SEMA3B基因在鼻咽癌组织中的表达、杂合性丢失和甲基化分析

SEMA3B基因定位于鼻咽癌高频缺失区域3p21.3上,最近被证明具有抑瘤基因的功能.分析了鼻咽癌组织中SEMA3B基因的表达、杂合性丢失(LOH)和甲基化情况.首先应用逆转录-聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)方法检测了33例鼻咽癌组织和15例慢性鼻咽炎组织中SEMA3B基因的表达,结果显示75.8%(25/33)鼻咽癌组织中SEMA3B基因表达缺失或下调,显著低于慢性鼻咽炎组织中的表达(P=0.001).进一步选取3个微卫星位点D3S1568、D3S1621和D3S4597分析了20例鼻咽癌组织中SEMA3B基因LOH的情况,结果表明3个位点的丢失率分别为10%、20%和15%,总的丢失率为45%,统计分析发现LOH与基因表达之间存在明显相关(P=0.023).最后,采用甲基化特异性PCR方法分析了SEMA3B基因启动子区甲基化,结果发现在100%的鼻咽癌组织和73.3%的慢性鼻咽炎组织中检测到SEMA3B基因启动子区高甲基化.由此得出结论,SEMA3B基因在鼻咽癌组织中表达缺失或下调,LOH是引起其表达异常的原因之一.     

14-3-3θ蛋白在鼻咽癌中的表达和临床意义

目的:探讨14-3-3θ蛋白在鼻咽癌中的表达和临床意义。方法:在72例人鼻咽癌和正常鼻咽组织中利用免疫组织化学染色法检测14-3-3θ蛋白的表达情况,并分析其表达与鼻咽癌临床病理学特征之间的关系。结果:在72例鼻咽癌和正常鼻咽组织中,14-3-3θ蛋白表达的阳性率分别为69.4%和15.2%。统计学分析表明,14-3-3θ蛋白的表达与鼻咽癌临床分级(P=0.045)、淋巴结转移(P0.001)、肿瘤复发(P=0.041)具有显著相关性,而与鼻咽癌患者的年龄(P=0.444)、性别(P=0.795)、组织类型(P=0.468)等均无关。Spearman相关性统计分析发现,14-3-3θ蛋白高表达与鼻咽癌高临床分级(r=-0.256,P=0.030)、淋巴结转移阳性(r=0.506,P0.001)、肿瘤复发(r=0.106,P=0.033)呈正相关,而与鼻咽癌患者的年龄、性别、组织类型等均无相关性(P0.05)。结论:在鼻咽癌组织中,癌基因14-3-3θ在鼻咽癌组织中表达增加,并且与疾病临床分级、转移复发等密切相关。     

5-杂氮-2′-脱氧胞苷诱导鼻咽癌细胞株Syk基因启动子去甲基化的研究

利用5-杂氮-2′-脱氧胞苷（5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine,5-aza-CdR）处理体外培养的鼻咽癌细胞株CNE-1、CNE-2及永生化非癌性人鼻咽上皮细胞株NP-69,采用BS-PCR、Q-RT-PCR及Westernblot方法分别检测经5μmol/L的5-aza-CdR处理前后,各细胞株中Syk基因启动子甲基化状况及SykmRNA和蛋白质表达情况。探讨去甲基化药物5-杂氮-2′-脱氧胞苷（5-aza-CdR）对鼻咽癌细胞株中脾酪氨酸激酶（spleen tyrosine kinase,Syk）启动子甲基化水平及其表达的影响。结果显示,Syk基因启动子甲基化水平与鼻咽癌细胞分化程度呈负相关,两种鼻咽癌细胞株的Syk mRNA和蛋白质表达水平显著低于NP-69细胞（P〈0.01）;经5-aza-CdR处理后两种鼻咽癌细胞株的Syk基因启动子甲基化水平降低,Syk mRNA及蛋白质表达升高（P〈0.05）;高分化鼻咽癌细胞株对药物敏感性高于低分化鼻咽癌细胞株（P〈0.01）。由此可见,两种鼻咽癌细胞株中存在不同程度的Syk基因启动子甲基化状态,5-aza-CdR能有效逆转鼻咽癌细胞株Syk基因启动子的甲基化状态,升高Syk mRNA及蛋白质表达,同时鼻咽癌细胞分化程度越高恢复Syk基因表达的比率越高。     

