基因工程抗体

基因工程抗体是８０年代发展起来的研究领域,把基因工程技术与单克隆抗体技术结合起来,创造出自然界不存在的各种抗体,如人－鼠嵌合抗体、改形抗体、单链抗体等,大大地降低或消除鼠源单克隆抗体的免疫原性,从而可以发挥抗体在肿瘤和病毒病治疗中的潜力。在此基础上发展起来的抗体库技术使人们有可能不经免疫获得任何一种抗体,将对医学和生物学的发展起着深远的影响。本文将对这两方面的内容作一简要的介绍。     

基因工程抗体的获得

一、抗体结构和抗体基因 1.抗体结构 抗体分为五类,即IgG、IgM、IgA、IgD和IgE,其理化性质各不相同,在体内的比例、分布及代谢速率也很不一样。IgG是最重要的血清免疫球蛋白,分为四种亚型:IgG1是主要的亚型(占IgG总量的67％),其次是IgG2、IgG3、IgG4。IgA是主要的分泌型Ig,分为IgA1,IgA2两个亚型。IgM是一五聚体分子,由10条H链、10条L链和一条J链通过二硫键连接而成。它是一个多价体。在B细胞膜上的IgM作为抗原受体与B细胞成熟、分化有关。     

治疗性单抗与抗体产业关键技术

抗体技术历经动物血清多克隆抗体、杂交瘤单克隆抗体,以及重组基因工程抗体等不同发展时期,尤其是后者使得治疗性抗体的生产进入产业化阶段.在已上市的抗体药物中,人源化抗体、全人源抗体由于免疫原性小,临床药效好,目前已经成为抗体药物的主流.随着抗体药物在癌症、免疫调节等治疗领域的广泛应用.抗体产业已经成为国际制药行业的主要组成部分.我国的抗体产业由于品种不足、技术落后,尚处于起步阶段,其行业发展受限于诸多技术瓶颈,如:工程细胞系构建与筛选、大规模培养工艺开发,单抗的纯化与质控等,上述产业化关键技术的突破可加快我国抗体产业的发展进程.     

基因工程抗体研究进展

临床治疗中人抗鼠抗体反应的出现使鼠源性单克隆抗体的应用受到了极大的限制。为降低其免疫原性,人们利用基因工程技术对鼠源抗体进行改造,以减少其鼠源成分。简要概述了目前研究比较多的几种基因工程抗体及其临床应用。     

基因工程抗体的性质及应用前景

一、基因工程抗体的理化 及生物学性质 如果需要全抗体分子,目前仍主要选用哺乳动物细胞表达的,而抗体片段则主要用大肠杆菌或噬菌体所表达的。在诊断及治疗,特别是肿瘤的诊断及治疗上,功能抗体片段显示其特殊的优越性。小鼠IgA PMC 603在与抗原结合时或不与抗原结合时的晶体结构已研究得很清楚。通过对这个抗体的研究,掌握了抗体各个区段的基本特征。 1.嵌合抗体(Chimeric antibodies) 嵌合抗体的制作通常是把分泌高亲和力抗体的鼠杂交瘤细胞林中分离到的V基因(VH和VL)连接起来,在骨髓瘤或杂交瘤细胞内表     

双链抗体--一种新型基因工程抗体

双链抗体（Ｄｉａｂｏｄｙ）,是一种新型基因工程抗体。“Ｄｉａｂｏｄｙ”一词最早由Ｈｏｌｉｇｅｒ等于１９９３年提出［１］,他们的解释是,双链抗体乃是一种小分子的双价双特异性抗体片段。我们将“Ｄｉａｂｏｄｙ”试译为“双链抗体”的理由有二：（１）前缀“Ｄｉ...     

