红腹锦鸡和小白鼠肾小球微血管铸型的扫描电镜观察

为了探讨鸟类肾小球微血管构筑与哺乳动物肾小球微血管构筑的异同,用微血管铸型技术和扫描电镜对红腹锦鸡和小白鼠的肾小球微血管做了铸型观察。结果表明：小白鼠肾小球由小球内小叶微动脉,毛细血管网小叶及小叶间交通支和小叶输出血管构成,小叶可分出亚单位;红腹锦鸡肾小球为一簇迂回盘曲的血管团,血管间未见有复杂的分支和吻合;小白鼠和红腹锦鸡入球小动脉和出球小动脉均为一支,但有的出球小动脉有分支。另外,文章还对肾小球微血管构筑与滤过率的关系进行了讨论。     

红腹锦鸡肺的组织结构与微血管构筑

为了了解红腹锦鸡(Chroysolophus pictus)肺的微细结构和微血管构筑特征,为呼吸生物学研究提供形态学依据,用组织学方法和微血管铸型技术在光镜和扫描电镜下观察研究了红腹锦鸡肺的组织结构与微血管构筑情况。结果表明,红腹锦鸡肺主要由各级支气管构成,从三级支气管上呈辅射状分出许多呼吸毛细管(微气管),并相互吻合成网状,呼吸毛细管外面包围有丰富的毛细血管;红腹锦鸡肺毛细血管垂直围绕在各微气管外,并相互吻合成密集的立体微血管网;毛细血管管径4.5~7.0μm,微气管直径11~50μm。并对肺微血管构筑情况与呼吸效率的关系作了探讨。     

红腹锦鸡的冬季栖息地

采用样方法研究了红腹锦鸡冬季栖息地的地理特征、植被组成等特点。结果表明：红腹锦鸡对栖息地的坡度具有明显的选择性,而对坡向的选择性则不明显。栖息地植被层次明显,其中乔木层主要决定着栖息地植被的外貌和内部环境;灌木层对红腹锦鸡的活动有较大影响。灌木植物火棘的果实较多地被红腹锦鸡所取食。     

圈养尖吻蝮雌体大小、窝卵数和卵大小之间的关系

尖吻蝮(Deinagkistrodon acutus)野生资源日益枯竭,食用和药用压力巨大,亟需开展人工养殖。目前尖吻蝮的人工养殖技术还不够成熟,大多数养殖场采用半地下室饲养尖吻蝮,有关该条件下尖吻蝮的繁殖特性报道较少。为促进尖吻蝮的人工养殖,2010年4—9月,在湖南永州市对半地下室圈养的尖吻蝮成体的体型指标、窝卵数、窝卵重、卵重等繁殖特征之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明:圈养尖吻蝮成年雌体产单窝柔性卵,平均窝卵数为23.0±7.8(13—37)枚(n=23);将产后雌体体重和窝卵重相加记为产前雌体体重,采用SPSS 13.0软件处理数据,设置α=0.05和α=0.01,发现产前雌体体重分别与窝卵数、窝卵重、卵重均呈显著相关性;产前雌体体长分别与窝卵数、窝卵重、卵重无显著相关性;窝卵数与卵重无显著相关性,卵重分别与卵短径、卵长径均呈显著相关性。产前体重在1000—1200 g之间的雌蛇所产窝卵数和单枚卵重的数值均较大且最集中,这保证了雌体繁殖输出后代的生存优势,对尖吻蝮人工养殖挑选雌性种蛇有一定的指导意义。     

红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期能量收支及采食量研究

采用全收粪法对红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期能量收支、采食量进行了定量分析,建立了红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期代谢能摄入量（MEI, KJ）、采食量（FI）与代谢体重（W^0.75,kg）、体增重（△W,g/day）、产蛋量（EE,g/day）之间关系的回归方程（模式方程：Y=a＋b1△W＋b2EE）.依据回归方程推算,基于实验饲料的红腹锦鸡秋季繁殖期雌鸡、雄鸡代谢能需要量分别是489.6 KJ/day和431.5 KJ/day、采食量分别是44.46 g/day和33.61 g/day.     

