贵州江口桃映埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组中的三叶脊动物化石

本文描述的三叶脊类化石于2004年采自贵州东北部江口县桃映镇翁会村埃迪卡拉系陡山沱组上部庙河生物群,共2新属2新种:中国三射盘(新属新种)Triactindiscus sinensisgen.et sp.nov.及不规则似三角形盘(新属新种)Quasitriagondiscus irregularisgen.et sp.nov.。前者为大型盘状化石,具有3个呈碳质薄膜的长三角形叶脊,自盘体中央向边缘呈三辐射伸展,没有其它生物构造;后者为小型盘状化石,3条不规则叶脊在盘体中部形成似三角形并以此不同于其它三叶脊化石。庙河生物群2个三叶脊化石属相似于俄罗斯白海生物群的Albumares,Anfesta,Tribrachidium和澳大利亚埃迪卡拉生物群中的Tribrachidium,它们细节上有差异,但均属于埃迪卡拉系中三辐射对称的三叶动物。新的发现表明三叶动物在埃迪卡拉纪广泛分布于全球各地,也显示埃迪卡拉纪生物分异度比较高,辐射、两侧及三侧对称的动物均匀代表。贵州东北部江口桃映翁会庙河生物群含有丰富的宏观藻类及动物化石,如Protoconites,Cucullus,Sinospongia,Eoandromeda octobrachiata及新发现的2属三叶脊动物化石。江口庙河生物群组成上很相似峡东庙河生物群,也都位于陡山沱组上部黑色页岩中。江口庙河生物群不仅是整个庙河生物群的重要组成部分,也是埃迪卡拉纪生物演化的重要窗口。     

湖北三峡地区埃迪卡拉系灯影组“蝌蚪状”遗迹化石*

遗迹化石是埃迪卡拉纪存在两侧对称动物最有力的证据。但多数埃迪卡拉纪遗迹化石为简单、水平的表面爬迹或潜穴。在湖北三峡地区灯影组石板滩段含典型埃迪卡拉软躯体化石的地层中新发现一类形态特别的化石,呈蝌蚪状,一端膨大,一端细管状。通过对化石形态、同位素分析以及沉积学特征的研究,说明该化石为遗迹化石,而不是实体化石。蝌蚪状化石为一种复合迹,垂向活动形成球状的膨大端,平行藻席层活动形成近于水平的潜穴,反映了造迹生物垂向切穿藻席层并沿藻席层进行觅食的行为。该发现说明了在埃迪卡拉纪晚期已有两侧对称动物开始形成较为复杂的潜穴。     

西沙群岛琛科二井中新世和更新世的珊瑚一些化石*

Sphenothallus Hall, 1847是刺胞动物中以细长锥管状为特征, 底栖固着的一个属, 始现于寒武纪延伸至二叠纪。之前该属在贵州寒武纪的牛蹄塘生物群、剑河生物群和凯里生物群中均有报道。位于寒武纪第4阶的杷榔生物群也发现该属的化石, 杷榔生物群的Sphenothallus由S. kozaki和S. kozaki? 2个种组成。杷榔生物群的时代位于牛蹄塘生物群和剑河生物群之间, S. kozaki之前仅出现在捷克Jince组和中国湖北石牌组。杷榔生物群Sphenothallus的发现增加了该属在寒武纪第4期刺胞动物的多样性古生态、古地理分布及演化信息, 丰富了杷榔生物群底栖固着类群的组合面貌。     

埃迪卡拉纪高家山生物群球状化石新材料

埃迪卡拉纪晚期高家山生物群的多门类骨骼化石组合,在后生动物起源及早期生命演化方面具有极其重要的意义。在对高家山生物群中的研究中,新发现了大量的磷酸盐化球状化石,包括单体球类、二分球类及三分球类等。这些磷酸盐化球状化石在形态结构方面与"瓮安生物群"、"宽川铺生物群"中报道的球状化石有着一定的相似性。高家山生物群中球状化石新材料的发现不仅丰富了高家山生物群的多样性,为早期生命演化提供了可靠的材料,也揭示了前寒武纪-寒武纪生物之间可能存在着一定的连续性。     

