百合扦插鳞片控温成球过程中4种物质含量的动态变化

以东方型（火百合Stargazer品种）、亚洲型（新中心Nove Cento品种）和麝香型（新铁炮LillHmformo-longii品种）百合鳞片为试验材料,连续在25℃保留8周、17℃保留4周、4～5℃保留8周后分析温控成球过程中鳞片淀粉、总糖、还原糖和蛋白质等含量的动态变化。结果表明：3个品种百合鳞片在控温成球过程中,4种物质的变化与鳞片控温成球处理的不同阶段有密切关系,火百合品种在整个温控成球过程中所测的4种物质含量变化较平缓,而新中心和新铁炮2个品种在整个温控成球过程中4种物质含量变化较大。     

百合远缘杂交育种及其真实性鉴定

以5种野生百合与2个杂种系百合品种为亲本,设计6个杂交组合进行远缘杂交,通过子房与田间培养成功获得远缘杂交种并采用形态学与RAPD分子标记对其真实性进行综合鉴定。结果显示,杂交组合麝香百合?条叶百合通过子房培养获得杂交苗3株;条叶百合?王百合、条叶百合?‘雪皇后’、细叶百合(黑龙江种源)?‘雪皇后’、 细叶百合(黑龙江种源)?‘西伯利亚’与细叶百合(承德种源)?‘西伯利亚’各杂交组合均获杂交种子,结籽率分别为27.0 %、1.4 %、31.5 %、0.04 %与0.08 %。杂交种株型在苗期表现为偏母植株与中间型植株,其他形态学指标介于亲本之间或优于亲本;RAPD分子标记鉴定表明,杂种植株既扩增出相加性带型、单亲本带型,又扩增出融合双亲的特异性带型。获得杂交种为真杂种可用于百合品质育种。     

中国乌头属属下等级数量分类的初步研究

本文取中国乌头属50种(含变种)植物,选取形态学性状46个、化学性状8个、组织学性状5个、生态学性状1个,运用数量分类方法,对该属进行属下等级的分类研究。根据数学分析结果,确定了树系图中变种、种、系、亚属的分级界线,并在聚类分析的基础上,进一步探讨了各等级类群的划分。     

重庆市6种常见园林植物功能性状对城乡生境梯度的响应

功能性状作为联系植物、环境与生态系统的桥梁,对研究植物适应不同生境的策略意义重大。本研究以重庆主城区中华蚊母树(Distylium chinense)、鸡爪槭(Acer palmatum)、檵木(Loropetalum chinense)、构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、玉兰(Magnolia denudata)为对象,遴选植物功能性状及生物量分配指标,定量分析了其在不同城市环境下的差异性,旨在考查植物对于城市生态环境的适应策略。结果表明:除比叶面积和生物量分配比例外,其他功能性状包括营养器官和生殖器官随乡-郊-城环境梯度发生显著变化(P<0.05),表现为其数值随环境梯度显著下降;除鸡爪槭外,其余5种植物分配给繁殖器官的资源最多,分配给茎的资源最少;根据植物功能性状主成分分析,将6种植物分为3类:营养器官和生殖器官基本未受城市环境影响类,营养器官未受影响而生殖器官受损类,以及营养和生殖器官均受损类;植物功能性状综合评价显示,在森林公园中植物性状表现最好,郊区公园次之,城市公园中最差。     

