Reciprocal regulation between the negative regulator PP2CG1 phosphatase and the positive regulator OST1 kinase confers cold response in Arabidopsis

Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation have been reported to play important roles in plant cold responses. In addition, phospho-regulatory feedback is a conserved mechanism for biological processes and stress responses in animals and plants. However, it is less well known that a regulatory feedback loop is formed by the protein kinase and the protein phosphatase in plant responses to cold stress. Here, we report that OPEN STOMATA 1 (OST1) and PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE 2C G GROUP 1 (PP2CG1) reciprocally regulate the activity during the cold stress response. The interaction of PP2CG1 and OST1 is inhibited by cold stress, which results in the release of OST1 at the cytoplasm and nucleus from suppression by PP2CG1. Interestingly, cold-activated OST1 phosphorylates PP2CG1 to suppress its phosphatase activity, thereby amplifying cold signaling in plants. Mutations of PP2CG1 and its homolog PP2CG2 enhance freezing tolerance, whereas overexpression of PP2CG1 decreases freezing tolerance. Moreover, PP2CG1 negatively regulates protein levels of C-REPEAT BINDING FACTORs (CBFs) under cold stress. Our results uncover a phosphor/dephosphor-regulatory feedback loop mediated by PP2CG1 phosphatase and OST1 protein kinase in plant cold responses.     

丛枝菌根真菌调控根系构型与矿质元素平衡提高西瓜植株耐盐性的研究

丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM）真菌可通过多种途径或机制来增强植物的耐盐性,进而促进植株的生长发育。本研究在盆栽条件下设西瓜Citrullus lanatus品种‘京欣四号’幼苗接种变形球囊霉Glomus versiforme和不接种以及施加和不施加100mmol/L NaCl共4个处理,测定植株根系菌根侵染状况、根系构型及其根茎叶中钾（K）、钙（Ca）、磷（P）、钠（Na）含量、K⁺/Na⁺、Ca²⁺/Na和植株生长状况等。AM真菌显著增加了盐胁迫下西瓜植株总根长度、根表面积、根体积和根尖数量,改善了根系构型;促进了西瓜根系对K、Ca和P的吸收,提高了茎Ca和P含量、根系K和P含量、K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺,而降低了根Na⁺含量;茎P和Na⁺、叶K和Ca的含量显著高于其他器官相应含量。典范对应分析表明,根系K含量、K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺与总根长度、主根长度、根表面积、根体积、根尖数量、根平均直径呈正相关;叶K⁺/Na⁺与主根长度呈正相关;根系Na⁺含量与根系总根长、根平均直径和根尖数量呈负相关。接种AM真菌改善了矿质元素平衡及其分配状况。盐胁迫后西瓜植株对菌根的依赖性增强。结果表明,K、Ca、P是AM真菌介导植物耐盐性的关键养分;K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺是重要的矿质元素平衡指标,接种AM真菌能调控植物根系构型和矿质元素平衡状况,从而缓解盐胁迫对西瓜生长的抑制作用,提高植株的耐盐性。     

疏叶骆驼刺适应盐渍生境的离子分布、吸收和运输特征

以塔里木盆地南缘关键物种疏叶骆驼刺为材料,研究了不同盐渍土壤生境(轻度盐渍土、中度盐渍土、重度盐渍土)下其器官间Na⁺、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的分布、吸收及运输特征,以探讨疏叶骆驼刺对自然盐渍生境的适应特性.结果表明: 在轻度和中度盐渍土生境,Na⁺在各器官中的分布规律为茎≈刺>叶>根,而在重度盐渍土生境,Na⁺分布规律为叶>茎≈刺>根;Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺在疏叶骆驼刺体内的分布规律为叶>刺>茎>根.随着土壤含盐量的增加,疏叶骆驼刺体内各器官Na⁺含量都增大,而叶片中K⁺含量呈下降趋势;根和叶器官中K⁺/Na⁺值明显降低,各器官中Ca²⁺/Na⁺、Mg²⁺/Na⁺值都降低.盐渍生境下,疏叶骆驼刺体内Ca²⁺选择性运输系数和Mg²⁺选择性运输系数均为茎-叶>茎-刺>根-茎.疏叶骆驼刺为适应盐渍生境,在土壤含盐量较低时,将Na⁺聚集于茎和刺;而在土壤含盐量较高时,则将Na⁺聚集于叶片.此外,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺可能是疏叶骆驼适应盐渍生境的无机渗透调节物质.     

