生化药物生产过程中控制热原的方法

热原是微生物的代谢产物 ,是微生物的一种内毒素 ,其主要成分是脂多糖 ,分子量一般为 10 6左右。去除热原的主要方法有 :1 高温法。多在 2 5 0℃加热 30分钟以上。2 酸碱法。用酸或碱进行处理 ,破坏热原。3 吸附法。常用 0 1%～ 0 5 %的活性炭吸附处理。4 层析法。利用离子交换树脂或分子筛凝胶层析处理。5 超滤法。使用超滤装置滤除热原物质。为了保证热原符合规定 ,往往要经过多次实验才能选择合适的方法 ,设计出适宜的...     

氯化钠及蛋白浓度对胎盘血白蛋白热原检定结果的影响

人胎盘血白蛋白是目前临床治疗中广泛使用的血液制剂之一,严格检定和控制其热原,是保证制品质量的一个重要环节。一九七二年,我们按照全国各生物制品研究所统一制定的《胎盘血白蛋白暂行质量标准》进行热原检定工作中,曾发现样品蛋白浓度(蛋白总量不变)对检定结果有很大影响。如2010批胎白,在冻干前用10%蛋白浓度检定热原,家兔平均升温为0.65℃(不合格),冻干后用25%蛋白浓度检定,结果家     

海藻酸-SiO2杂化凝胶固定化洋葱伯克霍尔德茵脂肪酶的研究

利用四乙氧基硅烷（TEOS）原位水解法将SiO2掺杂于海藻酸（ALG）凝胶中,通过双交联制备出新型ALG—SiO2杂化凝胶以固定化洋葱伯克霍尔德菌脂肪酶。结果表明,固定化酶的最优条件：质量分数为2．0％的ALG、0．2mol／LCaCl2、V（ALG）／V（TEOS）为5、加酶量为1gALG加100mg酶粉、固定化60min、采用直径为0．8mm的针头滴定、真空冷冻干燥。在此条件下,酶蛋白的包埋率可达100％,酶活回收率可达91％。固定化酶的最适pH为8．0,最适作用温度为50℃,重复使用8次后,酶活性仍能保持80％以上。ALG—Si02杂化凝胶的场扫描电镜（FESEM）观察发现凝胶的整体构造仍然是海藻酸凝胶骨架;与ALG凝胶平滑的内部相比较,杂化凝胶仍具有完整的网络结构,但内部更为粗糙,结构更为致密。     

基因治疗相关产品对热原检测提出的挑战

本文就基因治疗相关产品这一类新制品的热原检测问题进行了分析讨论。将现有的国家法规规定的家兔热原检查法和内毒素检查法对该类产品的检测中存在的缺陷进行了分析，提出了热原检测对该类制品检测时面对的三个挑战；并将国外正在研究、发展的一种新的体外热原检测方法的优势进行了介绍。     

荷叶中的生物碱及其对5-HT 2A和5-HT 2C受体的激动作用研究CSCD

对荷叶中的生物碱进行了分离、鉴定和调脂减肥活性研究。本研究结合传统酸提碱沉法与现代高效液相色谱制备技术,从荷叶中分离、纯化到11个生物碱,分别被鉴定为N-氧基原荷叶碱(1)、原荷叶碱(2)、莲碱(3)、降氧化北美黄连次碱(4)、荜茇宁(5)、巴婆碱(6)、O-去甲基荷叶碱(7)、N-去甲基荷叶碱(8)、荷叶碱(9)、衡州乌药碱(10)和亚美罂粟碱(11),其中,化合物1、4和5为首次从荷叶中分得。测试所得化合物对5-HT_(2A)和5-HT_(2C)受体的激动作用,结果表明11个生物碱对5-HT_(2A)受体均具有一定的激动作用,进一步揭示了荷叶调脂减肥的可能药效基础和作用机理。     

血液制剂鲎试验的标定

<正>在爱丁堡血浆蛋白组份分离中心采用鲎变形细胞溶解物试验(LAL试验,简称鲎试验)以检测制品中热原质的存在与含量已经有4—5年了。由于鲎试验尚不是检定血液制剂中热原质的法定公认方法,一切成品的热原质检定仍按欧洲药典规定的家兔热原检定法与鲎试验平行进行。 鲎试验法与家兔检定方法之间对于如蒸馏水与晶体溶液之类制品已有良好的相互关系。     