小麦农艺性状与品质特性的多元分析与评价

估算96个小麦品种(系)的11个农艺性状和10个品质特性参数的主成分,并以主成分和欧氏距离为基础,分别作二维排序分析和聚类分析。农艺性状的前4个主成分反映了85.3450%的原始数据信息量;品质特性的前4个主成分代表了89.1483%的原始数据信息量。以96个材料的主成分得分绘制二维排序图,27个小麦品种(系)表现为矮秆、子粒和旗叶较大,丰产性较好、综合农艺性状优良;32个小麦品种(系)表现为铁、锌含量较高,加工品质较好、综合品质特性优良。在系统聚类图中,农艺性状和品质特性分别被聚成5类。综合农艺性状较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅲ类和第Ⅳ类;综合品质特性较好的材料主要集中在第Ⅰ类和第Ⅱ类。综合分析发现,同时兼顾丰产性较好且子粒铁、锌含量较高,品质特性较好的小麦品种(系)有:泰山9818、西农822、轮选719、杨-31、西安837和中育9383。将聚类分析和二维排序分析结合起来,能较好的对小麦的性状组成做出综合评价,鉴定和评价出优质、高产、综合性状优良的小麦品种(系),为小麦遗传育种提供优良的种质资源,为合理选配亲本提供参考。     

21种野生百合亲缘关系的ISSR分析

该研究选用7条ISSR标记引物对百合属21种野生百合的亲缘关系进行分析,使用POPGEN1.32和MEGA5.1数据处理软件分析数据。结果表明：7条引物扩增出149条条带,其中136条为多态性条带,多态性条带比率为91.06％,平均有效等位点数为1.7624,平均Nei’ s基因多样度为0.4214,平均Shanon信息指数0.6085。遗传距离变化范围为0.3075~0.8873,紫脊百合和尖被百合的遗传距离最大,均值为0.8873,表明21份材料中二者亲缘关系最远;紫脊百合和宜昌百合遗传距离最小,均值为0.3075,表明二者亲缘关系最近。聚类结果与形态学分类大致吻合,21个供试材料可被分成5个类群,大理百合、宝兴百合、卷丹百合、紫斑百合、乳头百合、川百合、兰州百合、山丹百合、绿花百合和毛百合为第Ⅰ类群;紫脊百合、宜昌百合、岷江百合、通江百合和淡黄花百合为第Ⅱ类群;野百合和百合为第Ⅲ类群;青岛百合为第Ⅳ类群;第Ⅴ类群包括玫红百合、有斑百合和尖被百合。毛百合与卷瓣组百合亲缘关系较近,钟花组百合与卷瓣组百合存在基因交流,说明不能仅仅依靠形态学对野生百合进行分类。聚类分析结果中野百合与百合单独聚为一类,这说明是否具叶柄对野生百合的分类是一个重要的形态学特性。 ISSR分子标记适合用于百合属植物的亲缘关系分析。     

麝香百合抗热性生理生化指标及综合评价初探

以不同高温胁迫(25、38、42、46、50℃)处理麝香百合,依据苗期叶片的相对含水量、脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、相对电导率4项指标的变化,对8个基因型进行抗热性综合评价。结果表明,麝香百合不同基因型间的抗热性存在明显差异,8个基因型的抗热性由强至弱顺序:K1-1、K2-7、K1-2、F1、K2-2、Wforest、G、Wfox。     

DNA导入和系选大豆品种及其亲本遗传关系的SSR标记分析

利用现有品种的变异进行系选并培育新品种是一种重要的育种方法。利用SSR标记, 对系选大豆(Glycine max)新品种和其亲本的遗传组成进行分析, 明确二者的遗传关系, 为大豆系选育种提供依据。使用48对SSR引物对22个大豆品种及其亲本进行分析, 结果表明, 由外源DNA导入育成的3个品种与其亲本的一致性为35.42%–95.83%, 虽然供体相同, 但由于导入的外源DNA不同, 故育成的品种间差异很大。另外19个系选品种与其亲本的一致性为27.08%–89.58%, 其中有6个品种与亲本间的差异小于30%。聚类分析发现, 所有参试品种分为东北春大豆及黄淮和南方大豆2类, 其中有8个品种不能与其亲本聚在一起, 说明系选品种并不完全是由于亲本通过突变获得。此外, 农艺性状与分子标记分析结果差异较大, 说明利用有限的农艺性状评价品种间的遗传关系存在一定的局限性。通过比较系选品种和亲本之间的保守位点发现, 特定等位变异出现次数≥7的位点有14个, 分布在11个连锁群, 其中有7个位点与产量和抗病性等重要农艺性状有关, 说明DNA导入和系选品种在选择变异性状的同时, 使一些与重要农艺性状有关的等位变异得到了保留。     