外生菌根真菌通过调节离子平衡提高蒙古栎耐盐性

为探究盐胁迫对蒙古栎生长的影响以及外生菌根真菌(ECMF)对蒙古栎离子平衡的调节作用,对蒙古栎幼苗接种4种ECMF(铆钉菇、褐环乳牛肝菌、厚环粘盖牛肝菌和美味牛肝菌)后,以1年生非菌根化与菌根化幼苗为试验材料,进行36 d的NaCl胁迫(0、100、200、300 mmol·L^-1)处理,分析幼苗的菌根特征、生长量、叶伤害症状、叶片电解质渗透率及含水量、根茎叶离子含量的变化特征。结果表明: 4种ECMF均能与蒙古栎建立共生体系,菌根化幼苗的根系较非菌根化幼苗粗壮。盐胁迫下,蒙古栎幼苗的生长受到抑制并出现焦叶症状,其叶片质膜损伤和失水程度随盐胁迫浓度升高而加重。低盐胁迫时(100 mmol·L^-1),蒙古栎优先将Na⁺积累在根和茎中,中高浓度盐胁迫下(200～300 mmol·L^-1),根成为积累Na⁺的首要器官。ECMF通过增加根部的Na⁺水平和减少茎、叶的Na⁺积累,加强对K⁺和Ca²⁺的吸收以提高K⁺/Na⁺和Ca²⁺/Na⁺,进而调节蒙古栎的离子平衡。4种ECMF对蒙古栎盐毒害的缓解作用存在差异,铆钉菇作用效果最好,褐环乳牛肝菌次之,厚环粘盖牛肝菌和美味牛肝菌的作用相对较小。     

盐胁迫下菊芋根系脱落酸对钠离子转运和光系统Ⅱ的影响

通过根系施加脱落酸(ABA)合成抑制剂钨酸钠,研究盐胁迫(150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl)下菊芋根系ABA信号对根系Na⁺转运、叶片Na⁺积累和光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的影响。结果表明:钨酸钠抑制盐胁迫下根系ABA合成,降低根系Na⁺外排,提高根系Na⁺向叶片的转运系数。盐胁迫增加叶片Na⁺含量,没有影响叶片膜脂过氧化、PSⅡ反应中心蛋白合成和PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)。根系ABA合成受抑制,显著增加盐胁迫下叶片Na⁺积累,加剧叶片膜脂过氧化,损伤PSⅡ反应中心蛋白,显著降低F_v/F_m,诱发PSⅡ光抑制。总之,盐胁迫下菊芋根系ABA信号诱导根系Na⁺外排,抑制Na⁺向地上部转运,有利于减少叶片Na⁺积累,防御PSⅡ氧化损伤。     

Simulation analysis of intracellular Na+ and Cl- homeostasis during beta 1-adrenergic stimulation of cardiac myocyte

To quantitatively understand intracellular Na⁺ and Cl⁻ homeostasis as well as roles of Na⁺/K⁺ pump and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator Cl⁻ channel (I_CFTR) during the β1-adrenergic stimulation in cardiac myocyte, we constructed a computer model of β1-adrenergic signaling and implemented it into an excitation-contraction coupling model of the guinea-pig ventricular cell, which can reproduce membrane excitation, intracellular ion changes (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺ and Cl⁻), contraction, cell volume, and oxidative phosphorylation. An application of isoproterenol to the model cell resulted in the shortening of action potential duration (APD) after a transient prolongation, the increases in both Ca²⁺ transient and cell shortening, and the decreases in both Cl⁻ concentration and cell volume. These results are consistent with experimental data. Increasing the density of I_CFTR shortened APD and augmented the peak amplitudes of the L-type Ca²⁺ current (I_CaL) and the Ca²⁺ transient during the β1-adrenergic stimulation. This indirect inotropic effect was elucidated by the increase in the driving force of I_CaL via a decrease in plateau potential. Our model reproduced the experimental data demonstrating the decrease in intracellular Na⁺ during the β-adrenergic stimulation at 0 or 0.5 Hz electrical stimulation. The decrease is attributable to the increase in Na⁺ affinity of Na⁺/K⁺ pump by protein kinase A. However it was predicted that Na⁺ increases at higher beating rate because of larger Na⁺ influx through forward Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange. It was demonstrated that dynamic changes in Na⁺ and Cl⁻ fluxes remarkably affect the inotropic action of isoproterenol in the ventricular myocytes.     

