酶法水解油脂生产脂肪酸的研究

豆油和猪油用解脂假丝酵母脂肪酶水解,酶解产物的酸值分别达到196和194.酶解条件是:豆油酶量100单位/克油,猪油酶量250单位/克油,豆油:水=1:1,猪油:水=0.6:0.4,豆油温度40℃,猪油温度42℃,摇床转速180r/min,水解时间36h,酶解过程中加20%NaOH溶液1%.这样的条件适合脂肪酸生产.     

薏苡仁油回流提取工艺参数优化及其动力学研究

探索加热回流法提取薏苡仁油的最佳工艺条件,并对提取过程进行深入探讨。采用单因素法考察溶剂、料液比、药材粒径、提取时间等对薏苡仁油提取率的影响,在此基础上研究其提取动力学。结果表明薏苡仁油较佳的提取条件为采用丙酮作为溶剂,液固比7倍,药材平均粒径0.25 mm,提取3 h。动力学研究表明,粒径较小时(0.25~0.83 mm),薏苡仁油的提取动力学符合二阶溶出动力学模型,即减小药材粒径,可明显增加有效成分的提取率。     

酶法提取薏苡仁油的优化

本文应用响应面分析的方法研究了酶用量、酶解温度和pH对薏苡仁油提取率的影响,并得到了最佳的提取条件。研究结果表明,酶用量为1.569%、酶解温度在47.7℃、酶解pH为4.75。响应的薏苡仁油提取率为10.948%。油脂质量分析结果表明,酶法处理并没有显著改变薏苡仁油的性质。     

亚麻籽油和豆油替代鱼油对大黄鱼肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成及Δ6Fad基因表达的影响

为了研究亚麻籽油(LO)和豆油(SO)完全替代鱼油(FO)对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)肝脏和肌肉脂肪酸组成及Δ6Fad (Δ6 Fatty acid desaturase)基因表达的影响。实验用豆油和亚麻籽油替代鱼油制备了3种等氮等脂的精制饲料, 在海水浮动网箱中进行了为期10周的养殖实验。实验结果表明: (1)鱼油组的增重率、饲料效率和特定生长率均显著高于亚麻籽油组和豆油组(P<0.05), 但对成活率, 肝体指数和脏体指数没有显著影响(P>0.05); (2)亚麻籽油和豆油完全替代鱼油显著改变了鱼体肝脏和肌肉的脂肪酸组成, 降低了肝脏和肌肉LC-PUFA (Long chain-polyunsaturated fatty acid)的相对含量(P<0.05), 在亚麻籽油组(LO)和豆油组(SO)中没有显著差异(P>0.05), 在各处理组中, 肌肉的n-3LC-PUFA的相对含量显著高于肝脏(P<0.05); (3)亚麻籽油和豆油显著上调了肌肉和肝脏中Δ6Fad基因的表达量(P<0.05), 其表达量在肝脏中分别升高了7.6和6.5倍, 在肌肉中分别上升了2.2和2.8倍。结果表明, 在实验条件下亚麻籽油和豆油完全替代鱼油对大黄鱼生长具有不利影响, 亚麻籽油和豆油替代鱼油降低了肝脏和肌肉中LC-PUFA的含量, 提高了Δ6Fad基因的表达量。     

提取方法和溶剂对薏苡仁油提取率的影响

为了提高薏苡仁油的提取效率,考察5种不同极性的溶剂（无水乙醇、丙酮、二氯甲烷、乙酸乙酯、环己烷）在3种不同的提取方法中对薏苡仁油提取率的影响,并分析其原因。结果表明,丙酮在加热回流提取法中提取率最高（8.17%）,无水乙醇在超声辅助提取和微波辅助提取法中得率均较高。3种提取方法中,超声辅助提取法的得油率最高（10.79%）,而微波法虽然提取效率高（0.0678g/min）,但得油率太低（6.78%）,不适于薏苡仁油的提取。     

