Glycinebetaine-induced modulation of antioxidant enzymes activities and ion accumulation in two wheat cultivars differing in salt tolerance

Modulation of water relations, activities of antioxidant enzymes and ion accumulation was assessed in the plants of two wheat cultivars S-24 (salt tolerant) and MH-97 (moderately salt sensitive) subjected to saline conditions and glycinebetaine (GB) applied foliarly. Different levels of GB, i.e., 0 (unsprayed), 50 and 100 mM (in 0.10% Tween-20 solution) were applied to the wheat plants at the vegetative growth stage. Leaf water potential, leaf osmotic potential and turgor potential were decreased due to salt stress. Salt stress increased the Na⁺ and Cl⁻ accumulation coupled with a decrease in K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the leaves and roots of both cultivars thereby decreasing tissue K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios. Furthermore, salt stress decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), whereas it increased the activities of catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) in both wheat cultivars. However, accumulation of GB in the leaves of both wheat cultivars was consistently increased with an increase in concentration of exogenous GB application under both non-saline and saline conditions. Accumulation of Na⁺ was decreased with an increase in K⁺ accumulation upon a consistent increase in GB accumulation under salt stress conditions thereby resulting in better K⁺/Na⁺ and Ca²⁺/Na⁺ ratios in the leaves and roots. High accumulation of GB and K⁺ mainly contributed to osmotic adjustment, which is one of the factors known to be responsible for improving growth and yield under salt stress. The activities of all antioxidant enzymes, SOD, CAT and POD were enhanced by GB application in cv. MH-97 under saline conditions, whereas all these except SOD were reduced in cv. S-24. It is likely that both applied GB and intrinsic SOD scavenged ROS in the tolerant cultivar thereby resulting into low activities of CAT and POD enzymes under salt stress. In conclusion, the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat can be alleviated by the exogenous application of 100 mM GB by modulating activities of antioxidant enzymes and changes in water relations and ion homeostasis. Furthermore, effectiveness of GB application on regulation of activities of antioxidant enzymes was found to be cultivar-specific.     

野皂荚对NaCl胁迫的生理响应及耐盐性

以盆栽野皂荚2年生实生苗为材料,设置土壤NaCl含量分别为0.053%（CK）、0.15%、0.3%、0.45%和0.6%的盐胁迫处理,研究不同浓度盐处理对苗木生长、细胞膜透性、细胞保护酶活性以及Na⁺和K⁺分布格局的影响,探讨了其耐盐阈值和机理.结果表明：随着NaCl浓度增加,苗木生长量逐渐降低,盐害指数逐渐升高;野皂荚可忍耐的土壤含盐量为0.42%.随着NaCl浓度增加,叶片相对电导率、氧自由基产生速率和丙二醛(MDA)含量均逐渐增大;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈先上升后下降的变化趋势,在土壤含盐量0.3%或0.45%时达到峰值;高盐胁迫下,SOD、POD和CAT活性的增强可及时清除盐胁迫产生的氧自由基,进而缓解或避免膜脂过氧化作用对组织细胞的伤害.盐胁迫下根、茎、叶的Na⁺含量均逐渐增大,且呈现根>叶>茎的分布格局;K⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺呈下降趋势,呈现叶>根>茎的分布格局;K⁺-Na⁺选择性运输系数(S_K⁺·Na⁺)随着土壤含盐量的增加逐渐升高,且叶S_K⁺·Na⁺高于茎S_K⁺·Na⁺.野皂荚耐盐机制是根系拒盐和叶片耐盐;盐胁迫下,根系Na⁺累积能力增强可控制Na⁺向地上运输以避免盐害发生,叶片K⁺选择性吸收和累积能力的显著提高可忍耐和补偿Na⁺对组织的伤害.     