新疆典型盐生植物营养器官盐分积累与生态化学计量特征

对盐生植物体内器官盐分积累和碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征的研究, 有助于了解盐生植物养分、盐分的分配机制和其对盐渍环境的适应策略。该文选择新疆4种典型的真盐生植物(3种灌木植物: 盐节木(Halocnemum strobilaceum)、小叶碱蓬(Suaeda microphylla)、盐爪爪(Kalidium foliatum), 1种草本植物: 盐角草(Salicornia europaea)为研究对象, 对比研究了它们的根、茎、叶中的盐分积累和C、N、P化学计量特征以及二者间的相关性。结果显示: 1)在生长旺盛期, 4种盐生植物体内盐分积累可形成“盐岛”效应(Na⁺、Cl^-和电导率随盐离子从植物根部向顶端运输过程呈显著增加的趋势)。2) 4种盐生植物中灌木群落的生长主要受到P的限制; 草本群落的生长受N和P (偏P)共同限制。3)器官、物种和二者的交互作用均能影响盐生植物的盐分(除Mg²⁺外)特征和C、N、P生态化学计量特征。4) 4种盐生植物C与N、P之间显著负相关, N与P之间显著正相关。5)盐生植物体内总盐分、Na⁺和K⁺与N、N:P之间呈显著正相关关系, 与C、C:N、C:P之间呈显著负相关关系, 而K⁺和CO₃^2-与P之间却显著正相关。盐生植物体内盐分和养分在应对盐渍环境上存在一定的相互促进关系, 增施N肥有助于盐生植物对氯化物盐渍土的脱盐。这些发现为了解盐渍生境中盐生植物的生理生态适应及盐渍土的改良提供一定的理论依据。     

Salt accumulation in vegetative organs and ecological stoichiometry characteristics in typical halophytes in Xinjiang,China

AimsStudying salt accumulation in vegetative organs and carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) stoichiometry in halophytes contributes to understand the adaptive strategy to saline environment and the distribution mechanism of nutrients and salinity of the halophytes.MethodsFour typical dominant species, including three perennial shrubs (Halocnemum strobilaceum, Suaeda microphylla and Kalidium foliatum) and an annual herb (Salicornia europaea) were selected for analyzing the salt accumulation and C, N, P stoichiometry relationships.Important findings 1) The salt accumulation showed “salt island” effect at peak growing stage; Na⁺, Cl^- and electrical conductivity all showed significant positive trends, when salt ions were transported from the root to the shoot of 4 halophytes. 2) P was the limiting growth element of perennial shrubs, while both N and P were limiting factors for the annual herb. 3) Different organs, species and their interactions affected C, N, P stoichiometry and salt icons except Mg²⁺. 4) C was negatively correlated with N and P, but there was a significant positive correlation between N and P. 5) Electrical conductivity, Na⁺and K⁺ were positively correlated with N, N:P ratio, and negatively correlated with C, C:N and C:P ratios, and yet K⁺, CO₃^2- had significant positive correlation with P. These results implied that there were some kind of mutual promoting relationships between nutrients and salinity in halophytes in the saline environment, and fertilizing with N could promote sodium chloride desalination.     

