植物花青苷代谢调控机理研究进展

花青苷是植物特有的黄酮类天然色素,具有较高的科研价值,是人们了解植物生命活动的一个重要途径。现有的研究表明,植物花青苷具有光保护、生物保护、有助花的传粉等生物学功能;通过多年努力,花青苷在植物体内合成的化学水平和分子水平的合成代谢途径已经找到,而花青苷在植物体内降解代谢途径研究也有了较大的进展。本文主要综述了近年来花青苷合成及降解途径机理研究进展,并对今后研究发展提出探讨和分析。     

ABA信号通路对葡萄果皮花青苷生物合成的调控机制研究

以‘红巴拉多’葡萄为试验材料,在转色前期(约花后6周)用300 mg/L的ABA对果穗进行处理,以清水处理为对照;测定不同发育时期葡萄果实的单果重、可滴定酸、可溶性固性物等生理指标,同时测定果皮中总花青苷及ABA含量;检测不同发育时期果皮中ABA信号通路和花青苷生物合成相关基因表达量,克隆6个与花青苷生物合成相关基因的启动子,并预测启动子中的顺式作用元件,在转录调控水平上探讨ABA信号通路对葡萄果皮花青苷生物合成的调控作用。结果表明:(1)ABA处理的葡萄果实可溶性固形物含量明显提高、可滴定酸含量下降。(2)ABA处理显著提高了‘红巴拉多’葡萄果皮的着色水平以及总花青苷和ABA含量。(3)ABA处理后,9个ABA信号通路基因以及6个花青苷生物合成相关基因表达水平明显提高。(4)6个花青苷生物合成相关基因的启动子序列中均含有多个与ABA响应相关的ABRE作用元件。研究发现,9个ABA信号通路基因可能在葡萄果皮着色中发挥着重要作用,其中2个VvABFs转录因子可能直接作用于含有ABRE元件的花青苷生物合成相关基因的启动子序列,推测可通过调控这些基因的转录水平来调控葡萄果皮花青苷的积累。     

红肉葡萄果实发育过程中花青苷组分变化与基因表达规律分析

以红肉葡萄新种质‘钟山红玉’为实验材料,通过高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HPLC-MS)检测‘钟山红玉’从幼果到成熟期果皮、果肉中的花青苷组分及含量,并利用实时荧光定量PCR检测不同发育时期花青苷合成相关基因的表达水平,研究其不同果实发育时期果皮、果肉中的花青苷组分变化,以及相关基因表达规律,探索红肉葡萄果实呈色机制,为葡萄果实品质改良育种提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)‘钟山红玉’果皮和果肉中共检测出13种花青苷且都为单糖苷花青苷,与欧亚种葡萄亲缘关系较近。(2)‘钟山红玉’果皮、果肉中均检测出了欧亚种葡萄中很少有的天竺葵素3-O-葡萄糖苷;果皮中飞燕草素类(飞燕草素-、锦葵色素-、矮牵牛素-)花青苷衍生物含量显著高于矢车菊素类(矢车菊素-、芍药素-)花青苷衍生物,而在果肉中则两大类花青苷含量相近,这与果皮中较高的F3′5′H基因表达量有关,且在果皮中酰基化花青苷比例显著高于果肉。(3)花青苷合成相关基因MYBA2和UFGT在‘钟山红玉’不同发育时期的表达变化规律一致,UFGT基因在果肉中基本不表达,而MYBA2可能是决定‘钟山红玉’果肉转色的关键因子;并且ABA响应相关基因PYL1在‘钟山红玉’发育时期的表达规律与OMT和LDOX基因一致。     

灰白毛莓红色素的开发研究

灰白毛莓（ＲｕｂｕｓｔｅｐｈｒｏｄｅｓＨａｎｃｅ）系蔷薇科悬钩子属多年生落叶攀援灌木。其成熟浆果中富含花青苷类红色素,总花青苷含量高达５３５．５ｍｇ／１００ｇ,颜色随ｐＨ值的改变而变化,低ｐＨ值时呈鲜艳的红色而且十分稳定;该色素的耐热性好,染着性强,是一种具有开发价值的新的天然食用色素资源植物。     