红腹锦鸡的饲养繁殖与雏鸟生长发育

对红腹锦鸡的饲养繁殖与生长发育进行了研究和讨论。4～5月为产卵期,驯化当年能产少量卵,第2年每窝卵12～13枚,产卵期21～28d。家鸡代孵孵化期为21d,雌鸟自然孵化23d。最佳孵化方式为电孵卵器孵化,其次为雌鸟自然孵化。记述并统计分析了孵化过程中卵重、气室的变化以及体重及尾羽生长情况。体重及尾羽生长呈“S”形生长,前后期较慢,中期生长较快。     

中国对虾精子顶体反应的超微结构和蛋白成分变化的研究

用卵水（egg water)对中国对虾纳精囊内精子进行人工诱导顶体反应,并分别用透射电镜和SDS－PAGE及复性单向电泳对顶体反应的超微结构变化和蛋白成分的变化进行了研究。结果表明,中国对虾精子在人工诱导条件下30min内有50％以上完成反应。电镜观察证明,中国对虾精子的顶体反应可分为两个阶段;（1）棘突的收缩;（2）顶体颗粒的释放和顶体帽的消失。在反应过程中许多蛋白被降解,且反应开始后精子本身释放出一些水解酶类,主要有200kDa、130kDa、66kDa、53kDa、48kDa和41kDa 6种。在对卵水成分的初步分析中发现两种分子量约200kDa的蛋白。     

红腹锦鸡繁殖生态研究

１９９３至１９９４年在贵州省绥阳县宽阔水林区进行的红腹锦鸡繁殖生态研究。野外考究中共发现１１个巢。观测得知;红腹锦鸡发情初期是３月底４月初;高峰期在４月１０左右,持续３－５ｄ;雄鸟求偶炫耀为侧面型;发情期中求偶频次最高在１４：００－１９：３０,巢主要筑于落叶,常绿阔叶林混交林中,占总数的５３．６％;雌鸟产卵期是１５ｄ,且大多是隔天产一卵;满窝卵数约５－７枚;孵化期为２３－１ｄ;雏鸟开始凿壳是近钝端     

雌核发育银鲫和两性融合发育鱼（红鲫和彩鲫）卵壳结构及其组成的比较研究

作者以两性融合发育鱼（红鲫、彩鲫）为对照,对雌核发育银鲫卵壳的表面结构及其可溶性蛋白的组成进行了研究：（１）雌核发育银鲫卵壳表面比较平滑,没有明显的嵴和沟;（２）雌核发育银鲫卵壳可溶性蛋白的含量略高于两性融合发育鱼（红鲫、彩鲫）,并且在ＩＩ区段存在一条分子量为１０万Ｄａｌｔｏｎ的特异蛋白区带。并对银鲫卵壳结构及组成的特殊性与银鲫卵初级控制作用间的关系进行了初步探讨。     

甘肃莲花山黑冠山雀繁殖生态的初步研究

2017和2018年每年的4至8月在甘肃莲花山国家级自然保护区,对人工巢箱中黑冠山雀（Periparus rubidiventris）的繁殖生态进行了研究。共悬挂100个巢箱,两年共计招引到15巢黑冠山雀。此外,还记录到4个自然巢,分别位于干枯的糙皮桦（Betula utilise）树洞（1巢）、土坡的缝隙（1巢）和路边水泥护坡的出水管中（2巢）。黑冠山雀雌雄亲鸟共同筑巢,巢内壁为兽毛夹杂少量绒羽,外壁为草茎须根和苔藓。5月中下旬为黑冠山雀的产卵高峰期,清晨产卵,日产1枚,产下最后1枚卵后开始孵卵。平均窝卵数为6枚（4 ~ 7 枚,n = 15）,平均卵重（1.12 ± 0.02）g,卵长径（15.30 ± 0.10）mm,卵短径（12.09 ± 0.11）mm（n = 86）。孵卵由雌鸟承担,孵卵期为15 d（14 ~ 16 d,n = 5）。产卵期,雌鸟离巢时有用巢材盖卵的行为,开始孵卵后则不再盖卵。双亲共同育雏,育雏期为16 d和17 d（n = 2）。所记录的18巢黑冠山雀的繁殖成功率为83.3%,人工巢箱（15巢）中繁殖成功率为86.7%,巢捕食者主要为鼠类。     

Difference of fertilizing capacity between testicular sperm and vas deferens sperm in Cynops pyrrhogaster