Hyperbaric oxygen treatment: the influence on the hippocampal superoxide dismutase and Na+,K+-ATPase activities in global cerebral ischemia-exposed rats

The influence of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment on the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase was determined during different time periods of reperfusion in rats exposed to global cerebral ischemia. Ischemic animals were either sacrificed or exposed to the first HBO treatment 2, 24, 48 or 168 h after ischemic insult (for SOD activities measurement) or immediately, 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 24, 48, 72 or 168 h after ischemic procedure (for Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activities measurement). Hyperbaric oxygenation procedure was repeated for seven consecutive days. The results of presented experiments demonstrated the statistically significant increase in the hippocampal SOD activity 24 and 48 h after global cerebral ischemia followed by a decrease in the enzymatic activity 168 h after ischemic insult. In the ischemic rats treated with HBO the level of hippocampal SOD activity was significantly higher after 168 h of reperfusion in comparison to the ischemic, non HBO-treated animals. In addition, it was found that global cerebral ischemia induced a statistically significant decrease of the hippocampal Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity starting from 1 to 168 h of reperfusion. Maximal enzymatic inhibition was obtained 24 h after the ischemic damage. Decline in Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity was prevented in the animals exposed to HBO treatment within the first 24 h of reperfusion. Our results suggest that global cerebral ischemia induces significant alterations in the hippocampal SOD and Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activities during different periods of reperfusion. Enhanced SOD activity and preserved Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase activity within particular periods of reperfusion, could be indicators of a possible benefitial role of HBO treatment in severe brain ischemia.     

Homeoviscous adaptation and its effect upon membrane-bound proteins

Synaptic membranes of goldfish showed compensatory adjustments in fluidity when the fish were acclimated to high or low temperature. This was associated with changes in the thermal stability of the synaptic (Na⁺+K⁺) ATPase at high inactivating temperatures. The importance of membrane fluidity to the structural stability of membrane-bound enzymes was supported by the labilising effects of the fluidising anaesthetic, n-hexanol, upon the (Na⁺+K⁺) ATPase. These results indicate that homeoviscous adaptation elicits adaptive changes in the (Na⁺+K⁺) ATPase.     

NaCl胁迫对4种豆科树种幼苗生长和K+、Na+含量的影响

以合欢、刺槐、国槐和皂荚4种豆科树种盆栽实生幼苗为试验材料,研究了NaCl胁迫下4个树种幼苗的生长、耐盐临界浓度和Na⁺、K⁺含量的变化,并对其耐盐性进行了比较.结果表明：NaCl胁迫抑制了4个树种幼苗的生长,苗木的干物质积累量减小、根冠比增大,尤其对合欢和皂荚的影响较大;以相对干质量降至对照组50%时的NaCl浓度作为生长临界NaCl浓度(C₅₀)指标,4个树种的耐盐强弱顺序为：刺槐(5.0‰)＞国槐(4.5‰)＞皂荚(3.9‰)＞合欢(3.0‰);随NaCl浓度的增加,各树种幼苗根、茎、叶中Na⁺含量逐渐增加,K⁺含量先增加后减小（合欢根除外）,而K⁺/Na⁺差异较大.相同浓度NaCl胁迫下,幼苗器官的Na⁺分布为根＞茎＞叶,K⁺因树种和NaCl浓度不同而各异,以叶片中较多,K⁺/Na⁺为叶＞茎＞根.NaCl胁迫下,刺槐的K⁺含量和K⁺/Na⁺较高,地上部分Na⁺含量较低,幼苗干物质量大,耐盐性较强;而合欢的K⁺/Na⁺较小,高浓度NaCl胁迫下地上部分的Na⁺含量较高,幼苗干物质量小,耐盐性较差.苗木地上部分对K⁺的积累和根部对Na⁺的滞留是影响豆科树种耐盐性能的主要因素.     

