多能干细胞分化来源视网膜色素上皮细胞移植治疗视网膜变性研究进展

视网膜色素上皮（RPE）对视觉功能的维持起着至关重要的作用。视网膜变性是全球不可治愈性致盲疾病的重要原因,它由视网膜色素上皮功能失常所引起。因此,视网膜色素上皮移植是视网膜变性患者恢复视力的一种最有前景的手段之一。随着干细胞技术的快速发展,从多能干细胞（PSC）到有功能的视网膜色素上皮细胞的体外分化诱导技术已经成熟,其中包括胚胎干细胞（ESCs）和诱导多能干细胞（iPSCs）等。此外,从患者特异性iPSCs分化而来的RPE更能用于阐明发病机理并有针对性地个体治疗。更值得一提的是,经诱导得到RPE的移植不论在动物模型中,还是在临床试验里都已经得到了可喜的治疗效果。本文回顾PSC来源RPE干预治疗视网膜变性的最新研究进展。     

三氧化二砷对K562细胞凋亡的诱导及生长抑制作用的研究

目的：研究三氧化二砷(As2O3)对人红白血病细胞株K562的生长抑制和凋亡诱导作用。方法：以As2O3作为耐药逆转剂,用台盼兰排染法,噻唑兰(MTT)还原法,Hoechst 33342和PI荧光染色法,流式细胞仪技术和荧光分光光度法,观察了不同浓度的As2O3(0．2—5．0μmol/L)对人红白血病细胞株K562的生长抑制和凋亡诱导作用。结果：As2O3对K562细胞具有明显生长抑制和凋亡诱导作用,其作用强度在一定范围内均具药物浓度和时间依赖性。结论：As2O3主要以诱导肿瘤细胞凋亡而表现其毒性作用。     

视网膜干细胞的研究进展

干细胞研究是近年生命科学研究的热点之一,近来在干细胞研究领域的进步已经给治疗甚至是治愈某些变性疾病和不能治疗的人类疾病带来了希望.在体外,睫状缘色素上皮细胞来源的视网膜干细胞能增殖形成克隆球,并能分化成视网膜各种细胞类型,包括光感受器细胞,双极细胞及神经胶质细胞等等.视网膜干细胞的移植可以作为治疗一些致盲性眼病潜在治疗方式.因此,视网膜干细胞的研究对于视网膜变性疾病,如遗传性视网膜变性、青光眼、年龄相关性黄斑变性等,提供了新的治疗途径.现就视网膜干细胞的培养与鉴定,增殖、分化、移植以及信号机制方面的研究进展作一综述.     

关于三氧化二砷(As_2O_3)联合药物治疗肝癌的研究进展

实验与临床研究已证实,As2O3能有效治疗急性早幼粒细胞性白血病(APL)。在此基础上.As2O3抗肝癌作用的研究报告日益增多。研究表明As2O3的抗肝癌效力呈剂量-时间效应关系,但作用时间越长及药物浓度越大,As2O3的毒副作用越大。为实现As2O3低毒高效的抗肿瘤目的,联合用药引起关注。本文通过查阅94年至今国内外有关As2O3药物联合治疗肝癌的文献,对As2O3联合药物治疗肝癌予以综述。     

三氧化二砷治疗肝癌的进展

正三氧化二砷(arsenic trioxide,As_2O_3)俗称砒霜,为古老的毒物之一。随着医学医药发展,三氧化二砷的药用价值渐渐被发现,早在上世纪已证实其对急性早幼粒细胞白血病有显著疗效,近年来三氧化二砷对肝癌的治疗也成为研究的热点。我国是乙肝大国,同时也是肝癌疾病的高发区域[2],肝癌(hepatocarcinoma,HCC)的发病率高居恶性肿瘤第五位,     

眼细胞在实验性近视的研究进展

近视形成及发展过程中的机制研究一直是眼科领域的热点问题。在近视的实验研究中,越来越多的眼细胞被发现与近视有关,主要涉及的细胞有视网膜光感受器细胞、穆勒细胞、视网膜色素上皮细胞、脉络膜黑色素细胞、巩膜成纤维细胞等。它们通过分泌生长因子、内分泌激素、神经递质等活性物质和表达相关受体,在近视的发生发展中起着重要作用。本文将从眼细胞的角度对近视发病机理作一个综述,为进一步完善近视发病机制的研究提供理论依据。     

