分期结扎兔两侧颈总动脉及椎动脉侧支循环的观察

对颅内动脉瘤进行间接手术治疗吋,临床多采用颈总及颈内动脉或颈内动脉加颈外动脉结扎术。对颅内血管畸形施行外科治疗时也可采用颈动脉结扎术来改善症状。五官科治疗咽部大出血和鼻出血,以及联合治疗面部、口腔、鼻和副鼻窦恶性肿瘤时,也常采用单侧或双侧颈总动脉、颈外动脉或颈内动脉结扎手术,作为缓冲处置。治疗椎动脉、基底动脉瘤时也采用单侧或双侧椎动脉结扎术。根据在解剖上兔脑和人脑的血液供应有相似之处,它也由两侧颈内动脉及椎动脉获得血液,且于脑底形成大脑动脉环。因此,通过对     

川金丝猴冠状动脉的解剖

为了阐明金丝猴心脏冠状动脉的分支分布特征与血供情况,用血管铸型和组织透明方法观察了川金丝猴心脏左、右冠状动脉的分支分布情况。结果表明：川金丝猴心脏左冠状动脉分为前隆支和旋支。左缘支较粗,是前降支的主要分支,分支分布于左室侧壁和后壁的大部分。川金丝猴有单独的室间隔支,起于左冠状动脉前降支,供应室间隔的大部分。右冠状动脉分为动脉圆锥支、右室前支、右缘支及右室后支,其主干延续为后室间支。川金丝猴的前室间支由动脉圆锥支延续而来。冠状动脉在隔面的分布类型属均衡型。川金丝猴左心由左冠状动脉及其分支前降支和旋支提供营养,右心由右冠状动脉及其分支提供营养。     

树鼩(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)的脑底动脉环

用25只树鼩,从升主动脉灌注带色的橡胶乳液,在解剖显微镜下进行解剖观察,用目测微尺进行测量。大多数树鼩(22只)有完整的脑底动脉环。由左、右大脑前动脉向内侧各发一前交通动脉组成大脑前总动脉。前交通动脉口径为大脑前动脉的75～85％。后交通动脉口径与大脑后动脉相近,连于颈内动脉与大脑后动脉(基底动脉的分支)之间。测量了组成脑底动脉环有关动脉的口径。由于后交通动脉足够粗大,只有中断左、右颈总动脉和左、右椎动脉,才能造成全脑缺血。     

树qu（Tupaia belangeri chinensis）的脑底动脉环

用25只树qu,从升主动脉灌注带色的橡胶乳液,在解剖显微镜下进行解剖观察,用目测微尺进行测量。大多数树qu（22只）有完整的脑底动脉环。由左、右大脑前动脉向内侧各发一前交通动脉组成大脑前总动脉。前交通动脉口径为大脑前动脉的75-85%。后交通动脉口径与大脑后动脉相近,连于颈内动脉与大脑后动脉（基底动脉的分支）之间。测量了组成脑底动脉环有关动脉的口径。由于后交通动脉足够粗大,只有中断左、右颈总动脉和左、右椎动脉,才能造成全脑缺血。     

正常成人脑主要供血动脉的MSCT血管成像研究

目的:观测正常脑动脉多层螺旋CT血管成像(multi-slice spiral CT angiography,MSCTA)主要动脉的起始部内径、走行、形态及其分支的显示情况,为脑血管疾病的诊断提供参考资料.方法:选择40例健康体检者行全脑血管64层MSCTA检查,采用ADW4.2工作站测量各主要动脉起始部内径,观测其走行、形态和变异,并统计各级分支的显示率.结果:正常成人脑动脉常见的变异发生在组成脑底动脉环的大脑前动脉A1段、前后交通动脉及大脑后动脉起始段,以后交通动脉变异最大.颈内动脉末段、大脑前动脉A1段、大脑中动脉、大脑后动脉、眼动脉、前交通动脉、后交通动脉及脉络膜前动脉在MSCTA上的显示率分别为100%、95%、100%、100%、100%、92.5%、58.8%和72.5%.主要脑动脉起始部内径分别是:颈内动脉末段4.013±0.770 mm、大脑前动脉A1段2.709±0.877 mm、大脑中动脉3.498±0.640 mm、大脑后动脉2.025±0.608 mm、眼动脉1.640±0.334 mm、后交通动脉1.491±0.697mm及脉络膜前动脉1.460±0.483mm.结论:正常成人脑血管变异主要发生于脑底动脉环,脑血管直径与其供血范围及分布区血流动力学因素相关.     