新疆胀果甘草幼苗耐盐性及对NaCl胁迫的离子响应

以盐碱荒漠草甸药用植物胀果甘草(Glycyrrhiza inflata)为材料, 采用水培法研究了盐处理(50、100、200、300 mmol·L^-1NaCl) 28天后幼苗株高、生物量、含水量、根粗、甘草酸含量和不同器官的离子含量及离子的选择吸收、运输能力, 并对丙二醛、脯氨酸含量进行测定, 以确定其耐盐范围及耐盐方式。结果表明, 低盐浓度对胀果甘草幼苗生长无显著影响, 只有较高盐浓度(≥200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl)使幼苗总生物量、株高、甘草酸含量显著降低; 根据耐盐系数与盐浓度的拟合方程, 确定适宜幼苗生长的盐浓度范围为0-278.17 mmol·L^-1。随盐浓度上升, 植株选择性吸收K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺, 而抑制Na⁺进入体内, 幼苗对进入植株体内的Na⁺在不同盐浓度下采取了不同的分配策略, 低盐浓度下(0-100 mmol·L^-1), 植株体内Na⁺主要积累在根中, 避免了叶中Na⁺的过多积累, 其盐适应机制以耐盐方式为主; 高盐浓度下(≥200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl), Na⁺主要积累在下部叶, 并通过叶片脱落的方式带走体内的盐分, 其盐适应机制以避盐方式为主。盐胁迫下, 幼苗能促进K⁺而抑制Na⁺向上部叶的运输, 使上部叶拒Na喜K, 维持了较高的K⁺/Na⁺比值, 有利于幼苗生长; 同时, 地下根系能通过积累Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和合成脯氨酸、甘草酸, 以提高渗透调节能力, 缓解Na⁺毒害, 使根的生长不受影响, 有利于保证幼苗在盐环境中吸收维持生长的必要养分, 这是胀果甘草幼苗具有较强耐盐性的原因。以上结果说明, 胀果甘草幼苗通过对盐离子的吸收和运输调控、离子区域化和渗透调节, 以耐盐和避盐两种方式适应盐碱荒漠环境。     

Overexpression of CmSOS1 confers waterlogging tolerance in Chrysanthemum

正Plants experiencing hypoxia (a shortage of oxygen)are unable to maintain aerobic respiration, which leads to an energy and carbohydrate deficit. The pervasive and rapid accumulation of ethylene is an early and reliable response to hypoxic stress(Sasidharan and Voesenek 2015), producing an uptick in the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS).This in turn triggers apoptosis in root cortex cells,eventually leading to the formation of lysigenous aerenchyma, a tissue from which ethylene is readily     

Responses of apical ion fluxes to NaCl stress in Elaeagnus angustifolia seedlings

Aims Elaeagnus angustifolia is one of the most salt-tolerant species. The objective of this study was to understand the mechanisms of ion transporation in E. angustifolia exposed to different salt concentrations through manipulations of K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis.
Methods Seedlings of two variants of the species, Yinchuan provenance (YC, salt-sensitive type) and the Alaer provenance (ALE, salt-tolerant type), were treated with three different NaCl application modes, and the ion fluxes in the apical regions were measured using non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT). In mode 1, Na⁺ and K⁺ fluxes were measured after 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress lasted for 24 h. In mode 2, K⁺ and H⁺ fluxes were quantified with a transient stimulation of NaCl solution. In mode 3, Amiloride (Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters inhibitor) and tetraethylammonium (TEA, K⁺ channel inhibitor) was used to treat apical regions of E. angustifolia seedlings after NaCl stress for 24 h, respectively.
Important findings Under NaCl stress for 24 h, net effluxes of Na⁺ and K⁺ were increased significantly. The net Na⁺ effluxes of YC provenance seedlings (720 pmol·cm^-2•s^-1) were lower than that of ALE provenance (912 pmol·cm^-2·s^-1), but the net K⁺ efflux was higher in YC provenance. Under the instantaneous NaCl stimulation, net K⁺ efflux was remarkably increased, with the net K⁺ efflux of YC provenance always higher than that of ALE provenance. Interestingly, H⁺ at the apical regions was found from influx to efflux, with the net H⁺ efflux of ALE provenance greater than that of the YC provenance. Under the NaCl and NaCl + Amiloride treatment, the net Na⁺ efflux of ALE provenance seedlings was higher than that of YC provenance, while the net K⁺ efflux was less in ALE provenance seedlings. On the other hand, the differences in net Na⁺ and K⁺ effluxes were insignificant between the two provenances under the control group and NaCl + TEA treatment. In conclusion, NaCl stress caused Na⁺ accumulation and K⁺ outflows of E. angustifolia seedlings; The E. angustifolia seedlings utilize Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters to reduce Na⁺ accumulation by excretion; and the maintenance of K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis in salt-tolerant E. angustifolia provenance seedlings roots accounted for a greater Na⁺ extrusion and a lower K⁺ efflux under NaCl stress. Results from this study provide a theoretical basis for further exploring salt-tolerant E. angustifolia germplasm resource.     

