脑缺血及复灌中胞浆50kD蛋白反磷酸化变化

目的和方法：采用蒙古沙土鼠双侧颈总动脉结扎（ＢＣＡＯ） 前脑缺血／复灌模型,通过放射性自显影,观察脑缺血及复灌时胞浆５０ ｋＤ等蛋白在有Ｃａ２ ＋／ＣａＭ 及无Ｃａ２ ＋／ＣａＭ 两种反应条件下反磷酸化（ｂａｃｋｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｙｌａｔｉｏｎ） 水平的变化。结果：缺血后,总蛋白激酶介导的５０ ｋＤ蛋白反磷酸化水平逐渐下降,其中,Ｃａ２＋／ＣａＭ 依赖性蛋白激酶介导的５０ ｋＤ蛋白反磷酸化水平逐渐下降,而Ｃａ２＋／ＣａＭ 非依赖性蛋白激酶介导的５０ ｋＤ 蛋白反磷酸化水平逐渐上升;复灌后,上述变化均逐渐有所恢复。结论：脑缺血时,５０ ｋＤ 蛋白在体磷酸化水平逐渐增强,蛋白激酶活性由Ｃａ２ ＋／ＣａＭ 依赖性向Ｃａ２ ＋／ＣａＭ 非依赖性转化,复灌后上述变化均有所恢复     

兔阑尾中一种新的21kD的钙结合蛋白的纯化与鉴定

纯化与鉴定了Ｂ淋巴细胞中一种新的分子量为２１ｋＤ的钙结合蛋白（ＣａＢＰ２１）。兔阑尾淋巴细胞匀浆经热变性,Ｐｈｅｎｙｌ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ与ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｒｏｓｅ柱层析,自每１ｋｇ细胞沉积物中获得ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ均一的ＣａＢＰ２１５．３ｍｇ。ＨＣｌ水解后的酸性氨基酸（Ａｓｐ＋Ｇｌｕ）含量为２６％。如同大多数钙结合蛋白一样,Ｎ末端封闭阻止其进行Ｅｄｍａｎ降解。ＣａＢＰ２１中疏水性氨基酸（计Ｇｌｙ,不计Ｔｒｐ）约占４６％,碱性氨基酸１０％,酸性氨基酸与极性氨基酸约４４％。ＣａＢＰ２１有较高的Ｓｅｒ、Ｔｙｒ含量。肽谱分析等确证ＣａＢＰ２１为２个相同或相似亚基二聚体。以ＡｒｓｅｎａｚｏⅢ作Ｃａ２＋结合分析表明每分子ＣａＢＰ２１可结合４分子Ｃａ２＋,对Ｃａ２＋的结合常数约为１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ。各种性质表明ＣａＢＰ２１是一种不同于其他已知钙结合蛋白的新钙结合蛋白。     

钙／钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶对17．7kD和6kD胰腺蛋白的磷酸化

本文报导了胰腺提取物中两种可被钙／钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶磷酸化的热稳定蛋白。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定其表观分子量分别为１７．７ｋＤ和６ｋＤ。经钙／钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶磷酸化后,其最大磷酸参入量为８．８μｍｏｌ／ｇ蛋白。同时磷酸化作用导致１７．７ｋＤ蛋白在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ中迁移率发生变化。本文还进一步分析了各种阳离子对磷酸化的影响,并对此两种蛋白可能具有的生理功能进行了初步探讨。     

钙／钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶对17.7kD和6kD胰腺蛋白的磷酸化

本文报导了胰腺提取物中两种可被钙／钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶磷酸化的热稳定蛋白。ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ测定其表观分子量分别为１７．７ｋＤ和６ｋＤ。经钙／钙调素依赖性蛋白激酶磷酸化后,其最大磷酸参入最为８．８μｍｏｌ／ｇ蛋白。同时磷酸化作用导致１７．７ｋＤ蛋白在ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ中迁移率发生变化。本文还进一步分析了各种阳离子对磷酸化的影响,并对此两种蛋白可能的生理功能进行了初步探讨。     

