红河流域的外来人侵植物

红河流域是中国生物多样性最为丰富的地区,植物区系起源古老,生态系统类型复杂多样.本文论述了红河流域外来入侵植物的现状,列举了73种红河流域外来入侵物的种类,对危害比较严重的紫茎泽兰、飞机草、马樱丹、肿柄菊、凤眼莲和空心莲子草6种植物作了具体介绍.对外来入侵植物的控制对策,入侵植物本身的生物学特性的研究、保护生物多样性和退化生态系统的恢复以及路域生态系统管理等几方面作了论述.结果表明,减少人类对生态系统的干扰和破坏,恢复本地植被是防止外来入侵植物入侵的有效途径.     

云南的外来入侵植物

综述云南外来入侵植物的现状、分布、入侵的主要途径和危害等。列出云南外来入侵植物75种的详细资料,详细论述其中危害较严重的紫茎泽兰、飞机草、凤眼莲、空心莲子草、马缨丹和肿柄菊等,并讨论应采取的防治对策。提出云南是我国生物多样性最丰富的地区,但也是外来入侵植物危害最严重的地区;虽然很多外来入侵植物都能在云南蔓延,但真正引起严重危害的却不多;恢复本地植被,减少对生态系统的干扰,建立外来入侵物种监测机制和风险评价体系将是防范外来入侵植物的有效途径。     

中国西南纵向岭谷区外来入侵植物对生物多样性的影响

论述中国西南纵向岭谷区外来入侵植物对生物多样性的影响。中国西南纵向岭谷区是我国生物多样性保护的关键地区。目前,该区域已成为外来植物入侵的重灾区,外来入侵植物种类多达70余种,其中,紫茎泽兰Ageratina adenophora（Eupatoriumadenophorum）、飞机草Chromolaena odorata（Eupatorium odoratum）和肿柄菊Tithonia diversifolia等在该区域危害严重,该区域的生态系统的结构与功能遭受破坏,本地物种面临灭绝,农、林、牧生产乃至区域的生态安全受到威胁。该区域的外来入侵植物的危害居全国之冠。研究该区域的外来入侵植物,揭示其危害规律,遏制其危害速度,最终清除该区域的外来入侵植物,恢复该区域的生态平衡,具有十分重要的现实意义和科学价值。文中详细论述了外来入侵植物对植物物种多样性、植物群落多样性、生态系统多样性、农牧业及林业的影响,最后指出消除和控制外来入侵植物的途径。     

外来入侵植物成灾的机制及防除对策

外来入侵植物是指自然或人为地由原生态系统中引入到新生境的植物 ,会给新生境或其中的物种带来威胁。紫茎泽兰从缅甸自然进入云南 ,其原产地是墨西哥 ;水葫芦从墨西哥引进用作饲料 ,而大米草是从英国南海岸引入用于促淤护堤。 3种外来入侵植物给我国当地的生产、生活等带来了极大的威胁 ,破坏了生态系统 ,影响了生物的多样性。对它们的治理费用昂贵。其繁殖力、适应性和抗逆性极强 ,竞争力也极强或本身拥有化感特性或特殊器官 ,同时又耐瘠、耐污 ,并且在本地还缺乏有力的竞争生物和天敌 ,是 3种外来入侵植物势不可挡 ,扩散蔓延的成灾机制。致力于外来入侵植物的国家能力建设和综合治理是 3种外来入侵植物的防除对策     

外来植物入侵对土壤生物多样性和生态系统过程的影响

随着科学家对生态系统地下部分的重视,评价外来植物入侵对土壤生态系统的影响成为当前入侵生态学领域的研究热点之一。本文综述了外来植物入侵对土壤微生物、土壤动物以及土壤碳、氮循环动态影响的研究,并探讨了其影响机制。已有的研究表明,植物入侵对土壤生物多样性及相关生态系统过程的影响均存在不一致的格局,影响机制也是复杂多样的。外来植物与土著植物凋落物的质与量、根系特征、物候等多种生理生态特性的差异可能是形成格局多样性和影响机制复杂性的最主要原因。今后,加强多尺度和多生态系统的比较研究、机制性研究、生物多样性和生态系统过程的整合性研究及土壤生态系统对植物入侵的反馈研究是评价外来植物入侵对土壤生态系统影响的发展趋势。     