Gill microsomal (Na+,K+)-ATPase from the blue crab Callinectes danae: Interactions at cationic sites

Euryhaline crustaceans tolerate exposure to a wide range of dilute media, using compensatory, ion regulatory mechanisms. However, data on molecular interactions occurring at cationic sites on the crustacean gill (Na⁺,K⁺)-ATPase, a key enzyme in this hyperosmoregulatory process, are unavailable. We report that Na⁺ binding at the activating site leads to cooperative, heterotropic interactions that are insensitive to K⁺. The binding of K⁺ ions to their high affinity sites displaces Na⁺ ions from their sites. The increase in Na⁺ ion concentrations increases heterotropic interactions with the K⁺ ions, with no changes in K_0.5 for K⁺ ion activation at the extracellular sites. Differently from mammalian (Na⁺,K⁺)-ATPases, that from C. danae exhibits additional NH₄⁺ ion binding sites that synergistically activate the enzyme at saturating concentrations of Na⁺ and K⁺ ions. NH₄⁺ binding is cooperative, and heterotropic NH₄⁺ ion interactions are insensitive to Na⁺ ions, but Na⁺ ions displace NH₄⁺ ions from their sites. NH₄⁺ ions also displace Na⁺ ions from their sites. Mg²⁺ ions modulate enzyme stimulation by NH₄⁺ ions, displacing NH₄⁺ ion from its sites. These interactions may modulate NH₄⁺ ion excretion and Na⁺ ion uptake by the gill epithelium in euryhaline crustaceans that confront hyposmotic media.     

钙对盐胁迫下冰叶日中花不同器官离子含量和根部K~+、Na~+吸收的影响

以冰叶日中花(Mesembryanthemum crystallinum L.)实生苗为材料,经NaCl、NaCl+ CaCl_2、NaCl+LaCl_3处理后,利用电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪检测叶、茎、根中Na~+、K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量,计算K~+/Na~+、Ca~(2+)/Na~+和Mg~(2+)/Na~+比值,利用非损伤微测技术测定根尖Na~+流和K~+流,研究盐胁迫下钙在维持离子平衡中的作用。结果显示,NaCl处理后,冰叶日中花各器官中Na~+含量增加,K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量降低,离子比值降低;CaCl_2处理降低了Na~+含量,提高了K~+、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)含量,离子比值升高,而LaCl_3处理后的结果相反。经NaCl处理24 h后,冰叶日中花根尖Na~+和K~+明显外流,加入CaCl_2后,Na~+外流速度显著增加,K~+外流速度受到抑制,而加入LaCl_3后则降低了Na~+的外流速度,促进了K~+的外流。研究结果表明冰叶日中花受到盐胁迫后,钙参与了促进根部Na~+外排、抑制K~+外流的过程,进而保持各器官中较低的Na~+含量,表明钙在维持和调控离子平衡中起到重要作用。     

Exogenously applied ascorbic acid alleviates salt-induced oxidative stress in wheat

Although ascorbic acid (AsA) is one of the most important and abundantly occurring water soluble antioxidants in plants, relatively little is known about its role in counteracting the adverse effects of salt stress on plant growth. To address this issue that whether exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA) through rooting medium could alleviate the adverse effects of salt stress on wheat plants, a hydroponic experiment was conducted under glasshouse conditions using two wheat cultivars, S-24 (salt tolerant) and MH-97 (moderately salt sensitive). Plants of both cultivars were subjected to 0 or 150 mM NaCl solution supplemented with 0, 50, or 150 mg L⁻¹ AsA for 58 days. Imposition of salt stress reduced the growth of both wheat cultivars by causing reduction in photosynthesis, and endogenous AsA level, and enhancing accumulation of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ coupled with a decrease in K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the leaves and roots of both cultivars thereby decreasing tissue K⁺/Na⁺ ratio. However, root applied AsA counteracted the adverse effects of salt stress on the growth of cv. S-24 only, particularly at 100 mg L⁻¹ AsA level. AsA-induced enhancement in growth of salt-stressed plants of S-24 was associated with enhanced endogenous AsA level and CAT activity, and higher photosynthetic capacity, and accumulation of K⁺ and Ca²⁺ in the leaves. Although root applied AsA did not improve the growth of salt-stressed plants of MH-97, it enhanced endogenous level of AsA, CAT activity, photosynthetic capacity, and leaf K⁺ and Ca²⁺. These findings led us to conclude that root applied AsA counteracts the adverse effects of salt stress on growth of wheat by improving photosynthetic capacity of wheat plants against salt-induced oxidative stress and maintaining ion homeostasis, however, these effects were cultivar specific.     