渗透震扰对杜氏盐藻细胞蛋白质磷酸化的影响

杜氏盐藻（Ｄｕｎａｌｉｅｌａｓａｌｉｎａ（Ｄｕｎａｌ）Ｔｅｏｄ．）细胞可溶性蛋白提取液中含有对Ｃａ２＋有一定依赖性的蛋白激酶。体内磷酸化实验进一步说明细胞质Ｃａ２＋浓度对蛋白磷酸化有影响。加入Ｃａ２＋和ＭｏＯ－４显著促进低渗震扰细胞蛋白质磷酸化,而高渗震扰细胞中蛋白磷酸化程度仍低于对照;在没有Ｃａ２＋和ＭｏＯ－４存在时,观察不到渗透震扰对蛋白磷酸化的刺激作用。低渗震扰信号的传导机制可能不同于高渗震扰信号,它很可能通过蛋白磷酸化进一步将信号放大,２４ｋＤ蛋白是杜氏盐藻细胞蛋白激酶最有潜力的作用底物。     

系统感染TMV的番茄叶胞外β-1,3-葡聚糖酶

系统感染ＴＭＶ （ｔｏｂａｃｃｏ ｍ ｏｓａｉｃ ｖｉｒｕｓ）的番茄（Ｌｙｃｏｐｅｒｓｉｃｏｎ ｅｓｃｕｌｅｎｔｕｍ Ｍｉｌｌ．）叶胞外蛋白提取液经冰冻干燥浓缩、－ ２０℃丙酮沉淀、ＣＭ－Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｃ－２５离子交换层析、ＤＥＡＥ－Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ａ－２５离子交换层析和Ｓｅｐｈａｄｅｘ Ｇ－７５凝胶层析纯化,获得ＰＡＧＥ均一的β－１,３－葡聚糖酶．ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ证明,它包含分子量为３６ ｋＤ 和２７ ｋＤ的两个同工酶．以昆布多糖为底物,酶的最适ｐＨ 在４．８—５．２之间,在ｐＨ ４—８稳定;酶的最适温度在３０—４０℃之间,在４０℃保温１ｈ 后酶活性不变;Ｋｍ 值为９．２ ｍ ｇ／ｍ Ｌ．在系统感染ＴＭＶ 的番茄叶胞外蛋白提取液中,有分子量为２２ ｋＤ、２７ ｋＤ和３６ ｋＤ的３个β－１,３－葡聚糖酶同工酶     

癫痫大鼠与正常大鼠脑中钙调神经磷酸酶及其底物的研究

报道了听源性癫痫大鼠发作后其脑内钙调神经磷酸酶（Ｃａｌｃｉｎｅｕｒｉｎ,ＣａＮ）及其底物蛋白磷酸化水平的改变,以ＰＮＰＰ为底物测ＣａＮ的活力,用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ测ＣａＮ的含量,ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ和２－Ｄ－ＰＡＧＥ并放射自显影的方法研究脑内蛋白质磷酸化水平,发现与正常大鼠相比,听源性癫痫大鼠发作后,脑内ＣａＮ的含量并没有改变,但比活力下降,其底物的磷酸化状态也有改变,其中一个３０ｋＤ蛋白磷酸化程度明显降     

蚯蚓新钙结合蛋白(NCBP)的二级结构及Ca~(2+)、Tb~(3+)离子的影响

应用红外光谱技术定量测定了水化膜中蚯蚓新钙结合蛋白（ＮＣＢＰ）的二级结构及在不同比例Ｃａ２＋、Ｔｂ３＋离子的作用下其二级结构的变化。结果表明,ＮＣＢＰ中α－ｈｅｌｉｘ含量较低而β－ｓｈｅｅｔ的含量较高,且随不同比例金属离子的加入,１６２９ｃｍ－１处β－ｓｈｅｅｔ峰的变化较明显。同时发现,ＮＣＢＰ具有钙结合蛋白家族特征的ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ现象,但不具有激活ＰＤＥ靶酶的活性,初步认为,ＮＣＢＰ含有与Ｃａ２＋浓度相关的特殊的结构和功能。另外,高浓度下Ｔｂ３＋的结合引发ＮＣＢＰ的分子间聚合,提示对稀土元素的使用要慎重     

