小毛茛居群的遗传分化及其与空间隔离的相关性

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对分布于华中地区的11个小毛茛（Ranunculus ternatus）居群的遗传分化进行了检测。对8个酶系统17个酶位点上的分析结果表明,该种各居群 的各项遗传多样性指标处于一个相对较低的水平：多态位点比率（P）为0～53.0%,平均每位点等位基因数（A）为1～1.647,平均预期杂合度（H_e）和观察杂合度（H_o）分别为0～0.108和0～0.102。居群间遗传一致度甚高（I＝0.9754～0.9991）。根据Nei′s遗传距离所作出的聚类分析表明,豫南信阳地区3个居群与湖北省武汉地区8 个居群之间关系较远。而在武汉地区,长江以北的居群及长江以南的部分居群分别相聚在一 起。用GPS定位方法得到居群间空间距离并据此聚类,结果显示了该种的遗传分化与地理因 素 的相关性,并推测出长江的隔离作用加强了两岸居群间的遗传分化。同时发现一个生于独特 生境的居群在表型和遗传结构上都已与其他邻近居群有了很大分异,由于该居群在所检测的 酶位点上均无特有等位基因出现,作者认为不宜将其作为新种或新变种处理。     

滇牡丹遗传多样性的ISSR分析

应用ISSR标记对中国西南地区特有植物滇牡丹(Paeonia delavayi)的遗传多样性进行了研究。从100个引物中筛选出10个用于正式扩增,在取自16个自然居群和1个迁地保护居群的511个个体中,检测到92个多态位点。在居群水平上,多态位点百分率（PPB）为44.61%,Nei′s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon信息指数（I）分别为0.1657和0.2448。在物种水平上,多态位点百分率（PPB）为79.31%,Nei′s基因多样性指数（H）和Shannon信息指数（I）分别为0.2947和0.4355。居群间的遗传分化系数(G_ST)达0.4349。结果表明：滇牡丹遗传多样性水平较高,居群间遗传分化较大。结合以前的研究结果,对滇牡丹的现状进行评估的结果显示,滇牡丹并不濒危。     

巴东木莲等位酶的遗传多样性

采用超薄平板聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦技术对中国特有濒危植物巴东木莲(Manglietia patungensis Hu)的遗传多样性进行了初步的分析。通过对8个酶系统18个酶位点的检测,结果表明,巴东木莲具有较高的遗传多样性。种水平多态位点的百分数(Ps)为66．7,平均预期杂合度(He)为0．178。高于多年生木本植物的平均水平。居群间分化系数为0．107,说明巴东木莲的遗传变异的89．3％来自于居群内。     

野生罗汉果遗传多样性的ISSR分析

应用ISSR分子标记方法对采自广西和广东的7个罗汉果（Siraitia grosvenorii）野生居群共130个个体进行了遗传多样性分析。15个ISSR引物共扩增到了111个位点,其中91个是多态性位点,占82.0%。Nei′s基因多样性指数(H_e)为 0.248,Shannon 信息多样性指数（I） 为0.354。罗汉果不同居群的遗传多样性水平差异较大,居群多态位点百分率在 28.2%－55.6%之间,Nei′s基因多样性指数为0.080－0.209,Shannon 信息多样性指数为0.123－0.310。永福居群（YF）和金秀居群（JX）的遗传多样性水平较高,其周边居群的遗传多样性水平逐渐降低,居群间产生了较大的遗传分化（G_st = 0.569）。居群间的遗传距离与地理距离相关性不明显（r =0.369,P = 0.115）。UPGMA聚类图中,7个居群的个体按居群各自聚在一起。     

基于叶绿体DNA非编码序列的蒙古扁桃谱系地理学研究

该研究选取中国西北干旱区第三纪孑遗植物蒙古扁桃（Amygdalus mongolica）,基于叶绿体DNA非编码trnH psbA序列对蒙古扁桃17个居群324个个体进行了谱系地理学研究。结果表明：（1）蒙古扁桃trnH psbA序列长度350 bp,变异位点63个,共有9种单倍型,居群间总遗传多样性为（H_t）为0.758,居群内平均遗传多样性为（H_s）为0.203,贺兰山东麓及阴山南麓边缘的居群具有较高的单倍型多样性及核苷酸多样性并固定较多特有单倍型,推测这2个地区是蒙古扁桃在第四纪冰期时的重要避难所。（2）AMOVA分析表明,居群间的遗传变异为83.84%,居群内的遗传变异为16.16%,居群间遗传分化系数N_st>G_st（N_st=0.733, G_st=0.655, P>0.05）,表明蒙古扁桃不存在明显的谱系地理结构;根据单倍型地理分布及网络关系图,把蒙古扁桃自然地理居群分为东、西两大地理组群,而且东、西地理组群没有共享单倍型;居群遗传结构分析表明,两大地理组群遗传分化较大。（3）蒙古扁桃居群在间冰期或冰期后经历了近期的居群扩张,由于奠基者效应使得多数居群只固定了单一的单倍型。     