盐胁迫下外源褪黑素和Ca2+对甜瓜幼苗的缓解效应

以甜瓜品种‘羊角酥瓜’为试材,利用人工气候室控制环境条件(昼/夜25/18 ℃),研究盐胁迫条件下外源褪黑素(MT)和Ca²⁺对甜瓜幼苗根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺离子含量,Na⁺/K⁺、 Na⁺/Ca²⁺、Na⁺/Mg²⁺值,以及H⁺-ATP酶活性、渗透调节物质积累和细胞膜质过氧化的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,盐胁迫处理显著抑制甜瓜幼苗生长,增加根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,降低K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量.盐胁迫下,喷施外源MT或Ca²⁺处理均可以显著降低甜瓜根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,提高K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量,植株体内Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺和 Na⁺/Mg²⁺值下降;同时也提高了根系和叶片H⁺-ATP酶活性及叶片渗透调节物质的含量,降低盐胁迫对细胞膜的伤害,表现在甜瓜叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量降低.总之,在盐胁迫条件下,外源MT、Ca²⁺单独和复配处理均可通过提高H⁺-ATP酶活性来降低盐害离子的含量,改善甜瓜幼苗中的离子平衡,同时增加渗透调节物质的含量,降低膜质过氧化水平,从而增强其对盐胁迫的适应性,其中MT和Ca²⁺复配处理时的效果更好.复配外施 MT 和Ca²⁺在诱导甜瓜幼苗提高耐盐方面具有协同增效作用.     

Eco-physiological responses of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) to salt and alkali stresses

AimsEffects of salt and alkali stresses (NaCl-Na₂SO₄ and NaHCO₃-Na₂CO₃) were compared on growth, photosynthesis characters, ionic balance and osmotic adjustment of linseed (Linum usitatissimum), to elucidate the mechanisms of salt and alkali stress (high pH value) damage to plants, and their physiological adaptive mechanisms to the stresses. MethodsThe experiment was carried out in an artificial greenhouse. Plants grew at approximately 700 mmol·m^-2·s^-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in greenhouse under photoperiod of 15 h in light and 9 h in dark. In each plastic pot (17 cm diameter) which contained 2.5 kg of washed sand, 20 linseed seeds were sown. The seedlings were exposed to stresses lasting 14 days after 2 months.Important findingsThe inhibitory effects of alkali stress on linseed growth were more remarkable than those of salt stress, indicating that alkali and salt represent two distinct forms of stress. The alkali stress increased the Na⁺ content in shoots, damaged the photosynthetic system, and highly reduced the net photosynthetic rate and C assimilation capacity. Under salinity stress, the Na⁺ content increased, the K⁺ content decreased with increasing stress. Greater changes were observed under alkali than under salt stress. Alkali stress caused the massive influx of Na⁺, which probably explained that the harmful of alkali stress on plants was stronger than that of salt stress. Under alkali stress, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ decreased in roots, showing that high pH value around roots hindered the absorption of them. Fe²⁺ and Zn²⁺ had little effects on the osmotic adjustment, mainly because of they had a low ion content. Under salt stress, anion increased in order to balance the sharp increase of Na⁺. However, alkali stress made severe deficit of negative charge, broke the intracellular ionic balance and pH homeostasis, and caused a series of strain response. Our results showed that linseed enhanced the synthesis of soluble sugars to balance massive influx of Na⁺ under salt stress, but linseed enhanced the synthesis of organic acids to compensate for the shortage of inorganic anions, which might be a key pathway for the pH adjustment. In conclusion, the alkali stress (high pH value) clearly inhibited the growth, element absorption, ion homeostasis reconstruction of plants. Organic acid concentration is possibly a key adaptive factor for linseed to maintain intracellular ion balance and regulate high pH value under alkali stress.     