DNA导入和系选大豆品种及其亲本遗传关系的SSR标记分析

利用现有品种的变异进行系选并培育新品种是一种重要的育种方法。利用SSR标记, 对系选大豆（Glycine max）新品种和其亲本的遗传组成进行分析, 明确二者的遗传关系, 为大豆系选育种提供依据。使用48对SSR引物对22个大豆品种及其亲本进行分析, 结果表明, 由外源DNA导入育成的3个品种与其亲本的一致性为35.42%–95.83%, 虽然供体相同, 但由于导入的外源DNA不同, 故育成的品种间差异很大。另外19个系选品种与其亲本的一致性为27.08%–89.58%, 其中有6个品种与亲本间的差异小于30%。聚类分析发现, 所有参试品种分为东北春大豆及黄淮和南方大豆2类, 其中有8个品种不能与其亲本聚在一起, 说明系选品种并不完全是由于亲本通过突变获得。此外, 农艺性状与分子标记分析结果差异较大, 说明利用有限的农艺性状评价品种间的遗传关系存在一定的局限性。通过比较系选品种和亲本之间的保守位点发现, 特定等位变异出现次数≥7的位点有14个, 分布在11个连锁群, 其中有7个位点与产量和抗病性等重要农艺性状有关, 说明DNA导入和系选品种在选择变异性状的同时, 使一些与重要农艺性状有关的等位变异得到了保留。     

无髯鸢尾新品种DUS测试性状筛选

植物新品种特异性、一致性和稳定性(DUS)测试是新品种保护的基础和依据,测试性状的筛选是DUS测试的核心。为制定无髯鸢尾DUS测试指南,初步确定测试性状43个,结合性状间R型聚类分析性状间相关性,去除相关性大、贡献较小的雌蕊长、叶长性状,最终确定操作性强、区别明显的测试性状41个;利用品种间Q型聚类分析确定测试指南的分组性状4个;对性状进行分级及分布分析,保证无髯鸢尾测试指南的可行性,为无髯鸢尾品种测试与授权提供技术支持。     

Intraspecific variation in Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) in Peninsular Malaysia– a morphometric analysis

We studied vegetative and reproductive characters of 74 herbarium specimens of Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) collected from 22 localities throughout Peninsular Malaysia. To test the null hypothesis that there are no distinct groups within the species, cluster analysis (nearest neighbour), principal coordinates and principal components analyses were performed on the set of 43 qualitative and quantitative characters. The results obtained suggested that: (1) there are three infraspeciflc groups within the species, viz., the two published varieties glabra and selangorensis as well as a possible third novel taxon; (2) there is clustering of individuals corresponding to their geographic localities; (3) clusters generated using only reproductive characters indicate a biogeographic distribution of populations correlated with the mountain ranges in the peninsula.     

Rapid discrimination of commercial strawberry cultivars using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy data combined by multivariate analysis

To determine whether pattern recognition based on metabolite fingerprinting for whole cell extracts can be used to discriminate cultivars metabolically, leaves and fruits of five commercial strawberry cultivars were subjected to Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. FT-IR spectral data from leaves were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and Fisher’s linear discriminant function analysis. The dendrogram based on hierarchical clustering analysis of these spectral data separated the five commercial cultivars into two major groups with originality. The first group consisted of Korean cultivars including ‘Maehyang’, ‘Seolhyang’, and ‘Gumhyang’, whereas in the second group, ‘Ryukbo’ clustered with ‘Janghee’, both Japanese cultivars. The results from analysis of fruits were the same as of leaves. We therefore conclude that the hierarchical dendrogram based on PCA of FT-IR data from leaves represents the most probable chemotaxonomical relationship between cultivars, enabling discrimination of cultivars in a rapid and simple manner. The authors Suk Weon Kim and Sung Ran Min contributed equally to this work.     