人鼻咽与鼻咽癌及肺癌基因表达谱差异的研究

研究鼻咽癌、肺癌与正常鼻咽组织基因表达谱差异及筛选鼻咽癌相关基因,采用α- ³²P逆转录标记组织总RNA,将cDNA探针与有5 184个基因或表达序列标签EST(expression sequence tag)的高密度cDNA微阵列GF200杂交,软件分析表达谱差异.结果发现三者均呈低表达为主的表达谱,密度值在200以上的基因及EST在鼻咽癌有110个,肺癌134个而鼻咽组织有158个;5个EST在鼻咽高表达但鼻咽癌低表达,3个EST在鼻咽癌高表达但正常鼻咽低表达.结果表明鼻咽癌与正常鼻咽及肺癌组织存在差异表达基因,可能还有新基因在鼻咽癌发生中起作用;采用高密度cDNA微阵列是一种筛选差异表达基因的快速有效方法.     

产甘油假丝酵母与酿酒酵母胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶基因的功能比较

胞浆3-磷酸甘油脱氢酶(GPD)是酿酒酵母细胞甘油合成过程中的关键限速酶．尽管高产甘油菌株产甘油假丝酵母基因组中编码该酶的基因CgGPD已经被克隆出来,但是具体的功能,特别是与酿酒酵母GPD1和GPD2基因的功能比较值得进一步研究．以酿酒酵母渗透压敏感型的gpd1/gpd2和gpd1突变株为宿主,分别导入CgGPD、GPD1和GPD2基因,比较分析了CgGPD、GPD1和GPD2基因在高渗透压胁迫条件下和厌氧环境中的表达调控,及其对细胞甘油合成能力的影响．研究发现,GPD1基因受到渗透压诱导表达,GPD2基因在细胞厌氧条件下起着氧化还原平衡调节作用,而CgGPD基因不仅能够在渗透压胁迫条件下通过过量快速合成甘油调节渗透压平衡,而且能够在厌氧培养环境中互补GPD2基因的缺失,使gpd1/gpd2缺失突变株能够正常生长,同时提高了突变株的甘油合成能力．结果表明,CgGPD基因在gpd1/gpd2缺失突变株中既具有GPD1基因的功能,又能发挥GPD2基因的功能．     

Peg3, Cdkn1c和 Gtl2基因在克隆绵羊和自然分娩绵羊中的DNA甲基化水平检测

尽管研究证明很多克隆动物存在DNA甲基化异常的情况,却很少有研究比较克隆绵羊与自然分娩绵羊之间的甲基化情况,可能是由于克隆绵羊的获得、绵羊基因组、绵羊基因组印记等因素的限制．本研究中,为了证明克隆绵羊重编程的状况,克隆了Peg3基因的差异甲基化区域(differential methylated region,DMR),并且分析了Peg3、Cdkn1c、Gtl2在克隆绵羊和自然分娩绵羊不同组织中的甲基化水平．研究发现,在克隆绵羊和自然分娩绵羊中Peg3呈现为超甲基化水平,在克隆绵羊的肾脏和肺脏中DNA甲基化水平为95.45%、81.18%,相对于正常分娩的绵羊组织中的98.18%、87.27%无显著性差异,而Cdkn1c在两组实验动物中的肾脏和肺脏中表现为非甲基化水平,分别为0%、0.53%、0.53%和0.53%,Gtl2则是低甲基化水平,并且克隆绵羊与正常分娩绵羊之间的DNA甲基化水平无显著性差异(r² = 0.77)．这些结果表明,Peg3、Cdkn1c、Gtl2三个印记基因在克隆绵羊和自然分娩绵羊组织中呈现类似甲基化水平,无显著性差异．     