1975年以来在美国正常人血清白蛋白经鲎变形细胞溶解物检验而发放的总结报告

<正>美国生物制品检定所对领有生产执照厂商所出品的5和25％正常人血清白蛋白(NSA)和纯制蛋白组份(PPF)负有检定和批准发放的责任。规定每批制品应不含或含极少热原物质,从而用于输注人体不得发生热原反应。直至最近,传统的家兔检定热原法是保证这类制品安全的唯一方法。当前,美国生物制品检定所由于人力、试验室以及实验动物场所的限制,只能对送检制品的一小部分进行抽检。 但是,在过去18个多月里,随着鲎变形     

鲎试验法检测A群流脑多糖菌苗中内毒素的研究

本文应用鲎试验凝胶法定量测定了２１２批Ａ群流脑多糖菌苗中内毒素含量,并与家兔热原试验结果进行了比较,通过试验求得内毒素标准品对家兔体温升温变化关系的线性方程和内毒素对家兔最小致热剂量。结果表明,占检定总批数９４．３％的制品中内毒素含量＜１００ＩＵ／μｇ多糖,家兔热原试验合格率为１００％,５．７％的制品中内毒素含量≥１００ＩＵ／μｇ多糖,家兔热原试验合格率为５８．３％。根据实验结果,可制订用凝胶法替代家兔法进行Ａ群流脑多糖菌苗的热原质试验的判定标准。作者建议：内毒素含量＜１００ＩＵ／μｇ多糖者,热原质试验判为合格,≥１００ＩＵ／μｇ多糖者,用家兔法予以仲裁。     

高效液相色谱法测定附子及其炮制品中三种双酯型生物碱

本文建立了一种能同时检测附子及其炮制品中乌头碱、新乌头碱和次乌头碱含量的HPLC-DAD检测方法。采用的色谱柱为Hepersil BDS C18分析柱(150 mm×4.6 mm ID,5μm),流动相为40 mmol/L乙酸铵(浓氨水调pH10.0)(A)-乙腈(B)梯度洗脱,检测波长为240nm,流速为1 mL/min。乌头碱、新乌头碱、次乌头碱的线性范围分别为0.0232-2.32μg、0.0216-2.16μg、0.0214-2.14μg(r=0.999976、0.999992、0.999994,n=6);加样回收率为96.4-103.5%(n=6),RSD均小于2.3%。测定结果表明7批不同产地附子生品及16批由同一产地生附子制得的炮制品中三种双酯型生物碱的含量差异悬殊,该方法为附子质量标准和炮制工艺规范的制定及进一步的药效学研究提供了可靠的数据和方法学平台。     

盐胁迫下粪产碱菌在水稻根表的定殖和异源固氮基因的表达

异源nif LacZ融合基因在粪产碱菌A15 6 1中的表达活性随盐浓度增加而升高 ,然后逐渐降低 ,nifH LacZ融合基因可以正常表达的盐浓度在 0 .1%～0 .5 %之间 ,盐浓度为 0 .0 5 %时活性最高。A15 6 1在盐浓度为 0 .0 6 %时趋化能力最强 ,随着盐浓度的提高逐渐下降 ,当盐浓度为 3 .0 %时完全丧失趋化能力。一定的盐浓度 (0 .5 % )对固氮粪产碱菌的根表定殖有促进作用 ,该条件下根表定殖的菌体数远大于对照。 3种nif LacZ融合基因在根内的表达部位有显著差异。nifH的表达部位主要分布于根的皮层薄壁组织细胞间隙 ,在条件适宜 (无铵和微量氧 )的部位或某些特殊位置如侧根伸出部位高水平表达。盐胁迫下水稻 耐盐粪产碱菌A15 6 1的联合固氮效率明显高于A15 6 1纯培养物     

鲎试剂在抗淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白热原检测中的应用

报道了鲎试剂在抗淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白内毒素检查中的应用。在用鲎试剂检测细菌内毒素时 ,按中国药典的要求对鲎试剂灵敏度进行标定 ,并作干扰实验 (增强或抑制实验 ) ,然后用鲎试法与家兔法同时测定 15批抗淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白。结果发现三批鲎试剂的灵敏度标示值均正确 ,五批抗淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白半成品在最大有效稀释度 (MVD)时对试验无干扰 ,这两种方法测定结果的符合率达到 91.7%。从而表明鲎试法很有可能代替家兔法     

Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay for detection and quantitation of endotoxin in a small-volume parenteral product.