蓝色花形成分子机理研究进展

花色是观赏植物的重要特征, 在自然界中蓝色花占比很少, 很多观赏植物都缺少蓝色种质。因此, 研究蓝色花形成的分子机理对于蓝色花定向育种具有重要意义。研究表明, 花色的形成主要是通过花青苷积累, 花青素通过糖基化形成花青苷, 再通过酰基、甲基化修饰及金属离子络合反应, 在特定的液泡pH环境中呈现出稳定的蓝色。该文从花青苷合成与代谢途径入手, 对蓝色花形成关键基因功能、花青苷各位点酰化的影响、金属离子的作用、液泡pH值相关基因研究及蓝色花分子育种等方面进行综述。     

蓝色花形成分子机理研究进展

花色是观赏植物的重要特征,在自然界中蓝色花占比很少,很多观赏植物都缺少蓝色种质。因此,研究蓝色花形成的分子机理对于蓝色花定向育种具有重要意义。研究表明,花色的形成主要是通过花青苷积累,花青素通过糖基化形成花青苷,再通过酰基、甲基化修饰及金属离子络合反应,在特定的液泡pH环境中呈现出稳定的蓝色。该文从花青苷合成与代谢途径入手,对蓝色花形成关键基因功能、花青苷各位点酰化的影响、金属离子的作用、液泡pH值相关基因研究及蓝色花分子育种等方面进行综述。     

你的花儿为什么这样红

正三角梅花团锦簇,最吸引人的是它色彩缤纷艳丽的"苞片"。三角梅之所以如此绚烂,是因为苞片可以合成一类类似于花青苷的植物次生代谢物——甜菜色素。这类色素包括两种:甜菜红素(betac yanin)和甜菜黄素(betaxanthin)。甜菜红素主要显示红色、紫色、粉色等,甜菜黄素主要表现黄色、橘色等。甜菜色素在自然界的分布并非与花青素平分秋色。自然界绝大多数植物果实和花的颜色是由属于类黄酮的花青苷引起的,只有被子植     

黑枸杞花青苷的研究进展

黑枸杞分布在我国西北部地区,其成熟的浆果中含有丰富的花青苷。黑枸杞花青苷具有抗氧化、抗衰老、降血脂等功效。本文主要综述了黑枸杞花青苷的化学组成及性质、分离纯化方法、药理活性研究和黑枸杞花青苷的应用,为进一步开发和利用黑枸杞花青苷资源提供依据。     

黑枸杞花青苷的研究进展

黑枸杞分布在我国西北部地区,其成熟的浆果中含有丰富的花青苷。黑枸杞花青苷具有抗氧化、抗衰老、降血脂等功效。本文主要综述了黑枸杞花青苷的化学组成及性质、分离纯化方法、药理活性研究和黑枸杞花青苷的应用,为进一步开发和利用黑枸杞花青苷资源提供依据。     

中间产物对玫瑰茄培养细胞合成花青苷的影响

用Ｂ５培养基悬浮培养产色素的玫瑰茄培养细胞,培养１３天时,花青苷产量最高,为０．２５ｇ／Ｌ。培养基中添加终浓度为１０＾－６ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的外源Ｌ－Ｐｈｅ能够显著地增加产色素细胞花青苷的积累量。浓度为１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ的槲皮素,可使悬浮培养的玫瑰茄细胞花青苷产量提高１．３倍,无论是Ｌ－Ｐｈｅ还是槲皮素均不能启动不产色素的细胞系产花青苷。     

Evidence for a photoprotective function of low-temperature-induced anthocyanin accumulation in apple and pear peel