埃迪卡拉纪末期Conotubus与Cloudina亲缘关系再研究——基于几何形态测量学的新证据

埃迪卡拉纪末期最早骨骼生物Cloudina的出现及其全球性分布,标志着早期生命的演化进入了新阶段。Cloudina已成为埃迪卡拉纪末期全球重要的指示化石。位于扬子地台西北缘陕西宁强地区的高家山生物群保存有大量结构精美的磷酸盐化Cloudina。同时,该生物群中还保存有黄铁矿化的Conotubus,其生物结构以三维立体的方式保存下来,借助工业CT技术,可以观察到岩层内部Conotubus的立体形态特征。前人根据基本相同的锥管状形态、始端封闭、末端开口及漏斗状套合的管体叠合方式等认为Conotubus和Cloudina存在一定的亲缘关系,但二者个体大小悬殊、保存方式迥异,二者关系依然存疑。本文选取Conotubus和Cloudina化石的胎管部分,尝试采用几何形态测量学分析的方法,通过计算统计手段证明二者之间可能存在一定的亲缘关系。高家山生物群地层沉积连续,保存有埃迪卡拉纪末期极为珍贵的连续演化化石,Conotubus和Cloudina之间亲缘关系的确定,为研究埃迪卡拉纪末期生物演化提供了绝佳的材料,也为高家山生物群申请全球界线层型(GSSP)候选剖面提供了更多的支撑。     

不同生活方式的物种对快速沉积埋藏事件的反应——来自寒武纪早期澄江生物群中的证据

云南寒武纪澄江生物群是布尔吉斯页岩型化石宝库之一,以精美的软躯体化石保存为典型特征,展示了寒武纪早期后生动物多样性面貌,为建立动物谱系演化关系和探讨早期生态结构提供了难得的研究材料.文中以澄江生物群中常见的4类不同生活方式的物种(底栖潜穴型以Cricocosmia jinningensis,Mafangscolex s...     

寒武纪早期岩家河生物群:研究进展和展望*

埃迪卡拉纪-寒武纪转换时期动物的起源、演化和"寒武纪大爆发"一直是国际古生物学界研究的热点问题,其中寒武纪早期小壳化石群与埃迪卡拉纪化石群和寒武纪早期澄江化石库之间的内在关系是古生物学界研究的难题,其主要原因是寒武纪早期与小壳化石群伴生的宏体动、植物化石的缺乏。发现于峡东地区的寒武纪早期岩家河生物群填补了这一缺失环节,该生物群包含宏体动物、宏观藻类、小壳化石、球形化石(可能的胚胎化石)、微古植物和蓝菌类等化石,部分宏体化石显示了从埃迪卡拉纪向寒武纪过渡色彩。化石保存方式有碳质膜、黄铁矿化、磷酸盐化、硅化。因此对岩家河生物群生物多样性和埋藏学进行综合研究,将可提供纽芬兰世(梅树村期)碳酸盐台地—碳酸盐台地内部的局部凹陷盆地相的一个较完整的生物景观图,对探索"寒武纪大爆发主幕"前夕生物的辐射、演化模式及保存机制具有重要的科学意义。     

生命的历程系列讲座(十一) 神秘的埃迪卡拉生物群

<正>埃迪卡拉生物群因发现于南澳大利亚埃迪卡拉山前寒武纪晚期的庞德砂岩而得名,是已知最古老的具有复杂体型结构的生物组合,主要生活在5.75亿年前至5.41亿年前的海洋中,是宏体生物的演化过程中最为独特的化石生物群,它们为软躯体,化石以印痕或铸型方式保存于碎屑岩中。多数学者认为埃迪卡拉生物群可能是后生动物的早期代表,是后生动物出现后的一次适     

新元古代陡山沱期瓮安生物群研究概况

近年来 ,在中国贵州省中部瓮安磷矿的震旦系陡山沱组磷块岩中发现了一个重要的新元古代化石生物群——瓮安生物群。自 1 986年至今 ,我国古生物学者相继在国内外重要刊物上发表了有关该化石生物群的论文 2 0余篇。该化石生物群主要包括底栖的多细胞藻类、蓝藻和细菌化石 ;浮游的大型带刺疑源类化石及一些可疑的动物化石。描述的属种已超过 50个 ,虽然其中部分动物化石的亲缘关系值得再深入的研究 ,但这个在磷块岩中立体保存且属种丰富的化石生物群将为新元古代生物多样性和早期生命多细胞化的研究提供极有价值的化石资料。     