基于SSR分子标记的草果栽培起源分析

为探索草果（Amomum tsaoko）的遗传多样性和栽培起源,对草果和拟草果（A. paratsaoko）在8个SSR位点上的遗传变异进行了分析。结果表明,8个SSR位点在20个草果居群和5个拟草果居群分别检测到149和101个等位基因,特有等位基因分别为44和59个。方差分析（AMOVA）表明,仅10.43%的遗传变异存在于2物种间,8.66%于种内居群间,80.91%于居群内（P<0.01）。拟草果居群总的遗传分化程度较大（0.15≤F_st≤0.25）,草果的为中度（0.05≤F_st≤0.15）。SMM模式下2物种的遗传分化均加大（F_st<P_st）。因此,草果和拟草果共享祖先的遗传多样性,可能通过随机遗传漂变完成谱系分选后基因突变的积累形成了现有遗传分化模式;围绕大围山的马关、屏边地区可能是草果栽培起源地理中心。     

基于SSR标记的新疆野杏群体遗传多样性及遗传结构

利用27对SSR分子标记对新疆4个野杏群体遗传多样性和遗传结构进行分析,评价新疆野杏遗传多样性水平和分化程度,为新疆野杏合理保护与利用提供科学依据。结果显示：（1）27对SSR引物共检测到431个等位基因（N_a）,各位点平均等位基因数（N_a）和多态性信息含量（PIC）分别为15.96和0.84;物种水平上Shannons信息指数（I）和期望杂合度（H_e）分别为2.21和0.78。（2）群体水平上等位基因数（N_a）、有效等位基因（N_e）、Shannons信息指数（I）、期望杂合度（H_e）和观察杂合度（H_o）分别为10.98、5.85、1.92、0.79和0.55;其中新源县野杏群体遗传多样性最丰富,巩留县群体遗传多样性最低。（3）基于F统计量分析的遗传分化系数（F_st）为0.05,基因流（N_m）为5.26;分子方差分析显示新疆野杏群体大部分遗传变异来自群体内（95.4%）,群体间的遗传变异仅占4.6%。（4）新疆野杏群体遗传距离为0.06~0.49,平均为0.24;遗传相似度为0.61~0.94,平均为0.80;遗传相似度的聚类分析和遗传距离的主坐标分析结果一致,均将供试4个群体划分为两组;Mantel检测显示,新疆野杏群体遗传距离与地理距离无显著相关（r=0.332,P＝0.16）。研究表明,新疆野杏资源具有丰富的遗传多样性,群体遗传分化程度较低,群体间遗传距离较小,这与新疆野杏群体的大小和悠久的演化历史以及群体间频繁的基因交流相关。     

秦巴山区石斛属亲缘关系及金钗石斛遗传多样性ISSR分析

为研究秦巴山区石斛属亲缘关系,利用5条ISSR引物对秦巴地区石斛属植物12个居群的遗传多样性进行了初步探讨。结果表明：（1）UPGMA聚类分析结果显示,金钗石斛（Dendrobium nobile Lindl）、曲茎石斛（D.flexicaule Z. H. Tsi）和细叶石斛（D.hancockii Rolfe）分别聚为三支,在分子水平上出现了明显的分化,揭示三者是独立物种。（2）金钗石斛种下6个居群可明显分为2支,LJ、MT、YP和WF遗传一致度较近聚为一支;YJ和PT遗传高度一致,遗传距离最近聚在一起。（3）金钗石斛种下居群间Neis总基因多样性（H_t）为0.388,基因分化系数(G_st)为0.934,显示金钗石斛居群间存在较高的遗传分化。研究结果揭示了秦巴山区石斛属植物的亲缘关系,从分子水平上为其鉴定提供了依据,并为金钗石斛的资源利用和遗传改良奠定理论基础。     