黑水虻虫油替代豆油对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长、血清生化指标和肝脏脂滴面积的影响

试验旨在研究黑水虻(Hermetia illucens L.)虫油替代饲料中豆油对黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)幼鱼生长性能、血清抗氧化能力、炎症因子及肝脏脂滴面积的影响。以豆油为对照组(T0), 虫油分别替代20%(T20)、40%(T40)、60%(T60)、80%(T80)、100%(T100)的豆油, 配置6种等氮等脂的试验饲料。选取初始体重为(2.12±0.01) g 的黄颡鱼幼鱼840尾, 随机分为6组, 每组4个重复, 每个重复35尾, 养殖56d。结果表明: 黑水虻虫油替代豆油对黄颡鱼幼鱼的末均重、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、存活率、摄食率均无显著影响(P>0.05); 各组间黄颡鱼肥满度、腹脂指数、脏体比、肝体比无显著差异(P>0.05); 全鱼粗蛋白、粗脂肪、水分、灰分、钙、磷含量无显著差异(P>0.05); 黑水虻虫油替代豆油对饲料的干物质、蛋白质、脂肪、磷及能量的表观消化率未产生显著影响(P>0.05), 但T60和T80组钙的表观消化率显著高于T100组(P<0.05), 与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05)。各组间黄颡鱼幼鱼血清白蛋白、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、甘油三酯、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、尿素氮、球蛋白、乳酸脱氢酶、血糖、总蛋白差异不显著(P>0.05), 但高密度脂蛋白胆固醇含量则随着替代比例的增加先上升后下降, T60组和T80组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。各组间黄颡鱼幼鱼血清中抗超氧阴离子和丙二醛含量, 过氧化氢酶、超氧化物歧化酶活性无显著差异(P>0.05); 与对照组相比, 各处理组血清肿瘤坏死因子-α浓度无显著性差异(P>0.05); 当黑水虻虫油替代比例超40%时, 各处理组血清中抗炎因子白介素-10和促炎因子白介素-6及白介素-8的浓度均显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。油红O染色显示, 黑水虻虫油替代豆油对肝脏脂滴面积无显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述, 黑水虻虫油完全替代豆油对黄颡鱼幼鱼生长性能、形体指标、体成分、营养物质表观消化率和抗氧化指标无显著影响, 以生长性能为评价指标, 当黄颡鱼幼鱼基础饲料中添加4%豆油时, 黑水虻虫油完全替代豆油。     

三种炼油方法的比较

提炼米糠油比较困难,因为其游离脂肪酸、不皂化物质和色素的含量比较高。在工业生产上,一般采用碱炼法来脱酸。但是,这种方法会导致中性油大量损失。此外,采用溶剂精炼法将油中羟基化合物乙酰化来减少脱酸过程中中性油的损失。采用溶剂精炼米糠油时,可     

葡萄核的开发研究

葡萄酒厂的下脚料葡萄核(籽),经溶剂浸提法或机械压榨法提取葡萄核油,收率分别为16％和11％,阐述了葡萄核油精炼方法,并介绍葡萄核油可做食用油及其性状和营养价值.提取葡萄核油后的残渣还可以提取10％的丹宁.丹宁是医药、制革、日用化工的重要原料.若充分开发利用,不但变废为宝,还具有很好的经济效益和社会效益.     