动物起源和寒武纪大爆发——序言

动物起源和寒武纪大爆发是生命史上重要的演化创新事件。为展示相关领域的最新进展,特组织主题为"动物起源和寒武纪大爆发"的论文专辑。作为专辑序言,本文概述了动物起源和寒武纪大爆发领域的科学意义和当前研究趋势,并简要介绍了本专辑的内容。专辑包含了来自13个研究单位共42位作者的12篇论文,包括特约综述论文1篇和研究论文11篇。专辑不仅评述了相关领域的现状和未来发展趋势,也展示了我国学者在该领域取得的部分新进展。这些进展涉及华南和华北数个特异埋藏化石库,比如埃迪卡拉纪石板滩生物群、寒武纪宽川铺生物群和寒武纪凯里生物群等,并涵盖了海绵动物、刺细胞动物、腕足动物、三叶虫和双瓣壳类节肢动物以及分类位置尚不明确的疑难动物化石等诸多类群。     

Numerical approaches towards life cycle interpretation five examples

The ISO-standard for LCA distinguishes four phases, of which the last one, the interpretation, is the least elaborated. It can be regarded as containing procedural steps (like a completeness check) as well as numerical steps (like a sensitivity check). This paper provides five examples of techniques that can be used for the numerical steps. These are the contribution analysis, the perturbation analysis, the uncertainty analysis, the comparative analysis, and the discernibility analysis. All five techniques are described at a non-technical level with respect to basic concept, possibilities, tabular and graphical representation, restriction and warnings, and all are illustrated with a simple example.     

影响水稻光合日变化的酶和相关因素的分析

水稻叶片的最大光合速率出现在上午１０：００时,Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力也在此时达到最大,然后逐渐降低,下午１４：００时略上升后又下降．Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力与光合速率之间极显著相关,相关系数为 ０．９４７４．运用相关性分析、回归分析、通径分析,对晴（有时有云）天气水稻叶片的光合速度、光合关键酶及有关因素的日变化进行综合评估,结果发现中午光合下降主要来自气孔限制,同时Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性也下降;Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性是影响光合日变化的又一重要生化因子．体内Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性受Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活化酶的调节．     

Discrimination of higher plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification by pyrolysis mass spectrometry

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) is a rapid, simple, high-resolution analytical method based on thermal degradation of complex material in a vacuum, and has been widely applied to the discrimination of closely related microbial strains. Minimally prepared samples of embryogenic and non-embryogenic calluses derived from various higher plants (sweet potato, morning glory, Korean ginseng, Siberian ginseng, and balloon flower) were subjected to PyMS for spectral fingerprinting. A dendrogram based on the unweighted pair group method, with arithmetic mean of pyrolysis mass spectra, divided the calluses into Siberian ginseng embryogenic callus and the others, which were subsequently divided into embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus groups, regardless of plant species from which the calluses were derived. In the non-embryogenic callus group, the dendrogram was in agreement with the known taxonomy of the plants. These results indicate that PyMS analysis could be applied for discriminating plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification.     

Intraspecific variation in Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) in Peninsular Malaysia– a morphometric analysis

We studied vegetative and reproductive characters of 74 herbarium specimens of Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) collected from 22 localities throughout Peninsular Malaysia. To test the null hypothesis that there are no distinct groups within the species, cluster analysis (nearest neighbour), principal coordinates and principal components analyses were performed on the set of 43 qualitative and quantitative characters. The results obtained suggested that: (1) there are three infraspeciflc groups within the species, viz., the two published varieties glabra and selangorensis as well as a possible third novel taxon; (2) there is clustering of individuals corresponding to their geographic localities; (3) clusters generated using only reproductive characters indicate a biogeographic distribution of populations correlated with the mountain ranges in the peninsula.     

Fish ecoregions of Kansas: stream fish assemblage patterns and associated environmental correlates

Synopsis Principal components analysis was performed on fish presence/absence data for 39 common fish species from 410 stream sites in Kansas. The analysis confirmed ten ecologically meaningful fish assemblages, based on species associations. Factor scores based on these assemblages were then clustered into six geographic areas or fish ecoregions. Canonical discriminant analysis identified environmental variables that distinguished the derived fish ecoregions. Mean annual runoff, mean annual growing season, and discharge appear most important. Mean width, mean depth, chloride concentration, water temperature, substrate type, gradient, and percent of pool habitat were less important. Correspondence exists between these fish ecoregions and the patterns of physiographic regions, river basins, geology, soil, and potential natural vegetation in Kansas. The multivariate statistical approach used to classify fish ecoregions should have considerable potential value for fish assessment and management purposes in areas other than the state of Kansas.     

