苞叶姜大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育

对苞叶姜(Pyrgophyllum yunnanense)大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育进行了显微观察, 研究结果表明: 苞叶姜花药2室, 药壁发育属基本型, 绒毡层为分泌型。小孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成左右对称型四分体, 胞质分裂为连续型, 成熟花粉粒为2-细胞型; 子房下位, 3室, 胚珠多数, 倒生, 具双珠被、厚珠心, 中轴胎座。大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线型(或T形)四分体, 珠孔端3个大孢子退化, 合点端的1个发育成功能大孢子, 胚囊发育为蓼型。比较苞叶姜、黄花大苞姜(Caulokaempferia coenobialis)和海南三七(Kaempferia rotunda)的早期胚胎学特征, 表明苞叶姜与黄花大苞姜系统学关系较近, 与海南三七系统学关系较远。在分类等级上, 胚胎学证据支持苞叶姜独立成属。     

刺五加大、小孢子发生和雌、雄配子体发育的观察

刺五加Eleutherococcus senticosus(Rupr．et Maxim．)Maxim．雄株的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过 程正常,大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程多不正常。雄花具5个花药,花药4室,药壁发育属双子叶型, 腺质绒毡层,绒毡层细胞多具2核。小孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成四面体形四分体,其胞质分裂为同时 型。成熟花粉为3细胞型。子房下位,5室;每室有上胚珠和下胚珠,上胚珠退化,下胚珠倒生、具单珠 被、厚珠心;大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线形或“T”形四分体,偶尔有2个并列或串联的四分体或在 四分体之上又出现孢原细胞。其功能大孢子位置不确定。雌配子体发育中异常现象较多。开花时,雌 配子体主要为反足细胞退化后的四细胞胚囊。刺五加雌株的小孢子母细胞不能进行减数分裂或减数分 裂不正常,不能形成四分体。开花时,药室空瘪,无花粉形成。其大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程正常, 大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线形或“T”形四分体,合点端大孢子为功能大孢子,胚囊发育属蓼型。开花 时,雌配子体主要为七细胞八核或七细胞七核胚囊,其卵器尚未发育成熟。刺五加两性株的小孢子发生 过程无异常,但雄配子体发育过程有部分异常;开花时,药室内有或多或少的空花粉,且花粉粒大小悬 殊,大的直径达35μm,小的仅15～18 μm。两性株的雌蕊发育大部分正常,也有一些异常胚囊形成。开 花时,雌配子体主要是七细胞八核胚囊、七细胞七核胚囊和反足细胞退化后的四细胞胚囊,其卵器也未发育成熟。     

可育与雄性不育万寿菊雌雄配子体发育的比较研究

对可育系和雄性不育系万寿菊的大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育过程进行了系统地比较观察。结果表明：可育系和不育系万寿菊雌蕊的发育基本相同,二者的雌蕊为二心皮一室,每室1胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心,倒生型胚珠。大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线形排列的4个大孢子,合点端为功能大孢子。胚囊发育类型为蓼型。可育系小孢子母细胞经过减数分裂形成四面体形的四分体,成熟花粉是二细胞型,表面有刺。其花药为四室,药壁发育属双子叶型,腺质绒毡层。雄性不育系万寿菊特化小花在花芽分化时即没有产生雄蕊原基,因而不具雄蕊结构,为结构型雄性不育。     

开口箭大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育

利用石蜡切片技术,对百合科植物开口箭(Tupistra chinensis Baker)大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育进程进行胚胎学观察分析,以明确开口箭胚胎发育的特征,为百合科植物的研究提供生殖生物学依据。结果表明:(1)开口箭花药具有4个药室,花药壁的发育方式为基本型,由表皮、药室内壁、中层及绒毡层组成;绒毡层发育类型为分泌型,到四分体花药阶段绒毡层细胞开始解体退化,花药成熟时完全消失。(2)花粉母细胞减数分裂为连续型,依次形成二分体、四分体,四分体为左右对称形;成熟花粉为2-细胞花粉,具单萌发沟。(3)子房3室,倒生型胚珠6枚,双珠被,薄珠心;在花部的分化早期,由珠心顶端表皮下方分化出雌性孢原细胞,孢原细胞经过一次平周分裂形成周缘细胞和造孢细胞,造孢细胞发育为大孢子母细胞;大孢子母细胞第一次减数分裂后形成二分体,珠孔端的二分体孢子退化,合点端的二分体孢子继续第二次分裂,形成两个子细胞依次发育为二核胚囊、四核胚囊和八核胚囊;开口箭的胚囊发育类型为葱型。     