A Limulus amoebocyte lysate gel-clotting method for the determination of endotoxin in a small-volume parenteral product has been described. Sample dilution with 0.1 M potassium phosphate monobasic buffer (pH 8.0) effectively eliminated assay interference, whereas dilution with water did not. The threshold pyrogenic dose for Escherichia coli EC-2 and O127:B8 endotoxins was determined to be 1.0 ng of endotoxin per kg of body weight. Not more than 1.0 ng of endotoxin (the threshold pyrogenic dose) per the highest recommended human dose or the USP pyrogen test dose per kg of body weight, whichever dose is more stringent, is a logical limit for the quantity of bacterial endotoxin in small-volume parenteral products. Excellent correlation was attained when this criterion was used to compare the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay with the USP pyrogen test.     

Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay for detection and quantitation of endotoxin in a small-volume parenteral product

A Limulus amoebocyte lysate gel-clotting method for the determination of endotoxin in a small-volume parenteral product has been described. Sample dilution with 0.1 M potassium phosphate monobasic buffer (pH 8.0) effectively eliminated assay interference, whereas dilution with water did not. The threshold pyrogenic dose for Escherichia coli EC-2 and O127:B8 endotoxins was determined to be 1.0 ng of endotoxin per kg of body weight. Not more than 1.0 ng of endotoxin (the threshold pyrogenic dose) per the highest recommended human dose or the USP pyrogen test dose per kg of body weight, whichever dose is more stringent, is a logical limit for the quantity of bacterial endotoxin in small-volume parenteral products. Excellent correlation was attained when this criterion was used to compare the Limulus amoebocyte lysate assay with the USP pyrogen test.     

Construction of a sensitive pyrogen-testing cell model by site-specific knock-in of multiple genes

A pyrogen test is crucial for evaluating the safety of drugs and medical equipment, especially those involved in injections. As existing pyrogen tests, including the rabbit pyrogen test, the limulus amoebocyte lysate (LAL) test and the monocyte activation test have limitations, development of new models for pyrogen testing is necessary. Here we develop a sensitive cell model for pyrogen test based on the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) signal pathway. TLR4, MD2, and CD14 play key roles in the LPS-mediated pyrogen reaction. We established a new TLR4/MD2/CD14-specific overexpressing knock-in cell model using the CRISPR/CAS9 technology and homologous recombination to detect LPS. Stimulation of our TLR4/CD14/MD2 knock-in cell line model with LPS leads to the release of the cytokines IL-6 and TNF-alpha, with a detection limit of 0.005 EU/ml, which is greatly lower than the lower limit of 0.015 EU/ml detected by the Tachypleus amebocyte lysate (TAL) assay.     

ALG: automated genotype calling of Luminex assays

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most commonly used polymorphic markers in genetics studies. Among the different platforms for SNP genotyping, Luminex is one of the less exploited mainly due to the lack of a robust (semi-automated and replicable) freely available genotype calling software. Here we describe a clustering algorithm that provides automated SNP calls for Luminex genotyping assays. We genotyped 3 SNPs in a cohort of 330 childhood leukemia patients, 200 parents of patient and 325 healthy individuals and used the Automated Luminex Genotyping (ALG) algorithm for SNP calling. ALG genotypes were called twice to test for reproducibility and were compared to sequencing data to test for accuracy. Globally, this analysis demonstrates the accuracy (99.6%) of the method, its reproducibility (99.8%) and the low level of no genotyping calls (3.4%). The high efficiency of the method proves that ALG is a suitable alternative to the current commercial software. ALG is semi-automated, and provides numerical measures of confidence for each SNP called, as well as an effective graphical plot. Moreover ALG can be used either through a graphical user interface, requiring no specific informatics knowledge, or through command line with access to the open source code. The ALG software has been implemented in R and is freely available for non-commercial use either at http://alg.sourceforge.net or by request to mathieu.bourgey@umontreal.ca.     