Normal Approximations of Exact Tests in Configural Frequency Analysis

The most common tests for types and antitypes in configural frequency analysis are normal approximations of exact tests. In the paper such statistics under the complete independence model and under the fixed margins model are discussed. It turns out that these test statistics are not acceptable when the number of simultaneously performed tests is large or when the expected frequencies are small. In these cases, the use of exact tests is advocated and some existing computer programs for such tests are indicated. A normal approximation based on the strong version of the De Moivre-Laplace limit theorem is also discussed. Empirical examples are given from longitudinal data describing psychological development of boys.     

Some remarks about the analysis of active control studies

In an active-controlled trial, the experimental treatment can be declared to be non-inferior to the control if the confidence interval for the difference excludes a fixed pre-specified margin. Recently, some articles have discussed an alternative method where the data from the current study and placebo-controlled studies for the active control are combined together into a single test statistic to test whether a fixed fraction of the effect of the active control is preserved. It has been shown that, conditional on nuisance parameters from the active-controlled study, a fixed margin can be defined that will be operationally equivalent to this latter method. In this article, we will discuss statistical properties associated with these approaches. Specifically, the interim monitoring boundaries and level of evidence will be considered.     

Phenotypic evaluation of genetic variability and selection of yield contributing traits in chickpea recombinant inbred line population under high temperature stress

Heat is a major abiotic stress that drastically reduces chickpea yield. This study aimed to identify heat-responsive traits to sustain crop productivity by screening a recombinant inbred line (RILs) population at two locations in India (Ludhiana and Faridkot). The RIL population was derived from an inter-specific cross between heat-tolerant genotype GPF 2 (C. arietinum L.) and heat sensitive accession ILWC 292 (C. reticulatum). The pooled analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for all the traits in RILs and most of the traits were significantly affected by heat stress at both locations. High values of genotypic coefficient of variation (19.52–38.53%), phenotypic coefficient of variation (20.29–39.85%), heritability (92.50–93.90%), and genetic advance as a percentage of mean (38.68–76.74%) have been observed for plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, yield, and hundred seed weight across the heat stress environments. Association studies and principal component analysis showed a significant positive correlation of plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, hundred seed weight, harvest index, relative leaf water content, and pollen viability with yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Path analysis revealed that biomass followed by harvest index was the major contributor to yield among the environments. Both step-wise and multiple regression analyses concluded that number of pods per plant, biomass and harvest index consistently showed high level of contribution to the total variation in yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Thus, the holistic approach of these analyses illustrated that the promising traits provide a framework for developing heat-tolerant cultivars in chickpea.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00977-5.     

分子水平的遗传多样性及其测量方法

遗传多样性水平是一项很重要的数据。目前从分子水平量化遗传多样性的方法以等位酶分析、ＲＦＬＰ分析和ＲＡＰＤ分析为代表。遗传变异在基因组中并非随机分布,所以取样方式对分析结果的影响不容忽视。本文叙述了遗传变异的产生和分布,并以此为基础比较了上述３种分析方法的理论与实践。     

凡纳滨对虾各月龄性状的主成分与判别分析

为了研究凡纳滨对虾各性状增长规律和判定最佳生长季节凡纳滨对虾的体格与月龄的关系,选择1～6月龄凡纳滨对虾各1000只,选择全长、体长、第一腹节背高、第三腹节背高、第一腹节背宽、头胸甲长和体重共7个性状,进行主成分与判别分析.结果表明:各月龄凡纳滨对虾性状之间均呈现显著的正相关(P<0.01), 其中以全长与体长的相关性最为明显,1月龄凡纳滨对虾体重与形态性状的相关系数较小.各月龄凡纳滨对虾的主成分有所不同,1～2月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分为长度因子,第二主成分为宽度因子,第三主成分为高度因子;3月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分与1～2月龄凡纳滨对虾一致,但第二主成分为高度因子,第三主成分为体重因子;4～6月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分为体重因子,第二主成分为高度因子,第三主成分为宽度因子.1～3月龄凡纳滨对虾形态性状的增长优先于体重, 4～6月龄凡纳滨对虾体重优先于形态性状的增长.错过最佳生长季节的凡纳滨对虾的与体格大小相符的月龄可通过建立的判别式来判断,总的判别准确率为98.98%,其中2～4月龄凡纳滨对虾的判别准确率为100%.