自发性高血压鼠脑底动脉单胺能神经起源的观察——免疫组织化学法研究

应用免疫组织化学ＡＢＣ法和颈上神经节切除术,观察了１５只自发性高血压鼠（ＳＨＲ）（分手术Ⅰ组、手术Ⅱ组和对照组）脑底血管主要动脉单胺能神经纤维的起源。对照组自发性高血压鼠脑底主要动脉分支,大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉和大脑后动脉均可见棕褐色的免疫反应阳性纤维。手术Ⅰ组作左侧颈上神经节切除术,同侧大脑前动脉、大脑中劝脉和大脑后动脉的免疫反应阳性纤维明显减少,对侧各同部位血管的阳性纤维也有减少;手术Ⅱ组作双侧颈上神经节切除术,双侧大脑前动脉、大脑中动脉和大脑后动脉的免疫反应阳性纤维基本消失。结果提示：自发性高血压鼠脑血管一侧颈内动脉系各主要动脉分支的交感神经纤维,起源于双侧颈上神经节。讨论了颈上神经节切除对探讨高血压病的发病机理可能的作用。     

KF-3000脑循环分析仪

KF-3000脑循环分析仪是上海匡复医疗设备发展有限公司和复旦大学联合研究基础上开发的新一代的脑循环动力学检测与分析仪器。它通过无创检测颈动脉的血流速度、血液压力、血管管径和人体血压,以及颅内大脑两侧前、中、后动脉及椎动脉的血流速度,运用脑循环动力学模型和专用计算软件来计算分析反映脑循环功能状况的脑血管动力学参数。     

KF-3000脑循环分析仪

KF-3000脑循环分析仪是上海匡复医疗设备发展有限公司和复旦大学联合研究基础上开发的新一代的脑循环动力学检测与分析仪器。它通过无创检测颈动脉的血流速度、血液压力、血管管径和人体血压,以及颅内大脑两侧前、中、后动脉及椎动脉的血流速度,运用脑循环动力学模型和专用计算软件来计算分析反映脑循环功能状况的脑血管动力学参数。     

KF-3000脑循环分析仪

KF-3000脑循环分析仪是上海匡复医疗设备发展有限公司和复旦大学联合研究基础上开发的新一代的脑循环动力学检测与分析仪器。它通过无创检测颈动脉的血流速度、血液压力、血管管径和人体血压,以及颅内大脑两侧前、中、后动脉及椎动脉的血流速度,运用脑循环动力学模型和专用计算软件来计算分析反映脑循环功能状况的脑血管动力学参数。     

KF-3000脑循环分析仪

KF-3000脑循环分析仪是上海匡复医疗设备发展有限公司和复旦大学联合研究基础上开发的新一代的脑循环动力学检测与分析仪器。它通过无创检测颈动脉的血流速度、血液压力、血管管径和人体血压,以及颅内大脑两侧前、中、后动脉及椎动脉的血流速度．运用脑循环动力学模型和专用计算软件来计算分析反映脑循环功能状况的脑血管动力学参数。     

Anatomy of the arteries of the head in the domestic fowl

The anatomy of the cephalic arterial system in the fowl was studied in 24 specimens by means of latex-injected preparations and by dissection. Branches of the external carotid artery supply the extracranial regions. The vertebral arteries unite with the occipitals and have no major communications with the encephalic system. Blood can reach the brain directly from the internal carotid artery and indirectly by way of the extensive cerebral-extracranial anastomoses; especially prominent are those to the palatine and sphenomaxillary arteries from the maxillary and facial branches of the external carotid artery. A large external ophthalmic artery supplies the temporal rete and eye musculature, and an internal ophthalmic artery links the rete and the cerebral vessels. The circle of Willis is incomplete both anteriorly and posteriorly; the anterior cerebral arteries do not unite and the basilar artery is generally asymmetrical in origin. The basilar artery tapers caudally and is continued as the ventral spinal artery.     