盐胁迫下外源褪黑素和Ca2+对甜瓜幼苗的缓解效应

以甜瓜品种‘羊角酥瓜’为试材,利用人工气候室控制环境条件(昼/夜25/18 ℃),研究盐胁迫条件下外源褪黑素(MT)和Ca²⁺对甜瓜幼苗根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺离子含量,Na⁺/K⁺、 Na⁺/Ca²⁺、Na⁺/Mg²⁺值,以及H⁺-ATP酶活性、渗透调节物质积累和细胞膜质过氧化的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,盐胁迫处理显著抑制甜瓜幼苗生长,增加根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,降低K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量.盐胁迫下,喷施外源MT或Ca²⁺处理均可以显著降低甜瓜根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,提高K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量,植株体内Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺和 Na⁺/Mg²⁺值下降;同时也提高了根系和叶片H⁺-ATP酶活性及叶片渗透调节物质的含量,降低盐胁迫对细胞膜的伤害,表现在甜瓜叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量降低.总之,在盐胁迫条件下,外源MT、Ca²⁺单独和复配处理均可通过提高H⁺-ATP酶活性来降低盐害离子的含量,改善甜瓜幼苗中的离子平衡,同时增加渗透调节物质的含量,降低膜质过氧化水平,从而增强其对盐胁迫的适应性,其中MT和Ca²⁺复配处理时的效果更好.复配外施 MT 和Ca²⁺在诱导甜瓜幼苗提高耐盐方面具有协同增效作用.     

亚麻响应盐、碱胁迫的生理特征

利用中性盐NaCl、Na₂SO₄和碱性盐NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃混合模拟不同强度的盐、碱胁迫条件, 对亚麻(Linum usitatissimum)进行14天胁迫处理, 测定其地上部分和根生长速率、光合特征、离子平衡及有机渗透调节物质积累, 以探讨亚麻对盐、碱两种胁迫的生理响应特点。研究表明: 亚麻生长对盐、碱胁迫的响应存在差异, 在相同盐浓度下, 碱胁迫对亚麻的伤害大于盐胁迫。碱胁迫使地上部分中Na⁺浓度急剧增高, 造成叶绿体破坏、光合色素含量下降, 光合能力及碳同化能力也急剧下降。亚麻中Na⁺含量随着胁迫强度的增加而升高, 而K⁺含量呈下降趋势, 碱胁迫下的变化明显大于盐胁迫。因此, 碱胁迫导致Na⁺过度积累可能是碱胁迫对植物伤害大于盐胁迫的最主要原因。碱胁迫下Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺在根中下降明显, 可见高pH值阻碍根对Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的吸收。Fe²⁺和Zn²⁺对渗透调节的影响不大, 因为它们的离子含量较低。盐胁迫促进阴离子(Cl^-、H₂PO₄^-和SO₄^2-)的积累来平衡大量涌入的Na⁺, 但是碱胁迫明显减少无机阴离子含量, 可能造成严重营养胁迫(如P和S不足)。亚麻在盐胁迫下积累大量可溶性糖来平衡大量的Na⁺, 但碱胁迫下积累大量有机酸来维持细胞内离子平衡和pH值稳定, 碱胁迫大量积累的有机酸也可能被分泌到根外调节根外的pH值, 这说明亚麻对两种不同胁迫的响应方式不同。研究证明高pH值会直接影响植物根系的生长发育, 影响植物矿质元素的吸收, 阻碍离子稳态重建, 有机酸代谢是亚麻碱胁迫下的关键适应机制。     

The sodium cycle. II. Na-coupled oxidative phosphorylation in Vibrio alginolyticus cells