蛋白激酶C在血小板聚集中的作用

利用￣（３２）Ｐ－ＮａＨ２ＰＯ４标记猪血小板,以蛋白激酶Ｃ的４０ｋＤ底物为蛋白激活的标志．用血小板激动剂在聚集浓度范围内处理血小板,结果表明,除了不能使猪血小板聚集的肾上腺素外,凝血酶等激动剂都使血小板４０ｋＤ底物蛋白磷酸化明显增加,同时３８ｋＤ,２６ｋＤ蛋白质磷酸化也明显增加,且４０ｋＤ底物磷酸化与血小板聚集有平行增加关系．蛋白激酶Ｃ在血小板聚集中可能起着重要的调节作用。     

缺血与正常小鼠脑内蛋白磷酸化脱磷酸化的比较研究

以小鼠断头脑缺血为模型,研究缺血小鼠脑内蛋白磷酸化脱磷酸化的改变。对缺血１ｍｉｎ、５ｍｉｎ、１５ｍｉｎ和３０ｍｉｎ及对照小鼠脑内蛋白磷酸化脱磷酸化的研究表明,有些磷蛋白如１４５ｋＤ、８４ｋＤ、５９ｋＤ和５０ｋＤ的磷酸化随缺血时间延长而减弱,还有些磷蛋白如１１９ｋＤ、１０５ｋＤ、７８ｋＤ和５５ｋＤ的磷酸化随缺血时间延长而增加。对磷酸化程度变化显著的缺血１５ｍｉｎ小鼠脑内胞浆及膜上ＰＫＡ、ＰＫＣ、Ｃａ~（２＋）／ＣａＭＰＫ底物的磷酸化进行了研究,发现胞浆组分中与钙相关的ＰＫＣ、Ｃａ~（２＋）／ＣａＭＰＫ底物磷酸化在缺血鼠脑中明显减弱。同时研究了脑内唯一依赖于Ｃａ~（２＋）／ＣａＭ的钙调神经磷酸酶（Ｃａｌｃｉｎｅｕｒｉｎ,ＣａＮ）底物的变化,发现缺血小鼠脑内ＣａＮ的某些底物磷酸化降低。     

Ca2+ Activated Protein Kinases in Hypocotyl of Soybean (Glycine max L.)

The soluble protein extract of soybean hypocotyl was autophosphorylated, the labeling products were analyzed by SDS-PAGE. A 18 kD protein band was intensely labeled when a relatively high concentration of calcium was present, meanwhile a weakly labeled 67 kD protein band was also observed. When the reaction time was prolonged to 15 or 30 min, the labeling intensity of them was weakened gradually and the labeled bands disappeared eventual ly from the autoradiograph. If the calcium chelater EGTA was added into the reaction sys tem, only 67 kD was phosphorylated with high intensity. When non-labeled ATP was added during the reaction process, 32p in the labeled proteins could be substituted gradually by Pi. This indicated that the reaction system was in a dynamic equilibrium of phosphorylation-de- phosphorylation. There were also data inferred that it was a calcium dependent process. Histon H1 could speed up the phosphorylation, suggesting that it was a suitable substrate for protein kinases in the extract. Findings support that 18 kD and 67 kD protein may be Ca2+ sensitive protein kinases that can be autophosphorylated. Their different responses to Ca2+ may make the calcium signal transduction controllable.     