固定化脂肪酶催化毛油合成生物柴油

本研究开发了一种用石油醚提取毛油的工艺,研究了以提取的毛油和甲醇为原料,用固定化Candida sp.99-125脂肪酶催化合成脂肪酸甲酯(FAMEs)的可行性。同时考察了磷脂对固定化酶活性、反应起始速率、固定化酶使用批次的影响以及毛油和精炼油对固定化酶使用批次等的影响。研究结果表明,用磷脂质量分数为1%的石油醚悬液浸泡过的脂肪酶比仅用石油醚浸泡过的脂肪酶初始转酯化速率显著下降。当大豆油中无磷脂时,15min时FAMEs的产率为26.2%;磷脂质量分数为5%时,FAMEs降为12.4%。当大豆油中磷脂质量分数小于1%时,固定化酶使用10个批次,FAMEs产率无明显变化。固定化脂肪酶催化石油醚浸提得到的大豆和小桐子毛油,经过10个批次反应FAMEs产率都保持在70%以上,该固定化酶直接催化毛油生产生物柴油具有良好的工业化前景。     

黑皂树油代豆油生产氨基醇酸烘漆

黑皂树油为一种野生植物油料,由黑皂树种子通过机械压榨方法而获得的,种子含油35.5％,种仁含油59.3％,和其他油脂(大豆油、花生油)的主要成分一样为三脂肪酸甘油脂。另外,还含有少量的类脂化合物,(类胡罗卜素、甾醇等)。为开发黑皂树资源,提高其使用价值,黑皂树油除作为燃料油研究外,还可将它用于涂料工业。我们在无锡造漆厂的密切合作下,利用黑皂树油代替食用豆油制备各色氨基醇酸烘漆,经试验证明:其漆膜性能完全达到原用豆油制造的氨基醇酸烘漆漆膜性能,具有色泽鲜艳、光泽高、有较好的机械性能、硬度、附着力和耐水性,以及施工方便等特点。这不但节省了豆油,而且开发了生产氨基醇酸烘干滋漆的新的原料。下面是试验和研究情况。     

薏苡仁多菌发酵液的菌种优选及其抑制黑色素生成的作用研究

以薏苡仁作为发酵基质,确定利于提高发酵液体外活性的较优乳酸菌种,并分析优势乳酸菌种薏苡仁发酵液对斑马鱼胚体黑色素生成的抑制作用。通过比较分析乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）、嗜热链球菌（Streptococcus thermophilus）和保加利亚乳杆菌（Lactobacillus bulgaricus）3种单一乳酸菌和三者复合乳酸菌的薏苡仁发酵液的还原糖、总酚、游离氨基酸、蛋白、总酸和乳酸含量等理化指标及体外羟自由基清除能力和酪氨酸酶活抑制率确定较优发酵菌种,采用高通量测序测定发酵过程中微生物菌群结构;利用斑马鱼模型研究发酵液对黑色素生成的抑制作用。研究结果表明,采用乳酸乳球菌、嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌3种乳酸菌复合发酵比单一乳酸菌发酵更具优势。使用以上菌种复合发酵薏苡仁过程中,乳酸乳球菌和嗜热链球菌为发酵前期优势菌群,发酵中后期则以保加利亚乳杆菌为优势菌群。经复合乳酸菌发酵后,薏苡仁发酵液的羟自由基清除率和酪氨酸酶活抑制率分别提高了20.82%和87.26%;斑马鱼模型实验结果表明,薏苡仁发酵液可以显著减少斑马鱼体表黑色素分布,当使用含量为2.0%时,对黑色素生成抑制率达到59.45%。研究结果为利用薏苡仁多菌发酵液开发为具美白肌肤性能的功能性新原料提供了科学数据支撑,并希望进一步推进薏苡产业的升级。     

Differences in the fatty acid composition of soybean seed produced in northern and southern areas of the U.S.A.

The fatty acid composition of soybean (Glycine max) seeds was sensitive to the influence of both genotype and environment. To quantify their relative environmental sensitivities, four soybean cultivars, Wells, Wayne, Cutler and Union, plus two experimental lines, 9656 and 9686, developed for lower concentrations of linolenate, were grown in Indiana (northern area) and Mississippi (southern area) in 1981. Seeds produced in the two environments were analysed for total oil content and for fatty acid composition. Seeds produced in the southern area were slightly higher (20% vs 16%) in oil content, but weighed significantly less than those produced in the north. The oil content per seed of seeds produced in the south was only 51% of the oil content of seeds produced in the north. Seeds produced in the south were significantly lower in both myristate and linolenate, but significantly higher in oleate than seeds produced in the north. Genotype by environment interactions for many oil quality measurements were largely attributable to the responses of the lines 9656 and 9686. These results indicate that higher environmental temperature reduced the linolenate concentration of soybean oil.     

