片生长发育、叶片衰老后期加速衰老的双重作用.意大利叶片衰老速度较无核白鸡心慢.在本试验条件下,红光处理效果最好,有效延缓了叶片衰老进程,延长了叶片的生理功能期.     

CaCl_2对UV-B辐射下菠菜叶片光合特性的影响

以"丹麦旺盛菠菜"为材料,通过UV-B和CaCl2复合处理,测定光合色素含量、Hill反应活力、叶绿素荧光、MDA含量和抗氧化酶活性等参数,探讨了CaCl2对UV-B辐射下菠菜叶片电子传递链和光合膜酶保护系统的影响。结果表明,UV-B处理下,光合色素含量、chl/car、类囊体膜上PSII潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、非光化学淬灭系数(qN)、PSII光量子产量(ΦPSⅡ)、原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm),以及Hill反应活力等降低,chla/chlb和MDA含量升高;喷洒CaCl2可不同程度缓解UV-B的伤害。不同处理下,POD、SOD和CAT活性的变化呈现补偿效应。UV-B强度与菠菜叶片PSII功能受损程度呈正相关,CaCl2则主要通过提高chlb含量、类囊体膜上的光量子产量和POD活性,以缓解伤害。重度UV-B辐射下,CaCl2使chlb含量显著提高可能是导致PSII捕光效率提高的重要因素。     

Differential changes in degradation of chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I and photosystem II during flag leaf senescence of rice.

The stability of chlorophyll-protein complexes of photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII) was investigated by chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence spectroscopy, absorption spectra and native green gel separation system during flag leaf senescence of two rice varieties (IIyou 129 and Shanyou 63) grown under outdoor conditions. During leaf senescence, photosynthetic CO(2) assimilation rate, carboxylase activity of Rubisco, chlorophyll and carotenoids contents, and the chlorophyll a/b ratio decreased significantly. The 77 K Chl fluorescence emission spectra of thylakoid membranes from mature leaves had two peaks at around 685 and 735 nm emitting mainly from PSII and PSI, respectively. The total Chl fluorescence yields of PSI and PSII decreased significantly with senescence progressing. However, the decrease in the Chl fluorescence yield of PSI was greater than in the yield of PSII, suggesting that the rate of degradation in chlorophyll-protein complexes of PSI was greater than in chlorophyll-protein complexes of PSII. The fluorescence yields for all chlorophyll-protein complexes decreased significantly with leaf senescence in two rice varieties but the extents of their decrease were significantly different. The greatest decrease in the Chl fluorescence yield was in PSI core, followed by LHCI, CP47, CP43, and LHCII. These results indicate that the rate of degradation for each chlorophyll-protein complex was different and the order for the stability of chlorophyll-protein complexes during leaf senescence was: LHCII>CP43>CP47>LHCI>PSI core, which was partly supported by the green gel electrophoresis of the chlorophyll-protein complexes.     

灌水对小麦旗叶光合功能衰退的影响

利用田间小区试验研究了不同灌水对冬小麦旗叶光合功能衰退的影响。研究表明：小麦旗叶光合衰退初期引起光合下降的原因主要是气孔限制,后期则为非气孔限制。灌水可提高旗叶光合速率,并使由气孔限制非气孔转变的时间推后,同时,还可增加叶绿素含量,增强根活力,使小麦旗叶光合功能持续期延长,过量灌水改善旗叶光合速衰的效果主要表现在后期,对产量提高的意义并不大。