Morphological and genetic diversity of the family Azollaceae inferred from vegetative characters and RAPD markers

Family Azollaceae has seven species with a controversial taxonomy. The identification of species without reproductive structures relies on vegetative characters but some are variable, leading to misinterpretations. The molecular methods may be helpful, but until now, they did not provide a conclusive Azolla taxonomy. Therefore, we studied the family Azollaceae at vegetative and molecular levels. Analysis of vegetative, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and combined data showed a comparable grouping of the Azolla species in two main clusters: cluster I, referred to as section Rhizosperma (A. pinnata and A. nilotica) and cluster II, referred to as section Azolla (A. filiculoides, A. microphylla, A. caroliniana and A. mexicana), with the exception of A. rubra, which clustered differently depending on the method. All the Azolla species were distinguished by the 13 polymorphic vegetative characters, the 211 RAPD markers or the combined data, with the latest showing the highest discrimination. The Shannon Index diversity was greater with RAPD (2.276) than with vegetative characters (0.054), highlighting the higher discriminating power of the molecular data. The partitioning of diversity was, as expected, high among species for all the types of data and low within species, with the lowest diversity obtained for morphological data. Both data sets (vegetative and RAPD) allowed the distinction of all the species and their clustering into sections Rhizosperma and Azolla, suggesting this as the most correct for this family. The dendrogram from the combined data was the most accurate, highlighting the benefit of integrating different types of data to study the family Azollaceae.     

基于叶形特征的切花菊品种鉴别

通过测定、计算获得40个切花菊品种叶片的6个定性分级性状及叶片的长宽比、尖削度、裂片长宽比、裂片开张度等14个叶形结构参数。以6个定性分级性状为变量,用聚类法选取叶形相似性大的18个切花菊品种,通过多元判别分析法对18个品种叶片的形态结构参数进行数值化鉴别。结果表明,18个叶形相似的品种多元判别的平均拟合率为88．28％,达到了判别品种的目的。说明根据叶形的测量数据能对切花菊品种进行有效鉴别。     

Taxonomic continuum of Alchemilla (Rosaceae) in Estonia

23 widespread apomictic Alchemilla microspecies occurring in Estonia are analyzed to investigate whether the species and higher rank taxa are distinct, how variable these taxa are and which characters distinguish them better. Cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, analysis of variance, principal component analysis and continuum analysis are used for data processing. The characters form four correlative groups, describing (i) vegetative and (ii) generative parts of the plant body, (iii) hairiness characters and, (iv) leaf teeth measurements. The best characters according to analysis of variance for disünguishing species are hairiness characters, but often they distinguish only few species very clearly and cannot be used for the remaining ones. Hence the other characters cannot be excluded. From the studied species only A. plicata, A. semilunaris and A. lindbergiana are significantly distinct from all others. The remaining ones form a complicated network of mutually indistinct pairs. Higher rank taxa — sections and series according to Rothmaler, Fröhner and Yuzepchuk are better separated, containing very few mutually indistinct pairs. Results from species centroids' clustering are most congruent with Fröhner's system, but still some changes seem to be necessary and a corrected system is proposed here. Section Plicatae is split into two series: Pubescentes and Barbulatae , sections Alchemilla, Ultravulgares and Decumbentes are joined as three series of section Hirsutae , and A. filicaulis is moved from section Plicatae to section Coriaceae. Coriaceae should also be split into three series: Exuentes (A. filicaulis), Glabricaules (A. glabricaulis) and Coriaceae (other species).     