单链抗体的研究进展

单链抗体（ＳｃＦｖ）是抗原与抗体结合的最小单位,是由连接肽将抗体重链可变区（ＶＨ）与轻链可变区（ＶＬ）连接而成的单链抗体可变区片段,本文从单链抗体的结构、特性、构建、表达方式,用途及研究进展等方面进行了介绍。     

基因工程小分子抗体研究进展

自从七十年代杂交瘤技术问世以来,人们获得了多种抗肿瘤的单克隆抗体(McAb),用单克隆抗体为载体,接上药物、毒素或放射性同位素而形成免疫交联物,用于肿瘤的导向诊断和导向治疗,一直是一个极有吸引力的前景。McAb标记上同位素用于肿瘤定位诊断的实验与临床研究取得了令人鼓舞的成绩,但导向治疗的临床研究结果却远远低于人们的期望值,主要原因有以下两方面。首先是所用的小鼠单位往往导致人抗鼠抗体反应,一次注射抗体有50％的病人产生抗抗体;其次是     

基因工程抗体的研究进展

基因工程抗体以其独特的优点（免疫原性低、可按人的意愿加以改造等）正逐渐取代动物源性单抗。随着基因工程和蛋白质工程等生物技术在抗体研制领域的广泛应用,适应不同需要的基因工程抗体的种类日趋多样化,构建日趋合理化,在体内的生物学效应与日臻完善,使之较天然单抗的治疗效果更好,范围更广,并在初步临床试用中展示了光辉的前景。     

治疗性单克隆抗体研究进展

杂交瘤技术使鼠源单克隆抗体（鼠单抗）被广泛用于人类疾病的诊断和研究,建立了治疗性抗体的第一个里程碑。但随后出现的人抗鼠抗体等副作用极大地限制了鼠单抗的临床应用。随着生物学技术的发展和抗体基因结构的阐明,应用DNA重组技术和抗体库技术对鼠单抗进行人源化改造,先后出现了嵌合抗体、改型抗体和全人抗体,同时也涌现了各种单抗衍生物,它们从不同角度克服了鼠单抗临床应用的不足,未人类疾病治疗带来新的曙光。我们就上述治疗性抗体人源化的研究进展做简要综述。     

Monoclonal antibody therapeutics with up to five specificities: Functional enhancement through fusion of target-specific peptides

The recognition that few human diseases are thoroughly addressed by mono-specific, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) continues to drive the development of antibody therapeutics with additional specificities and enhanced activity. Historically, efforts to engineer additional antigen recognition into molecules have relied predominantly on the reformatting of immunoglobulin domains. In this report we describe a series of fully functional mAbs to which additional specificities have been imparted through the recombinant fusion of relatively short polypeptides sequences. The sequences are selected for binding to a particular target from combinatorial libraries that express linear, disulfide-constrained, or domain-based structures. The potential for fusion of peptides to the N- and C- termini of both the heavy and light chains affords the bivalent expression of up to four different peptides. The resulting molecules, called zybodies, can gain up to four additional specificities, while retaining the original functionality and specificity of the scaffold antibody. We explore the use of two clinically significant oncology antibodies, trastuzumab and cetuximab, as zybody scaffolds and demonstrate functional enhancements in each case. The affect of fusion position on both peptide and scaffold function is explored, and penta-specific zybodies are demonstrated to simultaneously engage five targets (ErbB2, EGFR, IGF-1R, Ang2 and integrin αvβ3). Bispecific, trastuzumab-based zybodies targeting ErbB2 and Ang2 are shown to exhibit superior efficacy to trastuzumab in an angiogenesis-dependent xenograft tumor model. A cetuximab-based bispecific zybody that targeting EGFR and ErbB3 simultaneously disrupted multiple intracellular signaling pathways; inhibited tumor cell proliferation; and showed efficacy superior to that of cetuximab in a xenograft tumor model.     

嵌合抗体研究进展

抗体在疾病诊断,治疗和预防中发挥着重要作用,近几年来将基因工程应用到抗体生产的基因工程抗体技术发展迅速,本就基因工程抗体中的重要组成部分－嵌合抗体的研究进展加以综述。     

Isolation and optimization of camelid single-domain antibodies: Dirk Saerens' work on nanobodies

It is well established that all camelids have unique antibodies circulating in their blood. Unlike antibodies from all other species, these special antibodies are devoid of light chains, and are composed of a heavy chain homodimer. These so-called heavy-chain antibodies (HCAbs) are expressed after a V-D-J rearrangement and require dedicated constant gamma genes. An immune response is raised in these HCAbs following a classical immunization protocol. These HCAbs are easily purified from serum, and their antigen-binding fragment interacts with parts of the target that are less antigenic to conventional antibodies. The antigen binding site of the dromedary HCAb comprises one single domain, referred to as VHH or nanobody (Nb), therefore, a strategy was designed to clone the Nb repertoire of an immunized dromedary and to select the Nb with specificity for our target antigens. The monoclonal Nb is produced well in bacteria, is very stable and highly soluble, and it binds the antigen with high affinity and specificity. Currently, the recombinant Nb has been developed successfully for research purposes, as a probe in biosensors, to diagnose infections, or to treat diseases such as cancer or trypanosomiasis.     