The fertilizing capacity was compared between testicular and vas deferens sperm in Cynops pyrrhogaster. The testicular sperm was not capable of fertilizing jelly eggs. In contrast, the vas deferens sperm was already capable of fertilizing the newt jelly eggs. There was no inhibitory factor for fertilizing jelly eggs in the testis. These results suggest that the testicular sperm is immature as to the fertilizing capacity. The testicular sperm gained the fertilizing capacity for the jelly eggs by treatment with Holtfreter's solution or 1/20 strength Holtfreter's solution. The treatment may promote the step of maturation to achieve the fertilizing capacity. The treated testicular sperm did not fertilize dejellied eggs, although vas deferens sperm fertilized dejellied eggs. Therefore, the maturation state of the treated testicular sperm is different from that of vas deferens sperm. Newt sperm may be matured within the vas deferens, as the newt does not have an organ like the mammalian epididymis.     

Fertilization of newt coelomic eggs in the absence of jelly envelope material

Summary Fertilization ofCynops pyrrhogaster (Japanese newt) coelomic eggs was studied in the absence of jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer. An undiluted sperm fluid from the vas deferens fertilized coelomic eggs in the absence of the jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer. The fertilized eggs developed beyond gastrulae and formed tail bud embryos. These results indicate that the fertilization process does not depend upon the presence of jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer and that the sperms within the vas deferens are already capable of fertilizing the eggs inC. pyrrhogaster. The sperm suspension in Holtfreter's balanced salt solution (H-sperm) fertilized the coelomic eggs without the jelly envelope material or synthetic high polymer. These eggs had been suspended in Holtfreter's balanced salt solution (H) or in 1/20 strength H (1/20 H) prior to insemination (H-eggs or 1/20 H-eggs). In contrast, the sperm suspension in 1/20 H (1/20 H-sperm) did not fertilize 1/20 H-eggs, but dit H-eggs. In the latter case, H surrounding the eggs may affect sperms, allowing them to be fertilized. The 1/20 H-sperms regained their ability to fertilize 1/20 H-eggs on re-exposure to H. The 1/20 H-sperm also fertilized jelly eggs. The results of the dejellied egg experiment showed the same pattern. These results indicate that the sperms within the vas deferens lose their capacity to fertilize 1/20 H-eggs on exposure to low ionic strength solution (1/20 H); this capacity is restored by exposure to high ionic strength solution (H) or to jelly envelope.     

Not all free-living microorganisms have cosmopolitan distributions – the case of Nebela (Apodera) vas Certes (Protozoa: Amoebozoa: Arcellinida)

Aim  To review and critically assess the evidence that the testate amoeba species Nebela vas does not have a cosmopolitan distribution, in contradiction to the paradigm of microbial distribution that 'everything is everywhere'.
Location  Terrestrial and wetland habitats world-wide.
Methods  Relevant data were assembled on the morphology, ecology and global geographical distribution of N. vas from a comprehensive literature review of published original records. The data were collated, analysed and summarized. The roles of long-term and short-term agents of dispersal are discussed.
Results  A clear and repeated pattern has been elucidated of a microbial species, with a distinctive and unmistakeable morphology, that inhabits acid, damp terrestrial and wetland habitats in the southern cool-temperate and sub-Antarctic zones – including similar high-altitude habitats in the Tropics. It is almost entirely confined to the Gondwanaland continents and Southern Hemisphere islands. It is definitively absent from Holarctic regions. It is proposed that the continental distribution of N. vas is a consequence of continental drift following its original speciation in the Mesozoic or earlier, whereas its distribution on sub-Antarctic islands (glaciated in the Pleistocene) has been effected by dispersal from South America by wind around the Southern Ocean.
Main conclusion  Nebela vas is a proven instance of a microbial species that does not have a cosmopolitan distribution.     

Exclusive Male Egg Care and Determinants of Brooding Success in a Millipede

The evolution of exclusive male parental care is a major and controversial issue in behavioural ecology. Although arthropods practicing paternal care are thought to be key taxa for investigating this issue, few studies have attempted to clarify the selection factors associated with male behaviour and fitness consequences in arthropods. In the millipede Brachycybe nodulosa, males curl their bodies around egg masses on the undersides of decaying logs. Male‐removal experiments in the laboratory strongly suggest that males defend the eggs against fungal infection. Orphaned eggs were soon covered by hyphae and no eggs hatched, whereas almost all eggs brooded by males successfully hatched. The egg‐brooding males showed no aggressive responses when disturbed. Only some mature males bred in the field. Furthermore, the number of eggs brooded varied greatly among the males. Selected generalized linear models revealed that males with a wide seventh body segment, which possesses gonopods (genital legs), tended to succeed in brooding; and males with a wider body also obtained more eggs. Colony attributes had no significant effects on male brooding. We discuss the possible sexual selection mechanisms that could accomplish this pattern of brooding success among male B. nodulosa.     