5-Aza-CdR对胶质瘤细胞生长及LRRC4基因异常甲基化的影响

LRRC4是一个新发现的胶质瘤抑瘤基因,它在多种胶质瘤细胞系和胶质瘤组织表达缺失或下调,前期研究结果表明胶质瘤细胞和组织中LRRC4的编码区未发生突变、缺失或重排．为了获得LRRC4作为胶质瘤抑瘤基因的进一步证据,采用去甲基化制剂5-Aza-CdR处理LRRC4表达缺失的SF126和SF767胶质瘤细胞,MSP和RT-PCR检测表明,LRRC4的启动子在表达缺失的SF126和SF767细胞存在完全的甲基化,而5-Aza-CdR能逆转LRRC4启动子的甲基化状态,恢复LRRC4的表达．MTT法测定显示,5-Aza-CdR使SF126和SF767胶质瘤细胞增殖受到明显抑制,并呈时间和剂量的依赖性．同时流式细胞仪检测显示,5-Aza-CdR使SF126和SF767胶质瘤细胞周期阻滞于G0/G1期．因此,5-Aza-CdR能抑制胶质瘤细胞SF126和SF767增殖并干扰其细胞周期,LRRC4启动子异常甲基化是其在胶质瘤细胞中表达缺失的重要机制,5-Aza-CdR能逆转LRRC4基因的甲基化,恢复LRRC4的表达,为LRRC4作为胶质瘤去甲基化治疗的靶标提供了科学依据．     

鸡Foxp3结构预测及组织表达谱分析

本研究旨在克隆鸡foxp3 (chfoxp3)基因全长编码区序列(coding sequence,CDS),并对其进行生物信息学及组织表达谱分析。以50日龄无特定病原鸡为样本,从脾脏组织中克隆chfoxp3基因全长CDS序列,利用在线工具和软件对chFoxp3进行生物信息学分析,以实时荧光定量PCR (quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)技术检测chfoxp3基因在鸡各组织中的表达分布情况。研究结果表明,chfoxp3基因包含882 bp的开放阅读框,编码293个氨基酸,chFoxp3分子质量为33.44 kDa,属于亲水蛋白;chFoxp3具有Fox转录因子家族典型的forkhead结构域,含有核定位信号;其二级结构由α-螺旋(29.35%)、延伸链(10.92%)、β-转角(5.12%)和无规则卷曲(54.61%)组成;chfoxp3在不同组织中表达有差异,在鸡心脏及胰腺中表达水平较高,显著高于脾脏、法氏囊以及胸腺等免疫器官(P<0.01),这一特点明显区别于哺乳动物;通过系统进化树分析发现,鸡Foxp3与其他野禽属于相同分支,但与哺乳动物相差较远。这些研究结果为进一步深入研究chFoxp3的免疫调节功能奠定了基础。     

人GST-14-3-3σ融合蛋白的原核表达、纯化及活性检测

目的:构建人14-3-3σ基因的原核表达载体,获得其原核表达产物,并对融合蛋白进行纯化及活性检测。方法:采用PCR技术从人乳腺文库中扩增14-3-3σ基因编码序列,将其克隆到pGEX-KG载体中,重组质粒转化大肠杆菌Rossate后表达重组蛋白,利用GST-Sepharose 4B亲和珠对原核表达产物进行纯化,并通过SDS-PAGE和Western印迹检测融合蛋白的表达,采用GST pull-down技术检测已纯化的蛋白与已知体外相互作用蛋白AKT之间的相互作用。结果:从人乳腺文库中扩增获得约750 bp的DNA片段,并成功克隆至pGEX-KG载体上,经双酶切鉴定得到与预期片段大小相符的外源基因插入片段,测序与目的基因序列完全一致;在Rossate菌株中诱导表达出相对分子质量约52 000的目的蛋白,SDS-PAGE和Western印迹结果表明融合蛋白表达成功,并纯化得到GST-14-3-3σ融合蛋白;通过GST pull-down技术检测证实GST-14-3-3σ融合蛋白可以和AKT在体外结合,并证实其具有生物学活性。结论:获得了原核表达的活性较好的GST-14-3-3σ蛋白,为后续研究细胞周期蛋白调控机制奠定了实验基础。     