山麦冬大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育研究

采用石蜡切片技术对百合科植物山麦冬大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育进行了观察研究。结果表明:(1)山麦冬花药具有4个花粉囊,花药壁的发育方式为基本型,花药壁完全分化时由表皮、药室内壁、中层及绒毡层组成。(2)绒毡层发育类型为分泌型,到四分体孢子彼此分离形成单细胞花粉阶段,绒毡层细胞开始解体退化,花粉成熟时绒毡层细胞完全消失;花粉母细胞减数分裂为连续型,四分体为左右对称形排列,成熟花粉为3-细胞花粉,单萌发沟。(3)子房3室,每室2枚胚珠,胚珠倒生型,双珠被,薄珠心,雌性孢原细胞不经过平周分裂而直接发育而成大孢子母细胞。(4)减数分裂后四分体大孢子呈线型或T型排列,合点端大孢子分化为功能大孢子,胚囊发育为蓼型;花粉母细胞减数分裂过程中,二分体、四分体细胞外方被胼胝质壁所包被,小孢子形成后胼胝质壁逐渐消失。该研究结果丰富了百合科植物生殖生物学研究的内容,也为探讨百合科植物的系统学研究提供了参考。     

防风大、小孢子发生与雌、雄配子体发育的研究

利用常规石蜡制片法研究了防风大、小孢子发生及其雌、雄配子体的发育过程。主要结果是：(1)小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为同时型,小孢子四分体为四面体形;(2)成熟的花粉粒为三细胞型,具3个孔沟;(3)花药壁发育类型为双子叶型。花药壁由4层结构组成：最外层为表皮,其内分别为药室内壁、1层中层、绒毡层,绒毡层为分泌型;(4)防风的子房为2室,每室1胚珠,单珠被,薄珠心,倒生型胚珠。大孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成线形排列的4个大孢子,合点端大孢子具功能;(5)大孢子发生过程中,具有多个孢原细胞及多个大孢子母细胞的现象,但通常只有一个大孢子母细胞能继续发育;(6)胚囊发育属于蓼型;(7)防风的花为极端的雌雄蕊异熟,雄蕊的发育早于雌蕊的发育。     

刺五加大,小孢子发生和雌,雄配子发育的观察

刺五加Ｅｌｅｕｔｈｅｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｓｅｎｔｉｃｏｓｕｓ（ＳｕｐｒｅｔＭａｘｉｎ．）Ｍａｘｉｍ,雄株的小孢子发生和雄配子体发育过程正常,大孢子发生和雌配子体发育过程多不正常,雄花具５个花药,花药４室,药壁发育属双子叶型,腺质绒毡层,绒毡层细胞多具２核。小孢子母细胞经减数分裂形成四面体形四分体,其胞质分裂为同时型。成熟花粉３细胞型,子房下位,５室：每室有上胚珠和下胚珠,上胚珠退化,下胚珠倒生具单珠被     

极度濒危植物西畴含笑的大小孢子发生及雌雄配子体发育

用石蜡切片法对极度濒危植物西畴含笑(Michdia coriacea)的大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育过程进行观察.西畴含笑的花药为四囊型,花药壁5～7层,腺质绒毡层;小孢子形成时胞质分裂方式为修饰性同时型;四分体排列方式多为四面体型和十字交叉型,偶为不规则形状;成熟花粉粒为二细胞型.西畴含笑的胚珠倒生,双珠被,厚珠心;大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线形四分体,合点端大孢子为功能大孢子,胚囊发育类型为蓼型.西畴含笑胚胎学特征与木兰科多数种类一样,均表现出胚胎发育的原始性.西畴含笑大小孢子发生和雌雄配子体发育过程中存在严重异常发育特征,这可能是导致其结实率低的重要原因.     