Gametes and fertilization in the Chinese hamster

Freshly ovulated eggs are each surrounded by a compact cumulus oophorus. The overall diameter of the normal egg (including the zona pellucida) is about 100 μm. Cumulus cells, particularly those near the egg, are arranged redially in a viscous noncellular matrix. The spermatozoon is about 250 μm in length. The head a large acrosome, changes in which can be readily examined with the light (phase- contrast) microsope. When exposed to physiological salt solutions, testicular spermatozoa either were motionless or flexed the posterior half of their tails slowly. Spermatozoa from the caput epididymis were highly motile, flexing the entire tail. A few of them moved progressively. Mature spermatozoa from the vas deferens were highly motile and moved either straightforward or in a circle. They vibrated their tails stiffly without flexing them. In normally mated females, fertilization began sometime between 2 and 3 h after ovulation and was completed within the next 4 to 5 h. Spermatozoa swimming in the ampullary fluid or within the cumulus oophorus about the time of fertilization flexed the anterior half (which roughly corresponds to the midpieac region) of their tails. This peculiar movement may be homologous to the so-called “hyperactivation” of spermatozoa as reported in several other mammalian species. Actively motile spermatozoa within the cumulus or no the zona pellucida had either modified (“collapsed”) or no acrosomal caps. The sperm head usually passed verticually or nearly through the zona, but the path was oblique in some instances. In 54% of the recently fertilized eggs examined, the entire length of the sperm tail was within the perivitelline space; in the other 46% of the eggs varying lenghts of the tail remined the perivitelline space, the tails were extruded from the vitellus of many eggs even before the eggs began their first cleavage. When unfertilized eggs in the cumulus oophorus were inseminated with vas deferens spermatozoa in a modified Tyrode's solution (m-TALP), about 80% of them were ferrtilized by 4–6 h after insemination. The vast majority were monospermic. When eggs were freed from the cumulus prior to insemination, none were fertilized, suggesting that the cumulus cells or their matrix assisted capacitation and/or the acrosome reaction of the spermatozoa under the in vitro conditions employed. No eggs were fertilized by the testicular or caput epididymal spermatozoa regardless of the presence or absence of cumulus oophorus around the eggs at the time of insemination.     

Global trends,biases and gaps in the scientific literature about freshwater fish eggs and larvae

Syntheses of knowledge are important to reveal trends, biases and gaps in the scientific literature, indicating main data shortfalls and research needs. In this regard, the authors conducted a broad systematic review on the literature about freshwater fish eggs and larvae to investigate (a) temporal trends in the global scientific production, (b) the scope and habitat types, (c) the spatial distribution of studies, (d) the fish species contemplated and their respective conservation status and (e) the factors associated with the spatial distribution of studies. They analysed 654 studies published between 1950 and 2020. The number of studies has increased over time, but with a weak trend. Most studies investigated basic questions about biology and ecology and were carried out chiefly in rivers and lakes. These studies covered 95 freshwater ecoregions (22.3% of all ecoregions) and recorded 871 fish species (4.8% of all freshwater fish currently described). Most species were assessed by the IUCN and classified into six threat categories, but approximately 35% were not evaluated. The main drivers affecting the spatial distribution of studies were ecoregion area, road density, river volume and the number of hydroelectric plants. Results point to significant biases and gaps in the global scientific literature on fish eggs and larvae, especially associated with habitat type, spatial distribution and target species, emphasizing the need to address specific topics. Such biases and gaps indicate the existence of important data shortfalls, which compromise management and conservation planning, as information on fish eggs and larvae is basic and critical for the assessment of fish recruitment and population dynamics.     

GENERAL NOTES

Macdonald, M. A. 1980. The ecology of the Fiscal Shrike in Ghana, and a comparison with studies from southern Africa. Ostrich 51:65-74.