Na and K in outer segments of retinal rods

The amount of Na⁺ and K⁺ in isolated bovine retina outer segments and slices of outer segments obtained from frozen and freeze-dried bovine and frog retinas was established. It is shown that during the conventional procedure of isolation nearly 75% of the Na⁺ and K⁺ present in native structures was lost.

The average amount of K⁺ in bovine outer segments is 158 mmoles/kg dry wt.; Na⁺, 136 mmoles/kg dry wt. In frog outer segments there is: K⁺, 133 mmoles/kg dry wt.; Na⁺, 91 mmoles/kg dry wt.

With the help of the electron microscopic technique Na⁺ was shown to be located predominantly in the sacs of the outer segments. As for K⁺, it is, in all probability, in the extrasaccular space which agrees with some experimental biochemical data obtained.     

低氧及酸化胁迫对大黄鱼幼鱼离子调节与鳃组织结构的影响

为探讨大黄鱼幼鱼在低氧及酸化胁迫下机体离子调节情况,本研究探讨了低氧(溶解氧量DO 3.5 mg·L-1,pH 8.1)、酸化(DO 7.0 mg·L-1,pH 7.35)以及低氧酸化协同胁迫(DO3.5 mg·L-1,pH 7.35)对大黄鱼幼鱼鳃组织结构以及离子调节相关生理指标的影响.结果 表明:低氧胁迫下,大黄鱼...     

Some properties of, and the effect of temperature on the (Mg + Ca) ATPase from immature and adult rat brain

1. 1. (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPases of microsomal and synaptic membrane preparations from immature and adult rat brain were activated by calcium (0.1–10 μM), maximal activation was found at 3 μM. The increase in (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPase seen during development was greatest in the synaptic membrane preparations.

2. 2. At 37°C both Na⁺ or K⁺ at concentrations higher than 30 mM inhibited the microsomal Mg²⁺ ATPase, but the (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPase was stimulated by both Na⁺ and K⁺. Synaptic membrane Mg²⁺ ATPase was inhibited by concentrations higher than 100 mM K⁺; Na⁺ however stimulated this enzyme at all concentrations. Much of this Na⁺ stimulated activity was ouabain sensitive. Synaptic membrane (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPase was stimulated by Na⁺ or K⁺, this stimulation follows approximate saturation kinetics with an apparent K_m of 18.8 mM Na⁺ or K⁺.

3. 3. Arrhenius plots of microsomal (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPase were curvilinear, but two intersecting lines with a break at 20°C could be fitted. The calculated energies of activation from these lines were very similar in immature and adult preparations. The synaptic membrane preparation (adult) also gave a curvilinear plot; but two intersecting lines with a break at 25°C could be fitted to the data. These lines had slopes of 21 and 28 Kcal mole⁻¹ above and below the break, respectively. The immature preparation when made using EDTA gave a Arrhenius plot of very similar form to the adult preparation. Without EDTA however the Arrhenius plot was complex with a plateau at 25–32°C. Pretreatment with EDTA activated the synaptic membrane (Mg²⁺ + Ca²⁺) ATPase from both immature and adult brain.