Monoclonal antibodies: technologies for early discovery and engineering

Antibodies are essential in modern life sciences biotechnology. Their architecture and diversity allow for high specificity and affinity to a wide array of biochemicals. Combining monoclonal antibody (mAb) technology with recombinant DNA and protein expression links antibody genotype with phenotype. Yet, the ability to select and screen for high affinity binders from recombinantly-displayed, combinatorial libraries unleashes the true power of mAbs and a flood of clinical applications. The identification of novel antibodies can be accomplished by a myriad of in vitro display technologies from the proven (e.g. phage) to the emerging (e.g. mammalian cell and cell-free) based on affinity binding as well as function. Lead candidates can be further engineered for increased affinity and half-life, reduced immunogenicity and/or enhanced manufacturing, and storage capabilities. This review begins with antibody biology and how the structure and genetic machinery relate to function, diversity, and in vivo affinity maturation and follows with the general requirements of (therapeutic) antibody discovery and engineering with an emphasis on in vitro display technologies. Throughout, we highlight where antibody biology inspires technology development and where high-throughput, “big data” and in silico strategies are playing an increasing role. Antibodies dominate the growing class of targeted therapeutics, alone or as bioconjugates. However, their versatility extends to research, diagnostics, and beyond.     

Structural understanding of stabilization patterns in engineered bispecific Ig‐like antibody molecules

Bispecific immunoglobulin‐like antibodies capable of engaging multiple antigens represent a promising new class of therapeutic agents. Engineering of these molecules requires optimization of the molecular properties of one of the domain components. Here, we present a detailed crystallographic and computational characterization of the stabilization patterns in the lymphotoxin‐beta receptor (LTβR) binding Fv domain of an anti‐LTβR/anti‐TNF‐related apoptosis inducing ligand receptor‐2 (TRAIL‐R2) bispecific immunoglobulin‐like antibody. We further describe a new hierarchical structure‐guided approach toward engineering of antibody‐like molecules to enhance their thermal and chemical stability. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

噬菌体抗体库技术及其应用研究进展

噬菌体呈现抗体库是近年发展的一项分子生物学新技术,它的建立是抗体技术领域中的一次革命性进展。它以其独特的构建和筛选系统,彻底改变了抗体制备的传统途径,使抗体工程技术进入了一个新的发展阶段,并对生物学领域中许多技术的发展起到了巨大的推动作用。该技术是迄今发展最成熟、应用最广泛的制备抗体技术。我们简要综述此项技术的研究应用进展。     

治疗性抗体的研究进展

作为一种具有靶向性的生物大分子,单克隆抗体始终是人们关注的热点之一,被广泛用于治疗肿瘤、病毒感染和抗移植排斥等。但鼠源单克隆抗体的临床应用受限于诱导产生人抗鼠抗体、肿瘤渗入量低、亲和力低和半衰期短等。随着分子生物学技术的发展及其向各学科的渗透,通过基因操作技术对抗体进行改造,可使其适用于多种疾病的治疗。抗体人源化已经成为治疗性抗体的发展趋势,同时各种抗体衍生物也不断涌现,它们从不同角度克服了抗体本身的应用局限,也为治疗人类疾病提供了利器。本文简要介绍上述技术的基本原理、特点和治疗性抗体的研究进展。     

基因工程抗体中噬菌体抗体库技术的应用

通过基因工程可以大规模地制备能与人相容的单克隆抗体或片段。其中,噬菌体抗体抗库技术可以模拟体内抗体产生和成熟过程,不经细胞杂交,甚至不经免疫制备针对任何抗原的单克隆抗体。就基因工程抗体及噬菌抗体库技术的发展与应用作一概述 。