The role of Na⁺ in Vibrio alginolyticus oxidative phosphorylation has been studied. It has been found that the addition of a respiratory substrate, lactate, to bacterial cells exhausted in endogenous pools of substrates and ATP has a strong stimulating effect on oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis. Phosphorylation is found to be sensitive to anaerobiosis as well as to HQNO, an agent inhibiting the Na⁺-motive respiratory chain of V. alginolyticus. Na⁺ loaded cells incubated in a K⁺ or Li⁺ medium fail to synthesize ATP in response to lactate addition. The addition of Na⁺ at a concentration comparable to that inside the cell is shown to abolish the inhibiting effect of the high intracellular Na⁺ level. Neither lactate oxidation nor Δω generation coupled with this oxidation is increased by external Na⁺ in the Na⁺-loaded cells. It is concluded that oxidative ATP synthesis in V. alginolyticus cells is inhibited by the artificially imposed reverse ΔPNa, i.e., [Na⁺]_in > [Na⁺]_out. Oxidative phosphorylation is resistant to a protonophorous uncoupler (0.1 mM CCCP) in the K⁺-loaded cells incubated in a high Na⁺ medium, i.e., when ΔpNa of the proper direction ([Na⁺]_in < [Na⁺]_out) is present. The addition of monensin in the presence of CCCP completely arrests the ATP synthesis. Monensin without CCCP is ineffective. Oxidative phosphorylation in the same cells incubated in a high K⁺ medium (ΔpNa is low) is decreased by CCCP even without monensin. Artificial formation of ΔpNa by adding 0.25 M NaCl to the K⁺-loaded cells (Na⁺ pulse) results in a temporary increase in the ATP level which spontaneously decreases again within a few minutes. Na⁺ pulse-induced ATP synthesis is completely abolished by monensin and is resistant to CCCP, valinomycin and HQNO. 0.05 M NaCl increases the ATP level only slightly. Thus, V. alginolyticus cells at alkaline pH represent the first example of an oxidative phosphorylation system which uses Na⁺ instead of H⁺ as the coupling ion.     

Modification of isolated subunit c of the F1F0-ATPase from Propionigenium modestum by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

Subunit c of the F₁F₀-ATPase from Propionigenium modestum was extracted from the particulate cell fraction with chloroform/methanol. The protein was further purified by carboxymethyl cellulose chromatography and anion exchange HPLC in the organic solvent. SDS-PAGE of the purified protein indicated a single stained protein band migrating as expected for the c-subunit. Incubation of isolated subunit c in chlorform/methanol or aqueous buffer containing dodecyl-β- -maltoside with [¹⁴C]dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) resulted in the incorporation of radioactivity into the protein. The rate of this reaction depended on the external pH; it was significantly faster in the more acidic than in the alkaline pH range. In the presence of Na⁺ subunit c was partially protected from labeling with [¹⁴C]DCCD at pH 6.1 and at pH 7.5, whereas no protection was evident at pH 5.5. At pH 7.5, the rate of subunit c labeling by [¹⁴C]DCCD in the presence of 20 mM NaCl was about 50% lower than in the absence of Na⁺ ions. The isolated c-subunit therefore apparently retains in part the Na⁺ binding site which, when occupied, diminishes the reactivity of the protein towards DCCD.     

Relative membrane permeability and activities of some antioxidant enzymes as the key determinants of salt tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.)

In order to determine whether cell membrane permeability, activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POX) and K⁺ vs. Na⁺ selectivity could be used as effective selection criteria for salt tolerance in canola (Brassica napus L.) four lines, Dunkled, CON-III, Rainbow and Cyclone were subjected to non-saline (control) or saline (150 mM NaCl) conditions for 30 d in hydroponics. Cultivar Dunkled was the highest and cv. Cyclone the lowest, whereas both CON-III and Rainbow the intermediate in shoot and root masses. Relative membrane permeability (RMP) was recorded to be the lowest in salt-tolerant Dunkled, whereas the reverse was true in salt-sensitive Cyclone. RMP was found to be associated with the activities of antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT and POX determined in the present study, the activities of these enzymes being highest in cv. Dunkled and lowest in cv. Cyclone, whereas intermediate in the other two lines. Since the lines did not differ significantly for shoot K⁺/Na⁺ ratios and shoot K⁺ vs. Na⁺ selectivity, these traits did not prove to be good indicators of salt tolerance in the canola lines examined. Overall relative cell membrane permeability and activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and POX) proved to be very effective in discriminating the canola cultivars for salt tolerance.