运城盐湖群落生物生态学特征研究

运城盐湖植物群落结构简单,种类组成贫乏,总覆盖度20%~80%,变化幅度大,1 m²内仅有优势种1~2个。植物群落类型与土壤含盐量关系密切。同种植物地上部和根部Na⁺含量随土壤盐度的降低而降低,且地上部的降低幅度大于根部。不同种类植物的Na⁺、K⁺、Na/K比含量差异很大。随着土壤盐分的下降,地上部灰分含量也下降。讨论了其可能的变化机制。     

Responses of apical ion fluxes to NaCl stress in Elaeagnus angustifolia seedlings

Aims Elaeagnus angustifolia is one of the most salt-tolerant species. The objective of this study was to understand the mechanisms of ion transporation in E. angustifolia exposed to different salt concentrations through manipulations of K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis.
Methods Seedlings of two variants of the species, Yinchuan provenance (YC, salt-sensitive type) and the Alaer provenance (ALE, salt-tolerant type), were treated with three different NaCl application modes, and the ion fluxes in the apical regions were measured using non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT). In mode 1, Na⁺ and K⁺ fluxes were measured after 150 mmol·L^-1 NaCl stress lasted for 24 h. In mode 2, K⁺ and H⁺ fluxes were quantified with a transient stimulation of NaCl solution. In mode 3, Amiloride (Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters inhibitor) and tetraethylammonium (TEA, K⁺ channel inhibitor) was used to treat apical regions of E. angustifolia seedlings after NaCl stress for 24 h, respectively.
Important findings Under NaCl stress for 24 h, net effluxes of Na⁺ and K⁺ were increased significantly. The net Na⁺ effluxes of YC provenance seedlings (720 pmol·cm^-2•s^-1) were lower than that of ALE provenance (912 pmol·cm^-2·s^-1), but the net K⁺ efflux was higher in YC provenance. Under the instantaneous NaCl stimulation, net K⁺ efflux was remarkably increased, with the net K⁺ efflux of YC provenance always higher than that of ALE provenance. Interestingly, H⁺ at the apical regions was found from influx to efflux, with the net H⁺ efflux of ALE provenance greater than that of the YC provenance. Under the NaCl and NaCl + Amiloride treatment, the net Na⁺ efflux of ALE provenance seedlings was higher than that of YC provenance, while the net K⁺ efflux was less in ALE provenance seedlings. On the other hand, the differences in net Na⁺ and K⁺ effluxes were insignificant between the two provenances under the control group and NaCl + TEA treatment. In conclusion, NaCl stress caused Na⁺ accumulation and K⁺ outflows of E. angustifolia seedlings; The E. angustifolia seedlings utilize Na⁺/H⁺ antiporters to reduce Na⁺ accumulation by excretion; and the maintenance of K⁺/Na⁺ homeostasis in salt-tolerant E. angustifolia provenance seedlings roots accounted for a greater Na⁺ extrusion and a lower K⁺ efflux under NaCl stress. Results from this study provide a theoretical basis for further exploring salt-tolerant E. angustifolia germplasm resource.     

Functional regulation of reconstituted Na, K-ATPase by protein kinase A phosphorylation

Reconstituted Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase from either pig kidney or shark rectal glands was phosphorylated by cAMP dependent protein kinase, PKA. The stoichiometry was 0.9 mole P_i/mole -subunit in the pig kidney enzyme and 0.2 mol P_i/mol -subunit in the shark enzyme. In shark Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase PKA phosphorylation increased the maximum hydrolytic activity for cytoplasmic Na⁺ activation and extracellular K⁺ activation without affecting the apparent K_m values. In contrast, no significant functional effect after PKA phosphorylation was observed in pig kidney Na⁺,K⁺-ATPase.     

Study of Antioxidant Enzymes Activity during Organogenesis and In Vitro Propagation of Asiatic Hybrid Lily

A protocol for indirect differentiation of shoots / roots from leaf callus of Asiatic hybrid lily was developed through in vitro methods. The involvement of antioxidant enzymes, like, SOD, POX and CAT, and their isoenzymes during organogenesis in the morphogenetic callus was stud ied.The activity of these enzymes was increased during early development and differentiation of callus. SOD activity increased significantly as compared to POX and CAT during root formation, while it decreased in shoot formation and the decrease was significant in POX and CAT enzymes. The results indicate that the organogenesis is a very complicated biological process involving up and down regulation of a number of antioxidant enzymes, which seem to play an important role during organogenesis of Lilium callus.     