小麦抗旱生态分类中适合性聚类方法的研究

探索了适合于小麦品种抗旱生态分类的聚类方法。选用２１个农艺性状和１５个冬小麦品种（系）,在聚类分析的各环节上,通过采用不同的策略,大规模进行了各种分类结果的比较。结果表明,在与专家经验分类接近程度上,数据转换方法中,原始数据法依次大于普通相关阵基础上的方差极大正交旋转法、Ｐｒｏｍａｘ斜交旋转法、主成份法;相似性度量上,欧氏距离大于马氏距离;聚类方式上,对应分析法和模糊聚类法大于最短距离法、最长距离     

How does sampling strategy influence detection of morphological variation in orchids? A case-study of the epiphyte Oberonia hosseusii

Effects of sampling strategy on detection of morphological variation were studied in the epiphytic orchid Oberonia hosseusii in Thailand. We compared the different effects of local versus regional sampling on the one hand and the size of local samples on the other. A local data set was collected by sampling a natural population on Doi Inthanon, during which process a preservation experiment was made. A regional data set was established by measurement of 18 preserved specimens from 12 different localities. Based on the preservation experiment, data from the regional sampling were calibrated (whenever needed) to make the two data sets more directly comparable. Heat drying and spirit preservation significantly influenced measurements for two mutually exclusive sets of characters. Increasing the local sample size from 18 to 52 individuals had no statistically significant effect on the mean value of any character. In contrast, local versus regional sampling significantly influenced the mean value of every character, virtually irrespective of local sample size. In the regional data set only, a difference was found in overall variability in vegetative versus floral characters. Three cluster analyses with equal representation of individuals from the local and regional samples were performed using different clustering techniques. Only in the analysis using neighbour-joining did pure “local clusters” prove to be significantly larger than pure “regional clusters”, suggesting that this clustering technique is particularly sensitive to effects from sampling strategy.     

Phenetic similarity among Dioscorea cayenensis cultivars as estimated by cluster analysis and minimum spanning tree

Two numerical taxonomic methods, cluster analysis and minimum spanning tree, were applied to classify 20 Nigerian cultivars of yellow yam (Dioscorea cayenensis). Cultivars were grown for 3 yr and 49 plant characters observed. The results were summarised as a dendrogram and an undirected minimum spanning tree. The classifications from both methods were complementary and facilitated a better understanding of the phenetic similarity between cultivars. Four main clusters were revealed with different intra-cluster variation. The clustering pattern was not remarkably affected by the two classificatory methods employed.     

A comparative evaluation of two methods of selecting locations used for testing spring wheat cultivars

Summary One of the considerations of regional cultivar evaluation programs is to optimize the number of locations used for testing. Although optimization of numbers of locations using cluster analysis has been previously attempted, no objective comparison of methods has yet been made. A new clustering method that uses the pairwise contribution of locations to the cultivar x location mean square as the distance measure (LB) was compared to another method that employs diallel correlations as the distance measure (CL). Data from six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) cultivars grown at 13 locations for five years were used in the initial cluster analysis. Another set of data, from a separate year, consisting of yields of the original 6 cultivars and a set of 12 independent cultivars was then used to check the validity of the original groupings and to compare the two methods. When the 6 original cultivars were considered, the LB technique was found to be superior to the CL. When the 12 independent cultivars were used, neither method was considered to be superior. Because of the lack of flexibility on the part of the LB method, neither technique could be deemed as fully adequate.Contribution Number 842 of the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada     

湖北罗田县板栗品种的初步研究

本文对罗田县某些板栗品种的植物学特征、物候期(开花期和果实成熟期)、过氧化物酶同工酶、Q型聚类分析进行了初步研究。结果表明,①各品种的总苞、坚果形态特征和果实成熟期等性状稳定而且相互间差异比较明显,可作为板栗品种分类的依据;②品种间过氧化物酶同工酶的差异表现在酶带数目和酶带活性强弱上;③聚类分析所揭示的品种间的相互关系,与品种间植物形态特征比较、同工酶分析结果相一致。