基于SSR标记的大明松天然群体遗传多样性分析

大明松是广西和贵州特有的高山松类,具有很高的经济价值和生态价值,其自然种群长期没有得到充分的保护和利用,不利于该树种长期稳定发展。为了合理保护和开发利用大明松天然遗传资源,该文利用12个SSR分子标记对大明松3个天然群体进行遗传多样性研究,分析其群体间的遗传分化和基因流,为该物种的保护策略提供参考。研究结果表明:(1)12对引物共检测到37 个等位基因,多态位点百分率为100%。每个位点平均观察等位基因数(Na)为3.08,平均有效等位基因数(Ne)为1.68, 不同位点间有效等位基因数差异较大; 每个位点平均观察杂合度(Ho)为0.35,平均期望杂合度(He)为0.40,平均多态信息含量(PIC)为0.31。(2)3 个群体的Shannon''s多样性指数变化范围为0.48～0.65,Nei''s基因多样度的变化范围为0.27～0.39,与其他近缘种松类相比遗传多样性偏低。群体平均观察杂合度为0.40,平均期望杂合度为0.33,平均有效等位基因数为1.58。群体间基因分化系数(Gst)为0.10,群体间的遗传分化水平较低,大部分变异均存在群体内。群体间的基因流(Nm)为2.74,说明大明松群体间的基因交流比较充分。该研究可为大明松生物多样性保护提供重要参考依据,为科学利用大明松资源打下基础。     

山茶科3种中国特有濒危植物的遗传多样性研究

猪血木(Euryodendron excelsum)、圆籽荷(Apterosperma oblata)和杜鹃红山茶(Camellia changii)均为我国特有的山茶科珍稀濒危植物。本研究应用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)检测方法,比较了这3个物种的遗传多样性。利用20－24个随机引物从猪血木、圆籽荷和杜鹃红山茶居群中分别获得206－305条RAPD谱带,多态位点百分率(PPL)分别为51.80％、80.26％和38.83％;居群间遗传分化指数G_ST分别为0.3566、0.1713、0.1242。结果显示：自然分布较广的圆籽荷的遗传多样性高于另外两种自然分布区狭窄的种类。3个物种的遗传变异均主要存在于居群内,但猪血木居群间的遗传分化明显高于圆籽荷和杜鹃红山茶,这可能与其生境的严重片断化有关。根据3个物种不同的遗传结构特点,建议加强现有自然居群的就地 保护,促进居群自然更新;收集不同分布点的种源,尽快建立广东山茶科珍稀濒危植物的保育中心,深入开展人工快繁研究,扩大这些种群的数量。     

三峡库区特有种疏花水柏枝的保护遗传学研究

采用超薄平板微型聚丙烯酰胺等电聚焦电泳方法对三峡库区特有种疏花水柏枝 (Myricarialaxiflora)的 13个自然居群和 1个人工迁地保护居群的等位酶遗传变异进行了初步研究。检测了 5个酶系统 ,得到 13个等位酶位点 ,遗传多样性及其遗传结构分析结果表明 :疏花水柏枝具有较高水平的遗传多样性 ,平均多态位点比率P =78.7% ,每位点平均等位基因数A =1.8,平均预期杂合度He=0 .317,高于中国植物特有种的平均水平 ,且群体中杂合基因型个体偏多 ;其遗传变异主要发生于居群内 ( 84.86 % ) ,居群间又存在一定的遗传分化 (Gst=0 .15 14) ,居群间平均基因流Nm =1.40 1,居群间遗传距离为 0 .0 0 2～ 0 .176 ;UPGMA聚类分析显示疏花水柏枝在三峡湖北境内的白水河—泄滩一带分为上游和下游 2个居群组 ;武汉植物园迁地保护的混合居群基本保育了其遗传多样性总水平。在分析讨论疏花水柏枝遗传多样性与其繁育系统、生境及其起源进化的关系的基础上 ,探讨了疏花水柏枝濒危的主要原因 ,推断其应为第四纪冰期影响后的古孑遗种。最后 ,在评价迁地保护成果的基础上 ,提出了今后进一步保育的策略。     

Allozyme diversity and genetic structure of the leafy cactus (Pereskia guamacho [Cactaceae])

We examined levels of genetic variation and genetic structure in the leafy cactus (Pereskia guamacho) in arid and semiarid zones in Venezuela. We surveyed genetic diversity within 17 populations using 19 allozyme loci. Genetic diversity was relatively high at both the species (P(s) = 89%, A(s) = 3.26, AP(s) = 3.53, H(es) = 0.24) and population (P(p) = 63%, A(p) = 1.90, AP(p) = 2.42, H(ep) = 0.20) levels. A significant deficit of heterozygote individuals was detected within populations in the Paraguana Peninsula region (F(IS) = 0.301). Relatively low levels of population differentiation were detected at macrogeographic (G(ST) = 0.112) and regional levels (G(ST) = 0.044 for peninsula region and G(ST) = 0.074 for mainland region), suggesting substantial genetic exchange among populations; however, gene flow in this species seems to be regulated by the distance among populations. Overall, estimates of genetic diversity found in P. guamacho are concordant with the pattern observed for other cacti surveyed, namely high levels of polymorphism and genetic diversity with one common allele and several rare alleles per locus. Differences in gene dispersal systems between this species and other cacti studied were not reflected in the patterns of genetic diversity observed. The concentration of the highest estimates of genetic variation in northwestern Venezuela suggests a potential reservoir of plant genetic diversity within xerophilous ecosystems in northern South America.     