巨噬细胞外泌体在增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变中的研究进展

糖尿病视网膜病变(diabetic retinopathy, DR)是糖尿病患者最常见的微血管系统并发症之一，是视力丧失的主要原因。增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变(proliferative diabetic retinopathy, PDR)是DR的终末期表现，其主要的病理生理学特征是视网膜新生血管形成(retinal neovascularization, RNV)。但PDR现有治疗方式存在局限性。外泌体作为细胞间沟通交流的重要使者，其携带的非编码RNA和生物活性蛋白质等重要信号分子，通过影响血管内皮细胞的增殖和迁移，在RNV中发挥关键作用。巨噬细胞是一种多功能调节细胞，越来越多的研究表明巨噬细胞外泌体在调控新生血管形成中起重要作用。该文就巨噬细胞外泌体在增殖性糖尿病视网膜病变形成中的作用与机制研究进展进行综述。     

低氧诱导因子和白血病细胞分化

三氧化二砷（As2O3,ATO）是一种新发现的有效治疗急性早幼粒细胞白血病（acute promyelocytic leukemia,APL）的药物。研究发现,该药物在体外诱导细胞分化的能力不如体内明显。以此为基础,最近我们意外地发现模拟低氧化合物和中度低氧环境能够直接在体外诱导急性髓系白血病细胞分化,也选择性地加强三氧化二砷诱导的APL细胞分化。进一步地,间歇性低氧能够显著延长移植的白血病小鼠生存时间,并且抑制白血病细胞浸润并诱导其分化。以这些工作为基础,我们就低氧诱导白血病细胞分化的分子机制进行了深入研究。本文将就相关工作作一综述,并讨论有待进一步研究的问题。     

兔眼增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变模型的建立

目的探讨兔眼增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变模型的建立方法。方法①体外培养兔眼视网膜色素上皮细胞;②兔眼3组,每组6只,分别在玻璃体内注射0.1 mL的生理盐水、1×106细胞及2×106细胞,在不同时间段进行裂隙灯显微镜、间接检眼镜、眼底照像和B超检查,观察成模情况。结果注射后28 d,生理盐水组成模0眼;1×106细胞组成模5眼,其中Ⅰ级眼1只,Ⅱ级眼3只,Ⅲ级眼1只;2×106细胞组成模6眼,其中Ⅱ级眼2只,Ⅲ级眼4只。结论兔眼玻璃体内注射2×106同种视网膜色素上皮细胞建立增殖性玻璃体视网膜病变模型,符合病变发展规律,而且稳定可靠,成模较快,简单易行。     

Antizyme1基因转染对K562细胞增殖与凋亡的影响

研究鸟氨酸脱羧酶抗酶蛋白对人红白血病K562细胞增殖、三氧化二砷（ As2O3）诱导凋亡时的影响。方法: 定点突变技术构建缺失frameshift位点的pEGFP-N1-AZ1-mutation重组表达载体。脂质体法转染K562细胞,通过G418筛选获得稳定表达antizyme1的K562pAZ1m细胞系。采用不同浓度的As2O3处理细胞,通过MTT法检测细胞增殖,流式细胞术分析细胞周期及凋亡变化。并通过RT-PCR方法检测antiyme1转染对cyclin D1和survivin基因表达的影响。结果：获得稳定表达antizyme1的K562-AZ1m细胞株后,其增殖能力明显减慢。CyclinD1基因表达降低,细胞主要停滞于G0/G1期。在 As2O3的诱导作用下,细胞凋亡增多,survivin基因表达降低。结论：AZ1基因能够抑制K562细胞增殖,通过对cyclinD1的负调控使细胞周期停滞于G0/G1期。并可能通过下调survivin表达来加强 As2O3对其的诱导凋亡作用     

DNA损伤与眼病相关性的研究进展

DNA损伤是复制过程中发生的DNA核苷酸序列永久性改变,并导致遗传特征改变的现象。对DNA损伤与修复的研究是现代分子生物学研究的热点之一。目前,DNA损伤对眼组织细胞凋亡、基因改变、细胞活性的影响已成为眼科疾病研究的热点。在年龄相关性白内障、老年性黄斑病变等眼科疾病的病因研究中证实氧化应激是其主要致病因素,当机体遭受有害刺激导致氧化应激时,机体、组织、细胞受到一系列损伤,而DNA的损伤对氧化应激最为敏感。本文就DNA损伤及其与晶状体上皮细胞及视网膜色素上皮细胞相关性的研究进展作一综述,为眼科疾病的研究以及防治提供新的方法及思路。     