羊草大、小孢子发生与雌、雄配子体发育的观察

利用常规石蜡制片技术研究了羊草大、小孢子发生及雌、雄配子体发育过程。主要结果是：(1)花药壁由4层结构组成,最外层为表皮,其次为药室内壁,1层中层,最内层绒毡层为分泌型;(2)小孢子母细胞减数分裂过程中的胞质分裂为连续型,四分孢子为左右对称型;(3)成熟花粉粒为3细胞型,具单萌发孔;(4)羊草为单子房、单胚珠,双珠被、薄珠心、倒生型胚珠,大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成线型或T型排列的4个大孢子;合点端大孢子具功能;(5)具有双孢原,双大孢子母细胞、双大孢子四分体和双胚囊的情况;(6)胚囊发育为蓼型,反足细胞经无丝分裂形成4～6个细胞的反足细胞群;(7)同一朵花中,前期雄蕊的发育早于雌蕊的发育,后期当花粉成熟时,雌配子体也达到成熟,雌雄蕊发育趋于同步。     

湖北双蝴蝶的胚胎发生湖北双蝴蝶的胚胎发生

对湖北双蝴蝶大孢子发生、雌配子体形成、受精、胚及胚乳发育过程进行了解剖学观察研究。结果显示：（1）子房2心皮,1室,侧膜胎座,薄珠心,单珠被,倒生胚珠,胚珠列数为4列 大孢子母细胞减数分裂形成的4个大孢子多呈直线形排列,少数为“T”形四分体,合点端的大孢子具功能 胚囊发育为蓼型 3个反足细胞宿存至8-细胞原胚。（2）珠孔受精 胚乳发育为核型 胚发育为茄型。（3）果实成熟时,种子发育至球形胚阶段。     

国产大苞姜属和苞叶姜属种子解剖学特征及其系统学意义

黄花大苞姜和苞叶姜分别是大苞姜属和苞叶姜属在中国分布的唯一代表。黄花大苞姜种子椭圆形,具表皮毛,无假种皮;苞叶姜种子卵圆形,无毛,假种皮盘状。二者的种子均包含种皮、外胚乳、内胚乳与胚四部分。种皮均可分为外种皮、中种皮与内种皮,且中种皮包括下皮层、半透明细胞层与色素层。合点区内种皮均出现缺口,缺口间充满合点区色素细胞群。苞叶姜种皮有７～９层细胞,其中色素层３～５层细胞,而黄花大苞姜仅有５层,各部分均只有１层细胞,是迄今研究过的姜科植物中种皮细胞层数最少的。在珠孔区,苞叶姜具明显的柄状结构,并有珠孔领和孔盖的分化;而黄花大苞姜柄状结构短,且不明显,无珠孔领。因此,种子解剖学支持将苞叶姜从大苞姜属分出并提升为属。同时,根据姜目较原始类群的种子没有珠孔领分化,推测黄花大苞姜可能保留了姜科某些较原始的特征．     

兰科新种巾唇兰的花粉团发育及分类学意义

巾唇兰属是我国新记录属,近十余年来先后在我国南方发现了两种,包括在云南发现的新种——巾唇兰（Pennilabium yunnanense）。利用解剖镜和石蜡切片技术观察了巾唇兰具有分类学意义的花形态特征和花粉团发育的胚胎学特征,结果如下。成熟花的合蕊柱短,无蕊柱足;花粉块由2个球形花粉团、粘盘和粘盘柄组成。在花药发育早期,花药原基分化出一对侧生并列药室;在小孢子母细胞时期,每个小孢子囊在两个药室相邻的内花药壁处分化出一段不贯穿药室的不育隔膜组织。在花药发育过程中,该隔膜组织逐渐被吸收降解,到花粉成熟时形成2个开口朝内的孔裂花粉团。发育成熟的花药壁共有4层,发育类型为单子叶型,绒毡层为单核、腺质型。在小孢子母细胞进入减数分裂阶段,表皮细胞变窄出现了降解,中层和绒毡层细胞也逐渐被吸收和降解;花药成熟时,花药壁仅剩下残缺的表皮和纤维状加厚明显的药室内壁。小孢子母细胞通过同时型胞质减数分裂形成小孢子四分体,其排列方式主要为正四面体形和左右对称,成熟花粉为2细胞型。本文从形态发育角度澄清了巾唇兰花粉团特征的描述,讨论了其花粉团发育特征的分类学意义,为兰科花药发育多样性提供了新资料。     