Angiology of the brain of the baboon Papio ursinus, the vervet monkey Cercopithecus pygerithrus, and the bushbaby Galago senegalensis

The investigation was undertaken to compare the blood supply and venous drainage of the brain of the baboon P. ursinus, the vervet monkey C. pygerithrus, and the bushbaby G. senegalensis with that of man, because these animals are extensively used as research models. The blood supply of the three primates was found to be similar in each case. Like man they have a complete circulus arteriosus; but they have a single anterior cerebral artery, whereas man has paired anterior cerebral arteries. The arterial supply to the cerebellum in the primates is similar to that in man, the main difference being a "common inferior cerebellar artery" which bifurcates to form the anterior inferior cerebellar and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries. In man, these arteries arise separately from the basilar artery and vertebral arteries, respectively. The dural venous drainage was also found to be similar in these primates but was far more extensive than in man. The primates have additional sinuses--the more important of these being the "basisphenoid sinus" and the petrosquamous sinus. The former drains the basilar sinus and is itself drained via the vertebral venous plexus and internal jugular vein. The latter drains via the petrosquamous foramen into the retromandibular vein. The petrosquamous sinus has a rostral extension which drains through the foramen ovale and two lateral and medial connecting sinuses which drain the cavernous and basilar sinuses, respectively. These sinuses are not found in man.     

The vascularization of the human tela choroidea of the lateral ventricle

The human tela choroidea of the lateral ventricle is vascularized by arteries arising from the two systems which form the arterial circle of the base, i.e. the internal carotid system and the vertebral basilar system. This blood supply is given by one anterior choroidal artery and by several posterior choroidal arteries. These arteries anastomose to form multiple indirect and remote links between the carotid and vertebral basilar systems. The capillary networks of the tela choroidea of the lateral ventricle consists of a velar network and of a choroidal network. This duality is constantly observed in the choroid formations of the human brain. The venous vascularization of the tela is tributary of the venous circle of the base of the brain through choroidal veins that drain either into the internal cerebral veins or into the basal veins.     

Vascularization of the corpus callosum in humans

The blood supply of the corpus callosum is studied in 20 brains by injecting the vascular system with gelatinous Indian ink. The arterial vascularization derives mainly from the anterior cerebral arteries, accessed from the median artery of the corpus callosum or from the terminal and choroidal branches of the posterior cerebral arteries. The various arteries give off perforating branches which are direct or indirect, short, of middle length or long. All these arteries concentrate on the peripheral wall of the corpus callosum. Inside of it these various arteries give off numerous terminal and collateral branches running between the nervous fibres and forming a characteristic vascular network which nourishes the capillary network. The venous vascularization of the corpus callosum is tributary to the deep venous system of the brain and concentrates on the central wall of the commissure.     

A histochemical study of the innervation of the cerebral blood vessels in the domestic fowl

Summary Adrenergic and cholinergic nerves innervating the cerebral arteries of the domestic fowl were examined by specific histochemical techniques.The adrenergic nerve plexuses of the cerebral carotid system are markedly denser than those of other vertebrates observed by similar techniques. They form longitudinally elongated meshworks of fine fibres in the vascular wall of the arterial branches. Those innervating the vertebro-basilar system are less dense and more elongated, and, as the size of the artery diminishes, the fibres of the plexus become coarser. In the small pial and parenchymal arteries they are reduced to a few fibres running parallel to, or spiralling around the vascular axis.The cholinergic nerve plexuses are not as dense as the adrenergic system. The acetylcholinesterase activity is very weak, except in the plexuses innervating the cerebral carotid artery and the proximal portion of the anterior and posterior rami. In the vertebro-basilar system, a few thick nerve bundles run alongside the blood vessels of the vertebral and basilar arteries. Cholinergic nerves enter the cranial cavity along the internal carotid, the vertebral and possibly the cerebro-ethmoidal arteries.Intracerebral capillaries and some arterioles are not innervated with cholinergic and adrenergic fibres of peripheral origin, but with ones arising from parenchymal nerve cells.     