鼻咽癌组织miR-20b-5p、miR-325-3p表达水平与放疗敏感性和预后的关系研究

摘要 目的：探讨鼻咽癌组织微小核糖核酸（miR）-20b-5p、miR-325-3p表达水平与放射治疗敏感性和预后的关系。方法：选取2017年11月至2019年6月我院收治的84例确诊为鼻咽癌并拟进行放射治疗的患者设为鼻咽癌组,另选取同期收治的42例慢性鼻咽炎患者为对照组,比较鼻咽癌组织及鼻咽部炎症组织中miR-20b-5p、miR-325-3p表达水平,分析鼻咽癌组织中miR-20b-5p、miR-325-3p表达水平与鼻咽癌患者临床病理特征的关系。根据鼻咽癌患者放疗敏感性评估结果分为敏感组和抵抗组,比较两组miR-20b-5p、miR-325-3p表达水平。随访3年,Kaplan-Meier法及Cox回归分析法分析miR-20b-5p、miR-325-3p表达水平与鼻咽癌患者生存预后的关系。结果：鼻咽癌组miR-20b-5p、miR-325-3p表达水平均高于对照组（P＜0.05）。不同T分期、N分期、临床分期患者在miR-20b-5p、miR-325-3p高表达组与低表达组中的占比比较存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）。完成7~8周放疗后3个月评估患者放疗抵抗率36.90%,抵抗组miR-20b-5p、miR-325-3p表达水平均高于敏感组（P＜0.05）。miR-20b-5p高表达鼻咽癌患者的累积生存时间短于miR-20b-5p低表达患者（P＜0.05）;miR-325-3p高表达鼻咽癌患者的累积生存时间短于miR-325-3p低表达患者（P＜0.05）。单因素、多因素Cox回归分析显示,年龄＞60岁、T3/T4期、miR-20b-5p高表达、miR-325-3p高表达是鼻咽癌患者预后不良的独立危险因素（P＜0.05）。结论：鼻咽癌组织中miR-20b-5p、miR-325-3p均异常高表达,其表达水平与肿瘤浸润深度、淋巴结转移、临床分期及放疗敏感性有关,且miR-20b-5p、miR-325-3p高表达患者放疗后预后不良风险更大。     

14-3-3 蛋白

介绍了14－3－3蛋白的基本结构和功能,并简要概述了14－3－3蛋白在信号转导,细胞周期调控以及前体蛋白的折叠与运输过程中的作用机理。     

The 14-3-3s

Multiple members of the 14-3-3 protein family have been found in all eukaryotes so far investigated, yet they are apparently absent from prokaryotes. The major native forms of 14-3-3s are homo- and hetero-dimers, the biological functions of which are to interact physically with specific client proteins and thereby effect a change in the client. As a result, 14-3-3s are involved in a vast array of processes such as the response to stress, cell-cycle control, and apoptosis, serving as adapters, activators, and repressors. There are currently 133 full-length sequences available in GenBank for this highly conserved protein family. A phylogenetic tree based on the conserved middle core region of the protein sequences shows that, in plants, the 14-3-3 family can be divided into two clearly defined groups. The core region encodes an amphipathic groove that binds the multitude of client proteins that have conserved 14-3-3-recognition sequences. The amino and carboxyl termini of 14-3-3 proteins are much more divergent than the core region and may interact with isoform-specific client proteins and/or confer specialized subcellular and tissue localization.     

14-3-3 proteins--an update

14-3-3 is a highly conserved acidic protein family, composed of seven isoforms in mammals. 14-3-3 protein can interact with over 200 target proteins by phosphoserine-dependent and phosphoserine-independent manners. Little is known about the consequences of these interactions, and thus are the subjects of ongoing studies. 14-3-3 controls cell cycle, cell growth, differentiation, survival, apoptosis, migration and spreading. Recent studies have revealed new mechanisms and new functions of 14-3-3, giving us more insights on this fascinating and complex family of proteins. Of all the seven isoforms, 14-3-3σ seems to be directly involved in human cancer. 14-3-3σ itself is subject to regulation by p53 upon DNA damage and by epigenetic deregulation. Gene silencing of 14-3-3σ by CpG methylation has been found in many human cancer types. This suggests that therapy-targeting 14-3-3σ may be beneficial for future cancer treatment.     

14-3-3 proteins in neurodegeneration

Among the first reported functions of 14-3-3 proteins was the regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity suggesting a possible involvement of 14-3-3 proteins in Parkinson's disease. Since then the relevance of 14-3-3 proteins in the pathogenesis of chronic as well as acute neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, polyglutamine diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and stroke has been recognized. The reported function of 14-3-3 proteins in this context are as diverse as the mechanism involved in neurodegeneration, reaching from basal cellular processes like apoptosis, over involvement in features common to many neurodegenerative diseases, like protein stabilization and aggregation, to very specific processes responsible for the selective vulnerability of cellular populations in single neurodegenerative diseases.Here, we review what is currently known of the function of 14-3-3 proteins in nervous tissue focussing on the properties of 14-3-3 proteins important in neurodegenerative disease pathogenesis.     