The light requirement and low-temperature stimulation of anthocyanin synthesis in peel of apple ( Malus domestica ) and pears ( Pyrus communis ) and the presence of anthocyanins in immature fruits are not congruent with a visual function in dispersal. We hypothesized that anthocyanins afford photoprotection to peel during low-temperature-induced light stress and that the protection is not a fortuitous side-effect of light absorption by anthocyanin. The extent of photoinhibition at harvest and after light stress treatment in pear cultivars differing in redness decreased with increasing red color on the sun-exposed sides of fruits. Green-shaded sides of the pears showed comparable levels of photoinhibition indicating that pears did not differ in their inherent photosensitivity. Apple and pear peel show considerable short-term fluctuation in redness in response to temperature, with red color increasing rapidly in response to low temperature and just as quickly fading in response to high temperature. Briefly, shading pears and apples during cold conditions for 2 days reduced the accumulation of anthocyanin and increased the photosensitivity of peel. Subsequent shading during warm conditions did not affect the accumulation of anthocyanin or the photosensitivity of peel indicating that the response at low temperature was not due to shade adaptation. The assessment of photosystem II (PSII) efficiency and quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence between 16 and 40°C indicated that 'Forelle' pear peel was particularly sensitive to photostress at low temperature. The photosynthetic system in mature 'Forelle' leaves was comparatively much less sensitive to light stress at low temperature. Results support the view that anthocyanins are adaptable light screens deployed to modulate light absorption in sensitive tissues such as fruit peel in response to environmental triggers such as cold front snaps.     

湖南地区塔罗科血橙花青素苷含量研究初报

为了解湖南地区塔罗科血橙Citrus sinensis ‘Tarocco’花青素苷的合成时期和相对含量,通过调查选择合适的采样点,在开花后100 d起每隔30 d采摘果实,利用pH示差法测定塔罗科血橙果肉的花青素苷含量,并以同果园的纽荷尔脐橙C. sinensis ‘Newhall’为对照。结果表明,纽荷尔脐橙在果实发育阶段中不形成花青素,塔罗科血橙的花青素在开花220 d之后开始积累,至250 d时花青素苷含量为5.98 mg?L-1,280 d时花青素苷含量达12.09 mg?L-1。随着塔罗科血橙果实发育,花青素苷含量逐渐增加。     

Expression of genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in relation to anthocyanin,proanthocyanidin, and flavonol levels during bilberry fruit development

The production of anthocyanins in fruit tissues is highly controlled at the developmental level. We have studied the expression of flavonoid biosynthesis genes during the development of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) fruit in relation to the accumulation of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols in wild berries and in color mutants of bilberry. The cDNA fragments of five genes from the flavonoid pathway, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, chalcone synthase, flavanone 3-hydroxylase, dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, and anthocyanidin synthase, were isolated from bilberry using the polymerase chain reaction technique, sequenced, and labeled with a digoxigenin-dUTP label. These homologous probes were used for determining the expression of the flavonoid pathway genes in bilberries. The contents of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, and flavonols in ripening bilberries were analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector and were identified using a mass spectrometry interface. Our results demonstrate a correlation between anthocyanin accumulation and expression of the flavonoid pathway genes during the ripening of berries. At the early stages of berry development, procyanidins and quercetin were the major flavonoids, but the levels decreased dramatically during the progress of ripening. During the later stages of ripening, the content of anthocyanins increased strongly and they were the major flavonoids in the ripe berry. The expression of flavonoid pathway genes in the color mutants of bilberry was reduced. A connection between flavonol and anthocyanin synthesis in bilberry was detected in this study and also in previous data collected from flavonol and anthocyanin analyses from other fruits. In accordance with this, models for the connection between flavonol and anthocyanin syntheses in fruit tissues are presented.     

花青素转录因子调控机制及代谢工程研究进展

花青素是广泛存在于植物中的一类重要的类黄酮化合物, 在植物生长发育和人类营养保健方面具有重要价值。花青素的生物合成途径已经解析得比较清楚, 但花青素的代谢调控网络还在不断完善。调控花青素生物合成的转录因子主要包括MYB、bHLH和WD40三大类, 这些转录因子通过激活或抑制CHS、ANS和DFR等花青素途径关键结构基因的表达水平, 进而决定花青素积累的部位与水平。该文结合国内外花青素生物合成与转录调控方面的研究进展, 简要介绍了花青素的生物合成途径, 归纳总结了模式植物中花青素代谢调控的分子机理, 尤其是MYB、bHLH和WD40三类主要转录因子的调控机理, 以及这些转录因子在观赏植物和水果等经济作物花青素代谢工程中的应用。该文将为系统阐明花青素的转录调控机制和利用代谢工程改良花青素的相关研究提供有益参考。