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil for biodiesel production in <Emphasis Type="Italic">tert</Emphasis>-amyl alcohol

Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of soybean oil and methanol for biodiesel production in tert-amyl alcohol was investigated. The effects of different organic medium, molar ratio of substrate, reaction temperature, agitation speed, lipase dosage and water content on the total conversion were systematically analyzed. Under the optimal conditions identified (6 mL tert-amyl alcohol, three molar ratio of methanol to oil, 2% Novozym 435 lipase based on the soybean oil weight, temperature 40°C, 2% water content based on soybean oil weight, 150 rpm and 15 h), the highest biodiesel conversion yield of 97% was obtained. With tert-amyl alcohol as the reaction medium, the negative effects caused by excessive molar ratio of methanol to oil and the by-product glycerol could be reduced. Furthermore, there was no evident loss in the lipase activity even after being repeatedly used for more than 150 runs.     

花生粕脂肪含量对豆腐品质的影响

为了确定适用于制备花生豆腐的原料的脂肪含量,以低温花生粕为原料,采用谷氨酰胺转氨酶（transglutaminase,TG）和高温微压煮浆（high-temperature pressure cooking,HTPC）工艺制备花生豆腐,研究不同花生粕脂肪含量（6.89%、10.12%、15.43%、20.28%和25.54%）对豆腐质构的影响,对比花生豆腐与市售大豆豆腐的耐煮性和色泽,并分析加工过程中花生蛋白的结构变化。结果表明,花生粕脂肪含量对豆腐质构有显著影响（P<0.05）,除脂肪含量为25.54%的花生粕外,其他脂肪含量的花生粕均可用于制备花生豆腐。当花生粕脂肪含量为6.89％时,可制得与市售大豆石膏豆腐的质构、耐煮性相当的花生豆腐产品,且其黄度值b（8.38）显著小于大豆石膏（15.86）和卤水（16.56）豆腐（P<0.05）,具有色泽优势。而对于花生蛋白结构变化的分析表明,当花生粕脂肪含量相对较低（6.89%~20.28%）时,TG对花生蛋白的作用效果较好,进一步施加HTPC处理可使花生蛋白完全变性,并且通过形成疏水相互作用和二硫键以维持豆腐凝胶结构。研究结果为花生豆腐的加工提供了技术指导和理论支撑。     

Changes in Oil Accumulation and Fatty Acid Composition of Soybean Seeds under Salt Stress in Response to Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid

greenhouse experiment with factorial arrangement based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted in 2015 to evaluate the effects of salicylic acid (SA) (1 mM) and jasmonic acid (JA) (0.5 mM) on oil accumulation and fatty acid composition of soybean oil (Glycine max L.) under salt stress (Non-saline, 4, 7, and 10 dS/m NaCl). Oil percentage of soybean seeds declined, while oil content per seed enhanced with increasing seed filling duration. Foliar application of SA improved oil content per soybean seed at different stages of development under all salinity levels. Although JA treatment enhanced seed oil percentage, oil yield of these plants decreased as a result of reduction in seed yield per plant. In contrast, the highest oil yield was recorded for SA treated plants, due to higher seed yield. Salinity had no significant effects on percentage of palmitic acid and stearic acid, but treatment with JA significantly reduced stearic acid percentage. Oleic acid content of seeds increased, but percentages of linoleic acid, linolenic acid and unsaturation index (UI) of soybean oil decreased with increasing salinity. Foliar application of SA and JA improved oil quality of soybean seeds by reducing oleic acid and enhancing linoleic acid, linolenic acid contents and UI. Exogenous application of SA had the most beneficial effects on soybean seeds due to enhancing oil yield and quality under saline and non-saline conditions.     