Calcium-induced alterations in the functioning of protein serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases in Streptomyces fradiae cells

In Streptomyces fradiae, calcium ions induce alterations in intensity and specificity of the secondary metabolism and stimulate sporulation. Using in vivo labeling, we demonstrate that in S. fradiae phosphorylation of some proteins are also influenced by Ca2+ added exogenously. Calcium ions at physiological concentration increase phosphorylation of multiple proteins on serine/threonine residues and suppress modification of a 140-kDa protein on tyrosine residues. Assay of protein kinases in situ demonstrated that Ca2+-induced differences in the pattern of protein phosphorylation in vivo are accompanied by Ca2+-dependent cessation of autophosphorylation of 140-kDa tyrosine kinase and by increased autophosphorylation of three serine/threonine kinases with molecular masses of 127, 65, and 31.5 kDa.     

Multiple phosphorylation of membrane-associated calcium-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase in Streptomyces fradiae

In Streptomyces fradiae, calcium ions induce alterations in intensity and specificity of the secondary metabolism and stimulate aerial mycelium formation and sporulation. Using in vitro labeling, we demonstrate that in S. fradiae in the late exponential growth phosphorylation of 65-kDa membrane-associated protein is also influenced by Ca(2+) added exogenously. Calcium ions at physiological concentration stimulate intensive Ca(2+)-dependent phosphorylation of 65-kDa protein at multiple sites on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues. Assay of protein kinases in situ demonstrated in the fraction of membrane-associated proteins the presence of two autophosphorylating protein serine/threonine kinases with molecular masses of 127 kDa and 65 kDa. Autophosphorylation of both proteins is also Ca(2+)-dependent.     

Spontaneous myoblast fusion is mediated by cell surface Ca-dependent protein kinase(s)

Mononucleated myoblasts divide in vitro until they attain confluency and fuse, forming multinucleated myotubes. Fusion is an extracellular Ca2+-dependent process. We used for our studies an established line of skeletal myoblasts (L6) as well as a non-fusing Myo- alpha-amanitin-resistant mutant of this line (Ama102). Our results show that extracellular calcium at concentrations which elicit myoblast fusion activates the phosphorylation of a protein species of 48 kD, present at the surface of mononucleated myoblasts of the fusing wild type (L6). At fusion, as the cells become independent of the extracellular calcium concentration for their further differentiation, this activation can no longer be observed. In fusion inhibition experiments, where we used lowered calcium levels, the phosphorylation of the 48 kD protein band is clearly decreased. When the myoblasts are fed with standard medium, they fuse rapidly and the phosphorylation of the 48 kD species is markedly increased. The above-described phenomenon takes place at the cell surface and is completed in a short time. The use of Myo- mutant showed that it is developmentally regulated. In view of our results, it is reasonable to postulate that Ca2+-activated phosphorylation of the cell surface could be on the basis of spontaneous myoblast fusion.     

A cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylation of spectrin dimer

In contrast to the properties of spectrin obtained from [³²P]phosphate-labeled red cells, purified spectrin dimer could be phosphorylated by a cAMP-dependent protein kinase from bovine heart. Both spectrin bands were phosphorylated. Spectrin band 2 contained in addition to autophosphorylated peptides several phosphopeptides that were distinct from autophosphorylated ones. The cAMP-dependent phosphorylation of spectrin band 1 was modulated by reducing agent and the concentration of spectrin. At high concentrations spectrin band 2 was predominantly labeled. The cAMP-dependent phosphoform of spectrin band 2 had a pI slightly higher than that of autophosphorylated spectrin band 2, but lower than that of ankyrin.     