细菌内毒素检测法在注射用肝复肽检测中的应用

通过对注射用肝复肽稀释后,采用细菌内毒素试验对其进行检测,并与家兔热原试验相比较。结果表明,细菌内毒素试验可以替代家兔热原试验用于注射用肝复肽的检测。     

重组细胞因子制品热原质试验中的降温现象

中国生物制品规程规定采用家兔试验法进行热原试验。规程要求当家兔降温≥０６℃或２只及２只以上降温在０４～０６℃时应重试。在４２０批各类细胞因子热原质试验中发现２３批出现降温,重试后合格率为１００％。降温原因分析表明降温现象与热原性物质无关,与制品种类不存在显著相关性。因此,热原试验中出现家兔降温时是否需要重试值得商榷     

Acid gel formation in (pseudo) alginates with and without G blocks produced by epimerising mannuronan with C5 epimerases

The main scope of this paper is the characterization, in terms of viscoelastic and mechanical properties, of acid gels formed from solutions of mannuronan ALG (0%G/0%GG) and its enzymatically epimerised products. The epimerised products were obtained using recombinantly produced mannuronan C5 epimerases named AlgE1 and AlgE4, which catalyse the conversion of mannuronic residues into guluronic (G) and guluronic–mannuronic (GM) blocks, respectively. The products used in this study resulted from either the action of AlgE1 on mannuronan for 5 and 24 h (named ALG(44%G/32%GG) and ALG (68%G/59%GG), respectively) or AlgE4 on mannuronan (named ALG (47%G/0%GG)). d-gluconic acid-δ-lactone (GDL) was used as H⁺-donor to produce acidic gels. ALG (0%G/0%GG) yields strong, stable solid-like structures. As predicted by circular dichroism measurements performed at different pH, gelation of ALG (47%G/0%GG) occurs at lower values of pH (1) than those obtainable using GDL. Hydrochloric acid was therefore added to ALG (47%G/0%GG) solutions yielding rapid sol–gel transitions and gels with a remarkable resistance to thermal treatment.

The introduction of guluronic residues along the chain (ALG (44%G/32%GG)) causes a reduction in the storage modulus at the equilibrium with respect to that of ALG (0%G/0%GG) and the occurrence of negligible syneresis at the highest polymer concentrations. The increase in the average length of the G blocks (ALG (68%G/59%GG)) is accompanied by a further increase in the storage modulus without the occurrence of any significant syneresis.     

不同基础体温的家兔对热原检查结果的影响

对实验中使用的普通级家兔基础体温进行统计,观察不同基础体温家兔注射血液制品后的升温情况。按照中华人民共和国药典(2005)年版三部的热原检查规定进行测定,将实验家兔基础体温38.0℃~39.6℃分为3组:38.0℃~38.5℃为1组;38.6℃~39.0℃为2组;39.1℃~39.6℃为3组。注射制品后,家兔升温≥0.4℃记为升温家兔,统计升温≥0.4℃的家兔升温百分率并对其进行统计学处理。经卡方检验,升温家兔≥0.4℃的百分率1组与2组、1组与3组有显著性差异(p<0.05);2组与3组无显著性差异(p>0.05)。家兔对热原的敏感性随基础体温的高低而有明显的差异,基础体温偏低的家兔对热原更敏感,其升温幅度大于基础体温偏高的家兔。     

Canadian clinical trial of antilymphocyte globulin in human cadaver renal transplantation.

A multicentre, randomized clinical trial of antilymphocyte globulin (ALG) was conducted among patients who had undergone cadaver kidney transplantation; follow-up was continued for a minimum of 1 year. Of the 179 patients 92 were given conventional treatment only, while 87 were given in addition ALG (from a standardized, highly immunosuppressive, common pool of equine ALG), 20 mg/kg-d intravenously for 10 days after transplantation. The ALG-treated group had better accumulated graft survival, fewer nephrectomies, better graft function, less than half the number of acute rejection episodes and less prednisone use. There was a beneficial drug (ALG)-related effect in both the graft and the host during the first 3 months after transplantation.