响应面法优化火麻仁油微胶囊喷雾干燥工艺的研究

为了制备包埋率高、稳定性好的火麻仁油微胶囊,拓展其在食品领域的应用范围,以火麻仁油为芯材、单双脂肪酸甘油酯为乳化剂、酪蛋白酸钠为壁材、固体玉米糖浆为填充剂、柠檬酸钠为缓冲盐、抗坏血酸棕榈酸钠为抗氧化剂,通过喷雾干燥法制备60%载油率的火麻仁油微胶囊,以微胶囊包埋率为响应值,在单因素实验的基础上,以干物浓度、进风温度、出风温度为实验因素,采用Box-Behnken响应面分析法进行优化。随后通过扫描电镜观察火麻仁油微胶囊表面形态结构,以确定包埋效果。并利用油脂氧化分析仪检测火麻仁油微胶囊的氧化稳定性。研究确定微胶囊的最佳工艺条件为：干物浓度42%、进风温度168 ℃、出风温度74 ℃,在此条件下制备得到的火麻仁油微胶囊包埋率可达92.15%。通过扫描电镜观察到火麻仁油微胶囊表面圆滑无裂痕,表明火麻仁油微胶囊包埋效果比较理想。经油脂氧化分析仪测定,与对照组（火麻仁油）相比,试验组（火麻仁油微胶囊）的氧化诱导期时间较长,能够达到30 h以上,说明通过对火麻仁油进行微胶囊包埋可以较大程度地提高油脂的稳定性。研究结果为火麻仁油在食品工业领域的开发和应用提供了理论支持。     

A high-oleic-acid and low-palmitic-acid soybean: agronomic performance and evaluation as a feedstock for biodiesel

Phenotypic characterization of soybean event 335-13, which possesses oil with an increased oleic acid content (> 85%) and reduced palmitic acid content (< 5%), was conducted across multiple environments during 2004 and 2005. Under these conditions, the stability of the novel fatty acid profile of the oil was not influenced by environment. Importantly, the novel soybean event 335-13 was not compromised in yield in both irrigated and non-irrigated production schemes. Moreover, seed characteristics, including total oil and protein, as well as amino acid profile, were not altered as a result of the large shift in the fatty acid profile. The novel oil trait was inherited in a simple Mendelian fashion. The event 335-13 was also evaluated as a feedstock for biodiesel. Extruded oil from event 335-13 produced a biodiesel with improved cold flow and enhanced oxidative stability, two critical fuel parameters that can limit the utility of this renewable transportation fuel.     

适温压榨牡丹籽油工艺优化及理化性质分析

为了提高压榨牡丹籽油产率及油品质量,并为进一步探索低温压榨牡丹籽油的可行性提供技术和理论基础,本实验应用Box-Behnken实验设计对适温压榨牡丹籽油提取工艺进行优化。结果表明,模型拟合程度高,实验误差小,最终得到适温压榨制备牡丹籽油最佳制备工艺为：压力4.6 MPa、进料速度1 600 g·min^-1、压榨温度73℃、含水率4.6%;所得最大出油率为23.11%,残油率为7.02%。经检测最佳制备条件提取的牡丹籽油不饱和脂肪酸的含量为90.36%,其中亚麻酸含量为40.71%、亚油酸含量为27.25%、油酸含量为22.40%、饱和脂肪酸中棕榈酸含量为7.23%、硬脂酸为1.60%。牡丹籽油酸价为2.61 mg·g^-1、过氧化值为1.56 mmol·kg^-1。所有检测结果均高于《中华人民共和国粮食行业标准LS/T 3242-2014》牡丹籽油中质量标准的要求。