Subretinal Injection of Gene Therapy Vectors and Stem Cells in the Perinatal Mouse Eye

The loss of sight affects approximately 3.4 million people in the United States and is expected to increase in the upcoming years.¹ Recently, gene therapy and stem cell transplantations have become key therapeutic tools for treating blindness resulting from retinal degenerative diseases. Several forms of autologous transplantation for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), such as iris pigment epithelial cell transplantation, have generated encouraging results, and human clinical trials have begun for other forms of gene and stem cell therapies.² These include RPE65 gene replacement therapy in patients with Leber''s congenital amaurosis and an RPE cell transplantation using human embryonic stem (ES) cells in Stargardt''s disease.^3-4 Now that there are gene therapy vectors and stem cells available for treating patients with retinal diseases, it is important to verify these potential therapies in animal models before applying them in human studies. The mouse has become an important scientific model for testing the therapeutic efficacy of gene therapy vectors and stem cell transplantation in the eye.^5-8 In this video article, we present a technique to inject gene therapy vectors or stem cells into the subretinal space of the mouse eye while minimizing damage to the surrounding tissue.     

Adrenomedullin in the eye

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a multifunctional regulatory peptide that is produced and secreted by various types of cells. We showed the presence of high concentrations of adrenomedullin-immunoreactivity in the vitreous fluid, and the levels were elevated in patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Furthermore, adrenomedullin mRNA expression levels were elevated in the tissues of intraocular tumors and orbital tumors. Adrenomedullin is produced and secreted by cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. Inflammatory cytokines and hypoxia are strong stimulators for the adrenomedullin expression in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Adrenomedullin stimulated the proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells both under normoxia and hypoxia. Dexamethasone (DEX) increased the adrenomedullin expression in two cultured cell lines of human retinal pigment epithelial cells; ARPE-19 cells and D407 cells, while it had no noticeable effects on the cytokine-induced adrenomedullin expression. These findings suggest that adrenomedullin is involved in the pathophysiology of inflammatory and neoplastic eye diseases as an autocrine or paracrine growth stimulator. The findings on glucocorticoid-induced AM expression raise the possibility that it may be related to the pathogenesis of some eye diseases, such as central serous chorioretinopathy and multifocal posterior pigment epitheliopathy, which are frequently seen in patients treated with high doses of glucocorticoids.     

Oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced senescence of retinal pigment epithelial cells is followed by outer blood-retinal barrier dysfunction

Age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause of vision loss in the elderly, which starts from aging processes of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Among variable risk factors in occurrence and progression of age-related macular degeneration, oxidized low density lipoprotein could be causally involved in pathobiological changes of RPE cells. Herein we showed that oxidized low density lipoprotein-induced senescence of retinal pigment epithelial cells is followed by outer blood-retinal barrier dysfunction. Under sub-lethal concentration, oxidized low density lipoprotein could promote advanced senescence of retinal pigment epithelial cells. Interestingly expression of CRALBP and RPE 65, indicators of retinal pigment epithelial cell differentiation, was decreased by oxidized low density lipoprotein. In addition, oxidized low density lipoprotein induced reactive oxygen species production and up-regulated inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α and vascular endothelial growth factor, when β-catenin, a critical mediator of the canonical Wnt pathway, was also elevated. Oxidized low density lipoprotein increased paracellular permeability of retinal pigment epithelial cells, when zonula occludens-1 at intercellular junctions markedly decreased as well. Furthermore, in retinal pigment epithelial cells and choriocapillaris of human apolipoprotein E2 transgenic mouse eye, increased vascular endothelial growth factor and decreased zonula occludens-1 expression was observed. Therefore, our results suggest that oxidized low density lipoprotein could promote senescence of retinal pigment epithelial cells which leads to induce outer blood-retinal barrier dysfunction as an early pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.     