14-3-3蛋白研究进展

14-3-3蛋白是高度保守的、所有真核生物细胞中都普遍存在的、在大多数生物物种中由一个基因家族编码的一类蛋白调控家族。它几乎参与生命体所有的生理反应过程,人们在各种组织细胞中发现了各种不同的14-3-3蛋白。作为与磷酸丝氨酸／苏氨酸结合的第一信号分子,14-3-3蛋白在细胞的信号转导中起着至关重要的作用,尤其是它直接参与调节蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸化酶的活性,被称为蛋白质与蛋白质相互作用的”桥梁蛋白”;它可以与转录因子结合形成复合体,调节相关基因的表达。一些研究表明,14-3-3蛋白调控机制的紊乱可以直接导致疾病的发生,在临床上14-3-3蛋白常常可以作为诊断的标志物。     

Calyculin A-induced vimentin phosphorylation sequesters 14-3-3 and displaces other 14-3-3 partners in vivo

14-3-3 proteins bind their targets through a specific serine/threonine-phosphorylated motif present on the target protein. This binding is a crucial step in the phosphorylation-dependent regulation of various key proteins involved in signal transduction and cell cycle control. We report that treatment of COS-7 cells with the phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A induces association of 14-3-3 with a 55-kDa protein, identified as the intermediate filament protein vimentin. Association of vimentin with 14-3-3 depends on vimentin phosphorylation and requires the phosphopeptide-binding domain of 14-3-3. The region necessary for binding to 14-3-3 is confined to the vimentin amino-terminal head domain (amino acids 1-96). Monomeric forms of 14-3-3 do not bind vimentin in vivo or in vitro, indicating that a stable complex requires the binding of a 14-3-3 dimer to two sites on a single vimentin polypeptide. The calyculin A-induced association of vimentin with 14-3-3 in vivo results in the displacement of most other 14-3-3 partners, including the protooncogene Raf, which nevertheless remain capable of binding 14-3-3 in vitro. Concomitant with 14-3-3 displacement, calyculin A treatment blocks Raf activation by EGF; however, this inhibition is completely overcome by 14-3-3 overexpression in vivo or by the addition of prokaryotic recombinant 14-3-3 in vitro. Thus, phosphovimentin, by sequestering 14-3-3 and limiting its availability to other target proteins can affect intracellular signaling processes that require 14-3-3.     

14-3-3 Protects against stress-induced apoptosis

Expression of human Bax, a cardinal regulator of mitochondrial membrane permeabilization, causes death in yeast. We screened a human cDNA library for suppressors of Bax-mediated yeast death and identified human 14-3-3β/α, a protein whose paralogs have numerous chaperone-like functions. Here, we show that, yeast cells expressing human 14-3-3β/α are able to complement deletion of the endogenous yeast 14-3-3 and confer resistance to a variety of different stresses including cadmium and cycloheximide. The expression of 14-3-3β/α also conferred resistance to death induced by the target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin and by starvation for the amino acid leucine, conditions that induce autophagy. Cell death in response to these autophagic stimuli was also observed in the macroautophagic-deficient atg1Δ and atg7Δ mutants. Furthermore, 14-3-3β/α retained its ability to protect against the autophagic stimuli in these autophagic-deficient mutants arguing against so called ‘autophagic death''. In line, analysis of cell death markers including the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, membrane integrity and cell surface exposure of phosphatidylserine indicated that 14-3-3β/α serves as a specific inhibitor of apoptosis. Finally, we demonstrate functional conservation of these phenotypes using the yeast homolog of 14-3-3: Bmh1. In sum, cell death in response to multiple stresses can be counteracted by 14-3-3 proteins.     

Cloning of Schistosoma japonicum 14-3-3 epsilon (Sj14-3-3 epsilon), a new member of the 14-3-3 family of proteins from schistosomes

A new member of the 14-3-3 protein family from Schistosoma japonicum has been identified. Phylogenetic analysis showed that this member belongs to the epsilon subfamily of the 14-3-3 proteins, and it is therefore named Sj14-3-3 epsilon. Consistent with the findings for the previously reported S. japonicum 14-3-3 protein (Sj14-3-3), Southern analysis suggested the presence of more than one gene, and/or introns or allelic polymorphism in this epsilon isoform. By RT-PCR, Sj14-3-3 epsilon was shown to be stage-specifically transcribed, being abundant in adults, present in sporocysts but absent in cercariae. Furthermore, mRNA of the epsilon isoform seemed to be much less abundant in the sporocyst stage, compared with Sj14-3-3. This suggests varying requirements of the different 14-3-3 isoforms at different stages of the life cycle.