在韩国境内Potentilla fragarioides var .sprengeliana的遗传多样性和种群结构(英文)

根据 2 2个等位酶位点遗传变异 ,探讨了韩国境内委陵菜 (PotentillafragarioidesL .var.sprengeliana)的遗传多样性和种群结构。酶位点的多态位点百分比为 5 9 1%。种和种群水平上的遗传多样性比较高 ,分别为Hes=0 .2 10 ,Hep=0 .199;而种群的分化水平则相对较低 (GST=0 .0 74)。 19个种群中随机交配的偏差为FIS=0 .331。每代迁移数的间接估计 (Nm=3.15 )表明该种在韩国的种群间基因流较高。另外 ,固定指数分析显示在一些种群和位点有轻微的杂合子缺乏。种群间平均遗传一致度为 0 985。这些韩国委陵菜种群存在于较为均一的生境 ,这很有可能是造成其种群遗传一致性较高的原因。     

First Report on RAPDs Patterns Able to Differentiate Some Argentinean Species of Section Algarobia (Prosopis, Leguminosae)

Prosopis species constitute a very important resource in arid and semiarid regions. Some species of section Algarobia hybridise and introgress naturally in areas of sympatry. According to previous isoenzymatic studies these species have high variability within populations. However, the genetic differentiation among species was very low, and these markers failed to provide diagnostic loci for species recognition. Here we analysed by the RAPD technique natural populations of Prosopis alba, P. ruscifolia, P. nigra, P. flexuosa, and P. vinalillo with the purpose of obtaining markers for species and hybrid identification, by analysing the distribution of genetic diversity within and among species. Genetic variability (H = 0.12-0.26) was similar in all populations. Genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.39) was highly significant. Hierarchical analysis of genetic structure performed by Wright (1978) method and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that the diversity among populations within species is low (4-13%) and most genetic diversity (54-61%) occurs within populations. The differentiation among species is intermediate (26-42%) between the previous components but highly significant. Five bands provided a tool for identifying any of the species studied, with the exception of P. vinalillo. The difficulty in diagnosing this species is discussed in reference to the hypothesis of its hybrid origin.     

Population genetic structure of Venezuelan chiropterophilous columnar cacti (Cactaceae)

We conducted allozyme surveys of three Venezuelan self-incompatible chiropterophilous columnar cacti: two diploid species, Stenocereus griseus and Cereus repandus, and one tetraploid, Pilosocereus lanuginosus. The three cacti are pollinated by bats, and both bats and birds disperse seeds. Population sampling comprised two spatial scales: all Venezuelan arid zones (macrogeographic) and two arid regions in northwestern Venezuela (regional). Ten to 15 populations and 17-23 loci were analyzed per species. Estimates of genetic diversity were compared with those of other allozyme surveys in the Cactaceae to examine how bat-mediated gene dispersal affects the population genetic attributes of the three cacti. Genetic diversity was high for both diploid (P(s) = 94.1-100, P(p) = 56.7-72.3, H(s) = 0.182-0.242, H(p) = 0.161-0.205) and tetraploid (P(s) = 93.1, P(p) = 76.1, H(s) = 0.274, H(p) = 0.253) species. Within-population heterozygote deficit was detected in the three cacti at macrogeographic (F(IS) = 0.145-0.182) and regional (F(IS) = 0.057-0.174) levels. Low genetic differentiation was detected at both macrogeographic (G(ST) = 0.043-0.126) and regional (G(ST) = 0.009-0.061) levels for the three species, suggesting substantial gene flow among populations. Gene exchange among populations seems to be regulated by distance among populations. Our results support the hypothesis that bat-mediated gene dispersal confers high levels of genetic exchange among populations of the three columnar cacti, a process that enhances levels of genetic diversity within their populations.     