Thalamic arterial pattern: an endocast and scanning electron microscopic study in normotensive male rats

Rat cerebral vasculature serves as a model for study of the pathophysiology of stroke in humans. Human thalamic arteries show a high incidence of stroke. The objective is to describe the thalamic arterial vascular pattern in normotensive male rats as the initial step for quantitative histochemical studies of enzyme activities in the walls of these vessels. Intracardiac injections of methyl methacrylate monomer provide detailed vascular endocasts. The thalamic vascular bed defined by in situ dissection, serial reconstruction, and light and scanning electron microscopy of endocasts contained four groups of vessel: ventral medial thalamic arteries, thalamic branches from the posterior cerebral artery, and ventral lateral and ventral anterior thalamic arteries. Thalamic vessels are muscular arterioles that, after three to four bipinnate branches, feed into a continuous capillary bed (no loops). The parent vessels and their subsequent branches have been evaluated in terms of their mean internal diameters, mean interbranch intervals, and branch angles. The arterial patterns to rat and human thalami are very similar, with the exception of the anterior choroidal artery which is missing in the rat. The branches supplying the thalamus in both the rat and human are closely associated with the circle of Willis; however, the constituent parts of the circle in rat vary from the pattern in human brain. The rat thalamic arteries show morphological features similar to those seen in the stroke-prone ganglionic arteries in the human basal ganglia.     

Study of human cerebral blood flow by corrosion casts of the carotid system

20 corrosion casts of human anterior cerebral arteries and middle cerebral arteries were analyzed. In 588 vessel sections in between 2 bifurcations, the relation of vessel length and vessel diameter was investigated. Measurements were taken starting from the arterial trunk down to vessels with a diameter of 0.4 mm. The mean values of the lengths show that both the anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery can be grouped into 5 diameter ranges with significant different lengths. With decreasing diameter there are short vessels in the groups 1, 3 and 5 and long vessels in the groups 2 and 4. However, the long branches in the groups 2 and 4 of the middle cerebral artery are longer and thinner than in the anterior cerebral artery. Due to the higher pressure loss in thin and long vessels, blood pressure drop occurs earlier in the branches of the middle cerebral artery than in those of the anterior cerebral artery.     

Modelling the circle of Willis to assess the effects of anatomical variations and occlusions on cerebral flows

Blood flow in the circle of Willis (CoW) is modelled using the 1-D equations of pressure and flow wave propagation in compliant vessels. The model starts at the left ventricle and includes the largest arteries that supply the CoW. Based on published physiological data, it is able to capture the main features of pulse wave propagation along the aorta, at the brachiocephalic bifurcation and throughout the cerebral arteries. The collateral ability of the complete CoW and its most frequent anatomical variations is studied in normal conditions and after occlusion of a carotid or vertebral artery (VA). Our results suggest that the system does not require collateral pathways through the communicating arteries to adequately perfuse the brain of normal subjects. The communicating arteries become important in cases of missing or occluded vessels, the anterior communicating artery (ACoA) being a more critical collateral pathway than the posterior communicating arteries (PCoAs) if an internal carotid artery (ICA) is occluded. Occlusions of the VAs proved to be far less critical than occlusions of the ICAs. The worst scenario in terms of reduction in the mean cerebral outflows is a CoW without the first segment of an anterior cerebral artery combined with an occlusion of the contralateral ICA. Furthermore, in patients without any severe occlusion of a carotid or VA, the direction of flow measured at the communicating arteries corresponds to the side of the CoW with an absent or occluded artery. Finally, we study the effect of partial occlusions of the communicating arteries on the cerebral flows, which again confirms that the ACoA is a more important collateral pathway than the PCoAs if an ICA is occluded.     

Numerical simulations of the blood flow in the patient-specific arterial cerebral circle region

The Cerebral Circle Region, also known as the Circle of Willis (CoW), is a loop of arteries that form arterial connections between supply arteries to distribute blood throughout the cerebral mass. Among the population, only 25% to 50% have a complete system of arteries forming the CoW. 3D time-varying simulations for three different patient-specific artery anatomies of CoW were performed in order to gain a better insight into the phenomena existing in the cerebral blood flow. The models reconstructed on the basis of computer tomography images start from the aorta and include the largest arteries that supply the CoW and the arteries of CoW. Velocity values measured during the ultrasound examination have been compared with the results of simulations. It is shown that the flow in the right anterior artery in some cases may be supplied from the left internal carotid artery via the anterior communicating artery. The investigations conducted show that the computational fluid dynamic tool, which provides high resolution in both time and space domains, can be used to support physicians in diagnosing patients of different ages and various anatomical arterial structures.