Trichoderma matsushimae and T. aeroaquaticum: two aero-aquatic species with Pseudaegerita-like propagules

Four isolates tentatively identified as Pseudaegerita matsushimae on the basis of the morphology of bulbil-like propagules were collected from substrates submerged in water in Thailand and Japan. In culture studies the two Thai isolates were found to produce phialoconidia on conidiogenous cells and phialoconidiophores whose morphology was similar to that of Trichoderma. Phylogenetic analysis based on D1/D2 regions of LSU rDNA sequences showed that the four isolates were nested in Hypocrea/Trichoderma (Hypocreales) while P. corticalis, the type species of Pseudaegerita, belongs to Hyaloscypha (Helotiales). Preliminary analysis by ISTH Web tools based on 5.8S-ITS rDNA and phylogenetic analysis based on rpb2 and tef1-int4 genes showed that the isolates have specific sequences of Trichoderma (anchors 1-5) and belong to the Hamatum clade but they grouped apart from any known species of Trichoderma. The sequences of the tef1-int4 gene, which were amplified from the authentic specimen of P. matsushimae (IMI 266915), also showed that it belongs to the Hamatum clade closely clustering with T. yunnanense but separate from our four isolates. The morphology of P. matsushimae (IMI 266915), especially the sizes of phialides and phialoconidia, were different from T. yunnanense. Thus, we conclude that IMI 266915 and our isolates are to be assigned to two different species in the Hamatum clade of Trichoderma, although both species have similar morphology of bulbils and phialoconidia. Morphology and molecular data revealed that P. matsushimae should be assigned to the genus Trichoderma as T. matsushimae and the Thai and Japanese isolates are placed in T. aeroaquaticum sp. nov. This finding supports the interpretation that aero-aquatic fungi have evolved from terrestrial fungi. We assume that these fungi probably were derived from typically soil-inhabiting species of Trichoderma; an adaptation to aquatic environments is shown by formation of bulbil-like propagules floating on water.     

Biogeography and speciation of a direct developing frog from the coastal arid zone of Western Australia

Within the southwestern Australian biodiversity hotspot, the Shark Bay region displays high levels of plant and animal endemism, particularly in the herpetofauna. The region has been subjected to dramatic climatic fluctuations and has been geologically active from the Late Miocene to the present. The myobatrachid frog Arenophryne rotunda, a Shark Bay endemic, provides an ideal opportunity to examine the relative effects of fluctuating climates and geological activity on the biota of Shark Bay. A comprehensive phylogeographic analysis of A. rotunda, based on data comprising 1154 bp of the mitochondrial gene ND2, is presented. My results demonstrate a major genetic break that divides this species at the northern edge of the Victorian Plateau into northern and southern species lineages, dating to the Late Miocene, with a further division of the southern species lineage across the Murchison Gorge dating to the Plio-Pleistocene border. Both of these periods are related to prominent geological activity and climatic shifts in the Shark Bay region. Interpretation of phylogeographic results point to the prominent role of fluctuating Pleistocene climates and associated coastal landscape evolution in the generation of phylogeographic structure within the distinct A. rotunda species lineages. Similar processes have been invoked to explain the diversity of other Shark Bay biota.     