Phosphorylation of the red blood cell membrane during the active transport of C++

The phosphorylation of red blood cell membrane fragments (RBCMF) during Ca++ transport was investigated. When red cell membrane fragments are incubated with [gamma-32P]ATP under the experimental condition which minimizes the phosphorylation of Na+-K+-ATPase, RBCMF are labeled in the presence of Mg++ without Ca++. When Ca++ is added, the labeling decreases due to dephosphorylation of RBCMF. The initial reaction of phosphorylation is reversed in the presence of excess ADP. The treatment of RBCMF with n-ethylmaleimide (NEM) does not interfere with the initial phosphorylation reaction, but blocks the dephosphorylation in the presence of Ca++. These data suggest that the enzymatic sequence of the Ca++ transport mechanism may be very similar to that of the Na+ transport mechanism.     

Autophosphorylation of rat brain Ca2+-activated and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase

Ca2+-activated and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) isolated from rat brain cytosol undergoes autophosphorylation in the presence of Mg2+, ATP, Ca2+, phosphatidylserine, and diolein. Approximately 2-2.5 mol of phosphate were incorporated per mol of the kinase. After sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography, the phosphorylated kinase showed a single protein band of Mr = 82,000 compared to the Mr = 80,000 of the nonphosphorylated enzyme. Analysis of the 32P-labeled tryptic peptides derived from the autophosphorylated kinase by peptide mapping revealed that multiple sites were phosphorylated. Both serine and threonine residues were found to be labeled with 32P. Limited proteolysis of the autophosphorylated kinase with trypsin resulted in the conversion of the kinase into a phospholipid- and Ca2+-independent form. Two major 32P-labeled fragments, Mr = 48,000 and 38,000, were formed as a result of proteolysis, suggesting that the catalytic domain and possibly the Ca2+- and phospholipid-binding region were both phosphorylated. Protein kinase C autophosphorylation has a Km for ATP (1.5 microM) about 10-fold lower than that for phosphorylation of exogenous substrates. The kinetically preferred autophosphorylation appears to be an intramolecular reaction. The autophosphorylated protein kinase C, unlike the protease-degraded enzyme, still depends on Ca2+ and phospholipid for maximal activity. However, the autophosphorylated form of the kinase has a lower Ka for Ca2+ and a higher affinity for the binding of [3H]phorbol-12, 13-dibutyrate. These findings suggest that autophosphorylation of protein kinase C may be important in the regulation of the enzymic activity subsequent to signal transduction.     

IAA对小麦胚芽鞘质膜蛋白磷酸化的影响

磷酸化／ 脱磷酸化机制是众多信号转导过程中的重要环节,很多信号物质被细胞受体识别后引发蛋白激酶和蛋白磷酸酶活性变化,通过磷酸化／ 脱磷酸化进一步调节多种酶活性而产生各种生理效应。在对生长素ＩＡＡ 的信号转导的研究中,发现ＩＡＡ 处理的小麦胚芽鞘质膜蛋白中蛋白激酶的活性和蛋白磷酸化程度都发生改变,并找到两种受到调节的蛋白激酶。钙离子通道抑制剂ＬａＣｌ３ 阻断了ＩＡＡ 的这种作用,表明Ｃａ２＋参与了ＩＡＡ的信号转导过程。     

Detection and Characterization of Protein Kinases in Rice Phloem Sap

Calcium-dependent protein kinases were detected and characterizedin the phloem sap of rice plants. Protein phosphorylation wasactivated in the presence of micromolar levels of free Ca²⁺ions but was not activated by a polyamine in vitro. Mg²⁺ ionswere essential for protein phosphorylation and K⁺ ions inhibitedthe protein phosphorylation. Analysis by two-dimensional polyacrylamideelectrophoresis revealed that 17-kDa protein with a pI of 5.0was the most highly phosphorylated protein in the phloem sapof rice plants. A protein of 65 kDa, which was autophosphorylated,had a Ca²⁺-dependent protein kinase activity and the mobilityof this band in SDS gel was changed in the presence of calcium.These results suggest that a signal-transport system may existin the sieve tubes of rice plants that operates via the phosphorylationof proteins by calcium dependent protein kinases. (Received December 20, 1993; Accepted October 8, 1994)