Enhanced antioxidant enzymes are associated with reduced hydrogen peroxide in barley roots under saline stress

Antioxidant enzymes are related to the resistance to various abiotic stresses including salinity. Barley is relatively tolerant to saline stress among crop plants, but little information is available on barley antioxidant enzymes under salinity stress. We investigated temporal and spatial responses of activities and isoform profiles of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), non-specific peroxidase (POX), and glutathione reductase (GR) to saline stress in barley seedlings treated with 200 mM NaCl for 0, 1, 2, 5 days, respectively. In the control plant, hydrogen peroxide content was about 2-fold higher in the root than in the shoot. Under saline stress, hydrogen peroxide content was decreased drastically by 70% at 2 d after NaCl treatment (DAT) in the root. In the leaf, however, the content was remained unchanged by 2 DAT and increased about 14 % at 5 DAT. In general, the activities of antioxidant enzymes were increased in the root and shoot under saline stress. But the increase was more significant and consistent in the root. The activities of SOD, CAT, APX, POX, and GR were increased significantly in the root within 1 DAT, and various elevated levels were maintained by 5 DAT. Among the antioxidant enzymes, CAT activity was increased the most drastically. The significant increase in the activities of SOD, CAT, APX, POX, and GR in the NaCl-stressed barley root was highly correlated with the increased expression of the constitutive isoforms as well as the induced ones. The hydrogen peroxide content in the root.     

外源糖浸种缓解盐胁迫下玉米种子萌发

以玉米品种‘垦玉6号’为材料,在150 mmol·L^-1NaCl胁迫条件下,研究葡萄糖(Glc)和蔗糖(Suc)浸种对玉米种子萌发阶段耐盐性的影响.结果表明: 盐胁迫下,0.5 mmol·L^-1 Glc、Suc浸种可促进玉米种子萌发及幼苗早期生长,其中Glc浸种玉米胚芽和胚根长及相应干质量增加到盐处理的1.5、1.3、2.1、1.8倍;Suc浸种玉米分别增加到1.7、1.3、2.7、1.9倍;盐胁迫下Glc、Suc浸种可减少胚芽中硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量,与盐处理相比分别降低24.9%、20.6%;Glc、Suc浸种可显著提高盐胁迫下玉米胚芽超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性,并诱导葡萄糖6 磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)活性的升高,其中Glc浸种玉米SOD、APX、GPX、GR、G6PDH活性较盐处理分别提高66.2%、62.9%、32.0%、38.5%、50.5%,Suc浸种玉米较盐处理分别提高67.5%、59.8%、30.0%、38.5%、50.4%;Glc、Suc浸种胚芽中抗坏血酸 (ASA)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及ASA/DHA、GSH/GSSG显著提高,其中G6PDH活性与外源糖诱导的较强的抗氧化能力密切相关.Glc、Suc浸种还可提高盐胁迫下玉米胚芽中K⁺/Na⁺,分别为盐处理的2.3、2.4倍.外源 Glc、Suc浸种可通过提高玉米种子抗氧化能力及维持体内K⁺和Na⁺离子平衡缓解盐胁迫对玉米种子萌发的抑制效应.     