The Fiscal Shrike Lanius collaris was studied in southern Ghana in order to compare its ecology there with that in southern Africa. The bird was found mainly in the damper coastal areas and usually in habitats created by man. Feeding behaviour is described. Food consisted mainly of a wide variety of insects. Territories were small at around 0,6 ha. Most nests were built 1,8-2,4 m from the ground, and eggs were laid from December to October. Moult appeared to take place in September to November when breeding activity was low. The normal and maximum clutch was three eggs. At most, 10–17% of clutches produced fledged young. Most losses were probably caused by predators. Two successful broods per pair were reared annually. Post-fledging survival of the young was high, and they remained on the parental territory for 5–7 months. Contrasts between the breeding biology in Ghana and southern Africa may be related to differences in environmental seasonality and perhaps also in the severity of nest losses.     

Maturation of spermatozoa in the epididymis of the Chinese hamster

Chinese hamster spermatozoa gain their ability to move when they descend from the testis to the distal part of the caput epididymis, but it is not until they enter the corpus epididymis that they become capable of fertilizing eggs. The maturation of the spermatozoa proceeds as they further descend the tract and perhaps continues even in the vas deferens. During transit between the distal caput and proximal cauda epididymides, small membrane-limited vesicles (and tubules) appear on the plasma membrane over the acrosomes of the spermatozoa. The number of vesicles appearing on the sperm brane reaches a maximum when the spermatozoa are in the proximal cauda epididymis. It declines sharply in the distal cauda epididymis. Spermatozoa in the vas deferens are free of the vesicles. The origin, chemical nature, and functional role of the vesicles that appear on the sperm surface during epididymal transit must be the subject of further investigation.     

温度对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂种群参数的影响

通过组建卷蛾分索赤眼蜂 Trichogrammatoidea bactrae Nagaraja在米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica(Stainton)卵上实验种群生命表的方法 ,考察了梯度恒温 17、2 0、2 3、2 6、2 9、32℃和 35℃对该蜂发育、存活和繁殖的影响。在试验温度范围内 ,卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的世代发育历期随着温度的升高而缩短 ,发育历期由 17℃时的 2 0 .77d降至 35℃时的 7.2 5 d。卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的临界发育温度为 11.92和 38.95℃ ,适宜的生长发育温区则介于 2 0～ 2 9℃之间 ,最适发育温度为 2 3.0 7℃。在适宜温度 (2 0～ 2 9℃ )范围内 ,卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的幼期存活率维持在 90 %以上 ,雌成蜂具有较长的寿命 ,7.6 7～ 10 .87d;内禀增长率 (rm)及净生殖力 (R0 ) ,分别介于 0 .2 395～ 0 .4 890和 4 2 .32～ 6 4 .2 3之间。极端温度对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的生长发育和生殖均有明显的抑制作用 ,在 35℃时 ,其幼期存活率为 12 .98% ,雌成蜂寿命不足 1d,且不能进行正常的生殖活动。温度对卷蛾分索赤眼蜂的子代性比有着显著的影响 ,在 17～ 35℃范围 ,子代雌雄性比随着温度的升高而不断下降 ,17,2 0 ,2 3,2 6 ,2 9℃和 32℃时的子代雌雄性比分别为 6 .73,3.4 8,2 .88,2 .4 5 ,2 .4 1和 1.75 ,温度与子代性比的作用关系可用公式 s=exp(3.5 1- 0 .10     

棕背伯劳两种色型繁殖特征的比较

棕背伯劳（Lanius schach）具羽色多态现象,其中黑色型是否为独立种曾存在着争议。为此,于2008年2—6月在广东海丰地区对两色型（棕色型和黑色型）的繁殖生态进行对比研究,以探讨黑色型的分类地位。结果表明：1) 两色型伯劳窝卵数、卵的度量值及发育上皆无显著差异(P>0.05);2) 两色型雏鸟在15日龄前的体长、翼长及体重等生长曲线均符合Logistic方程,除尾长渐进值参数呈显著差异（P<0.05)外,其他均无显著性差异(P>0.05);3) 据14日龄的雏鸟测量值表明,两色型在身体外部器官各项生长量度均无显著性差异(P>0.05);4) 易卵易雏实验表明,在孵卵和育雏过程中,两种色型棕背伯劳亲鸟之间皆可相互接受对方同一时期的卵和雏鸟,但不接受对方的异期卵;5）易雏后亲子和义子索食、站立、理羽、休息等行为差异不明显。因此认为黑伯劳只是棕背伯劳的一个色型而非独立种。