Quantitative evaluation of gene variation and interpopulation differentiation of parthenogenetic species of Darevskia lizards based on mini- and microsatellite DNA markers

Methods of estimating within- and between-population gene diversity in parthenogenetic species using mini- and microsatellite DNA markers and modified Wright's FST statistic are presented with special reference to model populations of lizards of the genus Darevskia (D. dahli, D. armeniaca, D. unisexualis). We used DNA fingerprinting data for several populations of these species examined earlier. The effects of variation in M13, minisatellite, (GACA)n and (TCC)n microsatellite loci on the formation of within-population gene diversity in parthenogenetic species D. dahli and D. armeniaca were shown to be different. The equality of the realized gene diversity H and its maximum possible value Hmax in two populations of D. dahli (Hmax = 0.032, H = 0.031, P < < 0.0431; Hmax = 0.024, H = 0.027, P = 0.09) and D. armeniaca (Hmax = 0.05, H = 0.053, P = 0.03; Hmax = 0.054, H = 0.055, P = 0.02) suggests that variation in (GACA)n loci substantially contributes to the maintenance of within-population genetic diversity. Analysis of between-population genetic diversity using loci M13, (GACA)n, and (TCC)n showed differentiation of D. dahli populations from northeastern and northwestern Armenia (FST = 0.0272, P = 3 x 10(-13)) and genetic homogeneity of the Armenian and Introduced to the Ukraine populations of D. armeniaca characteristic of one clone (FST = 0, P = 1).     

Patterns of Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of the Clonal Herb,Potentilla fragarioides var. sprengeliana (Rosaceae) in Korea

The genetic diversity and population structure of Potentilla fragarioides var. sprengeliana(Rosaceae) in Korea were investigated using genetic variation at 22 allozyme loci. The percent of polymorphic loci within the enzymes was 59.1%. The genetic diversity at the species level and at the population level was high (Hes=0.210; Hep=0.199, respectively), whereas the extent of the population divergence was relatively low (GST=0.074). FIS, a measure of the deviation from random mating within the 19 populations, was 0.331. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (Nm=3.15) indicates that gene flow is high among Korean populations of the species. In addition, analysis of fixation indices revealed a slight heterozygote deficiency in some populations and at some loci. The mean genetic identity between populations was 0.985. It is highly probable that the trend of genetic uniformity in a relatively homogeneous habitat is thought to be operated among Korean populations of P. fragarioides var.sprengeliana.     

Genetic structure of an endangered plant, Antirrhinum microphyllum (Scrophulariaceae): allozyme and RAPD analysis

Thirteen allozyme loci and 68 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were analyzed to assess the genetic diversity and population structure of threatened Antirrhinum microphyllum (Scrophulariaceae), a narrow endemic of central Spain known from only four populations. According to allozyme data, species genetic diversity (p = 46.15%, A = 2.61, and H(e) = 0.218), as well as within-population genetic diversity (p = 44.23%, A = 2.10, and H(e) = 0.204), were high when compared to average estimates for other narrowly distributed plant species. Ninety-four percent of species genetic diversity corresponded to within-population genetic diversity. Nevertheless, significant differences were found among populations in allele frequencies of four of the six polymorphic loci, and three private alleles were detected. Inbreeding coefficients (F(IS)) suggest that populations are structured in genetic neighborhoods. The RAPDs also showed high levels of genetic diversity (p = 89.71% and H(e) = 0.188 at the species level, and p = 67.65% and H(e) = 0.171 at the population level). Nei's genetic distances estimated both from allozymes and RAPDs indicated low differentiation among populations. In spite of this, the low frequencies of certain alleles and the presence of private alleles indicate that efforts should be made to conserve all four remaining populations.     

Genetic differentiation among Hemarthria compressa populations in south China and its genetic relationship with H. japonica

Within and among populations genetic variance of twelve Hemarthria compressa populations and one Hemarthria japonica population from China were analyzed using inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR). Twelve primers amplified a total of 165 genomic DNA fragments across a total of 148 individuals of which 156 were polymorphic (94.55%). 75.76% of the bands were unique to each species, while the average genetic distance (GD) between one population of H. japonica and twelve populations of H. compressa was 0.44, which suggest that there was distinct differentiation between these two species. In H. compressa, twelve primers produced 145 bands across 145 individuals. High genetic diversity was observed at species level. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was 86.21% and Shannon's information index of diversity (I) was 0.357. In contrast, there were relatively low levels of genetic diversity within population (P=32.93%, I=0.174). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that a considerable proportion of genetic variation (48.02%) resided among populations. The coefficient of gene differentiation (G(ST)=48.6%) also suggested that there was strong genetic differentiation among H. compressa populations in southern China. An indirect estimate of the number of migrants per generation (N(m)=0.264) indicated that gene flow was low among populations of this species. Relative high clonal diversity was found, and all local genotypes were found.