盐胁迫下外源褪黑素和Ca2+对甜瓜幼苗的缓解效应

以甜瓜品种‘羊角酥瓜’为试材,利用人工气候室控制环境条件(昼/夜25/18 ℃),研究盐胁迫条件下外源褪黑素(MT)和Ca²⁺对甜瓜幼苗根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺离子含量,Na⁺/K⁺、 Na⁺/Ca²⁺、Na⁺/Mg²⁺值,以及H⁺-ATP酶活性、渗透调节物质积累和细胞膜质过氧化的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,盐胁迫处理显著抑制甜瓜幼苗生长,增加根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,降低K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量.盐胁迫下,喷施外源MT或Ca²⁺处理均可以显著降低甜瓜根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,提高K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量,植株体内Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺和 Na⁺/Mg²⁺值下降;同时也提高了根系和叶片H⁺-ATP酶活性及叶片渗透调节物质的含量,降低盐胁迫对细胞膜的伤害,表现在甜瓜叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量降低.总之,在盐胁迫条件下,外源MT、Ca²⁺单独和复配处理均可通过提高H⁺-ATP酶活性来降低盐害离子的含量,改善甜瓜幼苗中的离子平衡,同时增加渗透调节物质的含量,降低膜质过氧化水平,从而增强其对盐胁迫的适应性,其中MT和Ca²⁺复配处理时的效果更好.复配外施 MT 和Ca²⁺在诱导甜瓜幼苗提高耐盐方面具有协同增效作用.     

盐胁迫下外源褪黑素和Ca2+对甜瓜幼苗的缓解效应

以甜瓜品种‘羊角酥瓜’为试材,利用人工气候室控制环境条件(昼/夜25/18 ℃),研究盐胁迫条件下外源褪黑素(MT)和Ca²⁺对甜瓜幼苗根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺离子含量,Na⁺/K⁺、 Na⁺/Ca²⁺、Na⁺/Mg²⁺值,以及H⁺-ATP酶活性、渗透调节物质积累和细胞膜质过氧化的影响.结果表明: 与对照相比,盐胁迫处理显著抑制甜瓜幼苗生长,增加根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,降低K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量.盐胁迫下,喷施外源MT或Ca²⁺处理均可以显著降低甜瓜根系和叶片中Cl^-、Na⁺含量,提高K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺含量,植株体内Na⁺/K⁺、Na⁺/Ca²⁺和 Na⁺/Mg²⁺值下降;同时也提高了根系和叶片H⁺-ATP酶活性及叶片渗透调节物质的含量,降低盐胁迫对细胞膜的伤害,表现在甜瓜叶片相对电导率和丙二醛含量降低.总之,在盐胁迫条件下,外源MT、Ca²⁺单独和复配处理均可通过提高H⁺-ATP酶活性来降低盐害离子的含量,改善甜瓜幼苗中的离子平衡,同时增加渗透调节物质的含量,降低膜质过氧化水平,从而增强其对盐胁迫的适应性,其中MT和Ca²⁺复配处理时的效果更好.复配外施 MT 和Ca²⁺在诱导甜瓜幼苗提高耐盐方面具有协同增效作用.     

华西雨屏区麻栎-喜树人工混交林林冠对降雨中钾和钠离子再分配的影响

2016年12月—2017年11月研究了都江堰灵岩山麻栎-喜树人工混交林林冠对不同物候期(无叶期、展叶期、盛叶期和落叶期)雨水中K⁺和Na⁺的再分配作用.结果表明: 大气降雨中K⁺和Na⁺浓度分别为1.87和1.46 mg·L^-1,穿透雨中分别为5.78和1.39 mg·L^-1,雨水中的K⁺浓度在展叶期最高,盛叶期最低,Na⁺在无叶期和展叶期较高,盛叶期和落叶期较低;大气降雨中K⁺和Na⁺的输入量分别为25.47和21.60 kg·hm^-2·a^-1;降雨对林冠中K⁺的淋溶量为13.64 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,无叶期、展叶期、盛叶期和落叶期的淋溶量分别为1.67、6.23、2.28和3.46 kg·hm^-2,在展叶期淋溶量最大;林冠对Na⁺的截留量为11.26 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,无叶期、展叶期、盛叶期和落叶期的截留率分别为32.6%、18.0%、44.9%和31.5%,盛叶期时截留量最大.可见,麻栎-喜树人工混交林林冠对大气降雨中K⁺和Na⁺的再分配作用随物候期而变化,这为深入了解华西雨屏区森林生态系统的K⁺和Na⁺循环提供了基础数据.