Genetic variation of Kaempferia (Zingiberaceae) in Thailand based on chloroplast DNA (psbA-trnH and petA-psbJ) sequences

Genetic variation and species authentication of 71 Kaempferia accessions (representing 15 recognized, six new, and four unidentified species) found indigenously in Thailand were examined by determining chloroplast psbA-trnH and partial petA-psbJ spacer sequences. Ten closely related species (Boesenbergia rotunda, Gagnepainia godefroyi, G. thoreliana, Globba substrigosa, Smithatris myanmarensis, S. supraneanae, Scaphochlamys biloba, S. minutiflora, S. rubescens, and Stahlianthus sp) were also included. After sequence alignments, 1010 and 865 bp in length were obtained for the respective chloroplast DNA sequences. Intraspecific sequence variation was not observed in Kaempferia candida, K. angustifolia, K. laotica, K. galanga, K. pardi sp nov., K. bambusetorum sp nov., K. albomaculata sp nov., K. minuta sp nov., Kaempferia sp nov. 1, and G. thoreliana, for which more than one specimen was available. In contrast, intraspecific sequence polymorphisms were observed in various populations of K. fallax, K. filifolia, K. elegans, K. pulchra, K. rotunda, K. marginata, K. parviflora, K. larsenii, K. roscoeana, K. siamensis, and G. godefroyi. A strict consensus tree based on combined psbA-trnH and partial petA-psbJ sequences revealed four major groups of Kaempferia species. We suggest that the genus Kaempferia is a polyphyletic group, as K. candida was distantly related and did not group with other Kaempferia species. Polymorphic sites and indels of psbA-trnH and petA-psbJ can be used as DNA barcodes for species diagnosis of most Kaempferia and outgroup species. Nuclear DNA polymorphism should be examined to determine if there has been interspecific hybridization and chloroplast DNA introgression in these taxa.     

日本中部10种树木叶片中氮和磷的季节变化及其转移

从叶完全展开到生长季结束,对常绿阔叶树种日本米储、具柄冬青、铁冬青、红楠和海桐及落叶阔叶树种袍栎、栓皮栎、日本朴、银杏和日本树五加的叶N和P含量进行了测定．结果表明,在整个生长季中,常绿阔叶树种中的日本米储和铁冬青的新叶和老叶的N和P含量呈现初期高、中期较低、后期上升的趋势;具柄冬青和海桐新叶的N和P含量的变化趋势与日本米储和铁冬青相似,而其老叶的N和P含量随季节推移而逐渐下降;红楠新叶和老叶的N含量呈现上升的趋势,其新叶和老叶的P含量则呈下降趋势;落叶阔叶树种的叶N和P含量随着时间的推移不断减少．各树种的N转移率为43％～75％,P为62％～84％．常绿阔叶树种的N平均转移率与落叶阔叶树种相似,而其P平均转移率大于落叶阔叶树种．所有树种的N平均转移率小于P平均转移率．     

栽培山嵛菜与三个野生种的核型比较

研究了山嵛菜属(Eutrema)广泛栽培的山嵛菜和3个野生种的核型。栽培山嵛菜(E．wasabi Maxim)的体细胞染色体数目和核型为2n=4x=28=7m 17sm 4st,3个野生种分别是三角叶山嵛菜(E．dettoideum(Hook．f．et Thoms)O．E．Sehulz)核型为2n=2x=14=10m 4sm;密序山嵛菜(E．heterophylla(W．W．Smith)Hara)核型为2n=2x=14=6m(2SAT) 8sm;云南山嵛菜(E．yunnanense Franch．)核型为：2n=4x=28=12m(2SAT) 16sm。对它们的核型进行了比较分析,其结果为杂交培育新品种提供细胞遗传学资料。     

Evolutionary relatedness of some primate models of Plasmodium

Primate--and, specifically, monkey--malaria infections are commonly used for understanding the pathology of and immune response to the human disease because they are thought to resemble most closely the host-parasite relationship found in humans. Plasmodium cynomolgi is used extensively as a model for the human parasite, P. vivax, and P. knowlesi is used primarily as a model for the development of erythrocytic-stage vaccines. Both of these simian parasites can naturally infect man, resulting in mildly symptomatic episodes of the disease. The phylogenetic relationship between these two simian parasites and previously characterized Plasmodium species, including P. vivax, was examined by comparison of the asexually expressed small- subunit ribosomal RNA genes. Our analysis confirmed that P. vivax is most closely related to P. cynomolgi and that it remains an appropriate model of the human pathogen. Furthermore, with P. knowlesi and P. fragile, these two species form a group of closely related species, distant from other Plasmodium species. What is considered to be the most ancient of the human malaria pathogens, P. malariae, was also included in the analysis and does not group at all with other simian or human parasites.