Retinal pigment epithelial cell proliferation

The human retinal pigment epithelium forms early in development and subsequently remains dormant, undergoing minimal proliferation throughout normal life. Retinal pigment epithelium proliferation, however, can be activated in disease states or by removing retinal pigment epithelial cells into culture. We review the conditions that control retinal pigment epithelial proliferation in culture, in animal models and in human disease and interpret retinal pigment epithelium proliferation in context of the recently discovered retinal pigment epithelium stem cell that is responsible for most in vitro retinal pigment epithelial proliferation. Retinal pigment epithelial proliferation-mediated wound repair that occurs in selected macular diseases is contrasted with retinal pigment epithelial proliferation-mediated fibroblastic scar formation that underlies proliferative vitreoretinopathy. We discuss the role of retinal pigment epithelial proliferation in age-related macular degeneration which is reparative in some cases and destructive in others. Macular retinal pigment epithelium wound repair and regression of choroidal neovascularization are more pronounced in younger than older patients. We discuss the possibility that the limited retinal pigment epithelial proliferation and latent wound repair in older age-related macular degeneration patients can be stimulated to promote disease regression in age-related macular degeneration.     

Activation of Rac1 and the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in response to arsenic trioxide

Arsenic trioxide induces differentiation and apoptosis of malignant cells in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanisms by which such effects occur have not been elucidated. In the present study we provide evidence that arsenic trioxide induces activation of the small G-protein Rac1 and the alpha and beta isoforms of the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase in several leukemia cell lines. Such activation of Rac1 and p38-isoforms results in downstream engagement of the MAP kinase-activated protein kinase-2 and is enhanced by pre-treatment of cells with ascorbic acid. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibition of p38 potentiates arsenic-dependent apoptosis and suppression of growth of leukemia cell lines, suggesting that this signaling cascade negatively regulates induction of antileukemic responses by arsenic trioxide. Consistent with this, overexpression of a dominant-negative p38 mutant (p38betaAGF) enhances the antiproliferative effects of arsenic trioxide on target cells. To further define the relevance of activation of the Rac1/p38 MAP kinase pathway in the induction of arsenic-dependent antileukemic effects, studies were performed using bone marrows from patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Arsenic trioxide suppressed the growth of leukemic myeloid (CFU-GM) progenitors from such patients, whereas concomitant pharmacological inhibition of the p38 pathway enhanced its growth-suppressive effects. Altogether, these data provide evidence for a novel function of the p38 MAP kinase pathway, acting as a negative regulator of arsenic trioxide-induced apoptosis and inhibition of malignant cell growth.     

SIRT3 deficiency increases mitochondrial oxidative stress and promotes migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells

Retinal pigment epithelial cells are closely associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The mechanism by which diabetes impacts retinal pigment epithelial cell function is of significant interest. Sirtuins are an important class of proteins that primarily possess nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylases activity and involved in various cellular physiological and pathological processes. Here, we aimed to examine the role of sirtuins in the induction of diabetes-associated retinal pigment epithelial cell dysfunction. High glucose and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) treatment induced epithelial–mesenchymal transition and the migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells, and decreased sirtuin-3 expression. Sirtuin-3 knockdown using siRNA increased epithelial–mesenchymal transition and migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells. In contrast, sirtuin-3 overexpression attenuated the effects caused by high glucose and PDGF on epithelial–mesenchymal transition and migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells, suggesting that sirtuin-3 deficiency contributed to retinal pigment epithelial cell dysfunction induced by high glucose and PDGF. Mechanistically, sirtuin-3 deficiency induced retinal pigment epithelial cell dysfunction by the overproduction of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. These results suggest that sirtuin-3 deficiency mediates the migration of retinal pigment epithelial cells, at least partially by increasing mitochondrial oxidative stress, and shed light on the importance of sirtuin-3 and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as potential targets in diabetic retinopathy therapy.     

关于三氧化二砷（As2O3）联合药物治疗肝癌的研究进展

实验与临床研究已证实,As2O3能有效治疗急性早幼粒细胞性白血病（APL）。在此基础上．As2O3抗肝癌作用的研究报告日益增多。研究表明As2O3的抗肝癌效力呈剂量一时间效应关系,但作用时间越长及药物浓度越大,As2O3的毒副作用越大。为实现As2O3低毒高效的抗肿瘤目的,联合用药引起关注。本文通过查阅94年至今国内外有关As2O3药物联合治疗肝癌的文献,对As2O3联合药物治疗肝癌予以综述。