群落组成及物种间相互作用对外来植物入侵的影响

外来植物入侵已成为严重的环境和社会问题,了解外来植物的入侵机制是有效控制其入侵的前提。生物阻抗假说认为,入侵地本地植物群落中的许多生物因子及生物过程能够抵御外来植物入侵。但关于群落抵抗外来种入侵的主要机制,目前还没有确定的结论。本文综述了群落中物种功能特征的多样性以及与外来种功能特征的相似度、植物与动物、植物与植物以及植物与土壤微生物间的相互作用等因素对外来植物入侵的影响,以及以前研究存在的不足。未来研究应该注重不同条件下植物与植物间的相互作用;不同竞争强度下,植物与食草动物的相互作用;植物、动物及土壤微生物三者之间的相互作用对外来植物入侵的影响。这些研究不仅能够丰富和完善入侵生态学理论,而且对于预测外来植物未来的扩散范围,合理有效地管理生态系统,防止外来植物入侵,保护本地生物多样性具有重要的实际意义。     

中国的外来入侵植物肿柄菊

简述了外来入侵植物肿柄菊的分布现状、个体生长发育特征、遗传特征和种群特征。论述肿柄菊对本地生物多样性和生态系统的危害以及对农业生产和天然林恢复带来的影响。从药物的利用与研究,杀虫剂和除草剂的研究,肥料和饲料的利用与研究三个面综述目前国内外对肿柄菊的开发利用与研究现状。最后指出对肿柄菊的防治对策主要是保护当地生物多样性,恢复本地植被,减少人类对生态系统的干扰和破坏。     

米草属植物入侵的生态后果及管理对策

生物入侵是全球变化的重要组成部分,可能对入侵地造成严重的经济和生态后果,所以评价外来种入侵的生态后果是入侵生态学研究的核心问题之一。本文以米草属(Spartina)植物为例,综述了其对入侵地区自然环境、生物种群、群落和生态系统的影响;结合国际上对米草属入侵种的管理策略,讨论了我国米草属植物管理中的一些重要问题。     

动植物在陆地退化生态系统恢复中的作用及其研究进展

生态系统退化导致了生物生境丧失、多样性下降和生产力降低, 所以, 恢复退化的生态系统, 已成为亟待解决的重要课题, 关系到人类社会的可持续发展。因此, 阐述了生态系统退化的现状, 并分析了其退化的人为和自然原因; 比较分析了植物恢复、动物恢复及动植物联合恢复等生态恢复方法的适用性、有效性、局限性及恢复机制, 得出以下结论: 动、植物恢复首先应通过生态势和基础生态位等的分析, 筛选出较为适宜的本土生物, 这些生物的引入主要是通过收集种源、改善生境和构建生物廊道等途径进行; 引进外来物种进行生态恢复, 须评估外来种的入侵风险、适应性和生态功能; 同时注意利用植物和植物、植物与动物间的生态位、化感作用和互惠共生等互作关系, 并结合生态记忆的方法, 进行动植物的合理组合, 形成系统的生态恢复技术, 进而实现退化生态系统的全面恢复。     

火与外来植物相互关系的研究进展

入侵种对本地的生态系统和生物多样性均有不良的影响,严重的会造成物种的灭绝和生态系统的崩溃,这已在全球范围引起广泛关注.在植物外来种与火生态因子的作用研究中发现,火与外来种的关系随物种生物学特性、火作用的时间、频度、强度不同而不同,火有时会有效地抑制外来种的生长和入侵,有时会促进一些外来种的生长和入侵.反之,一些外来种会对火的产生起到积极的作用,一些外来种又会抑制火的发生.火作为控制入侵种的一种方法,经科学地运用,可对某些入侵种起到有效的控制作用.     

The impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwaters: A review

1. Invasive species are a key stressor in freshwater ecosystems. When these species are also ecosystem engineers, their impacts are exacerbated because they modulate resource availability for a wide range of other species. The aim of this review is to synthesise existing knowledge of the impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwaters and identify knowledge gaps requiring further research.
2. The four questions explored in this review are: (1) What are the trends in research into invasive ecosystem engineers? (2) What are common negative effects of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwater? (3) Do all impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers have negative consequences for biodiversity? (4) What happens when multiple ecosystem engineers interact? Four literature searches in Web of Science have been used to identify articles for the review and to estimate relative research effort between terrestrial, marine and freshwater ecosystems.
3. The number of research articles focusing on ecosystem engineers across all ecosystem types is increasing. Despite well-known examples of ecosystem engineer species in freshwaters (e.g. beaver), more research has focussed on terrestrial environments and invasive species.
4. The effects of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwater systems are varied and often context dependent. Their effects on biodiversity or native ecosystem engineers are often shown to be negative; however, not all effects associated with these species are deleterious to native species. For instance, some invasive ecosystem engineers support native species through the provision of food or refuges.
5. Although freshwater ecosystems are often influenced by multiple species of ecosystem engineers (including native, invasive or both), little is known about interactions between these species or the combined effects of multiple ecosystem engineers. More research is also needed that relates the results of laboratory experiments to the field and develops methods for measuring factors that govern the impact of engineers on ecosystems. Understanding the spatial variability of the impacts of invasive ecosystem engineers as well as their interaction with anthropogenic stressors (e.g. hydrologic modification) is also necessary.
6. The lag in research surrounding invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwater compared to other biomes is concerning, as freshwater ecosystems support biodiversity disproportionate to the area they occupy. Creating predictive models of the impacts of freshwater ecosystem engineers would help anticipate the effects of invasive ecosystem engineers in freshwater and add to the broader understanding of their effects in other biomes.

     

塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价

通过收集2000 年以来塔里木河流域的生态、经济和社会状况资料,分析影响该流域生态系统健康的因素,采用指标体系分析法和专家咨询法,确立塔里木河流域生态系统健康评价指标体系和评价标准,计算得出流域生态健康评价指标权重,并对流域生态健康状况进行了评价.结果表明:塔里木河源流的阿克苏河、叶尔羌河和开都河-孔雀河流域的山区生态系统的健康状态处于"中等"级别,和田河流域的山区生态处于"优"级别;阿克苏河、叶尔羌河和和田河流域的平原绿洲区生态处于"优"级别,开都河-孔雀河流域的平原绿洲区生态处于"中等"级别;四源流的荒漠区生态处于"差"级别;塔里木河干流上游生态处于"优"级别,中游生态处于"中等"级别,下游生态处于"差"级别.评价结果基本与实际相符,说明使用的评价方法是切实可行的.该研究结论将为流域生态环境的综合治理提供科学依据.     

Effects of Invasive-Plant Management on Nitrogen-Removal Services in Freshwater Tidal Marshes

Establishing relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem function is an ongoing endeavor in contemporary ecosystem and community ecology, with important practical implications for conservation and the maintenance of ecosystem services. Removal of invasive plant species to conserve native diversity is a common management objective in many ecosystems, including wetlands. However, substantial changes in plant community composition have the potential to alter sediment characteristics and ecosystem services, including permanent removal of nitrogen from these systems via microbial denitrification. A balanced assessment of costs associated with keeping and removing invasive plants is needed to manage simultaneously for biodiversity and pollution targets. We monitored small-scale removals of Phragmites australis over four years to determine their effects on potential denitrification rates relative to three untreated Phragmites sites and adjacent sites dominated by native Typha angustifolia. Sediment ammonium increased following the removal of vegetation from treated sites, likely as a result of decreases in both plant uptake and nitrification. Denitrification potentials were lower in removal sites relative to untreated Phragmites sites, a pattern that persisted at least two years following removal as native plant species began to re-colonize treated sites. These results suggest the potential for a trade-off between invasive-plant management and nitrogen-removal services. A balanced assessment of costs associated with keeping versus removing invasive plants is needed to adequately manage simultaneously for biodiversity and pollution targets.     

福建省农田生态系统外来入侵植物种类及其分布

为掌握福建省农田生态系统的外来入侵植物种类和分布情况,采用实地调查的方式,对福建省9市农田生态系统中的入侵植物进行调查,并分析了其种类组成、原产地、生活型、分布格局和分布类型及其入侵性等。结果表明,福建省农田生态系统有外来入侵植物30科65属共79种;其中以菊科（Asteraceae）物种数最多,为22种,占总种数的27.85%,其次是苋科（Amaranthaceae）有7种,豆科（Leguminosae）、禾本科（Gramineae）、旋花科（Convolvulaceae）和大戟科（Euphorbiaceae）各有5种。生活型以草本植物为主,占总种数的86.08%;原产于美洲的种类最多,占总种数的70.24%;入侵等级为恶性入侵（1级）的物种有10科22种,严重入侵（2级）有13科22种,局部入侵（3级）、一般入侵（4级）和有待观察类（5级）分别有9、18和8种;恶性入侵和严重入侵的植物种类占入侵植物总数的55.70%。从分布格局和分布类型来看,以福州市的农田生态系统入侵植物种类最多,为52种;不同农田类型中,以旱地中的入侵植物种数最多,有74种;按分布区域划分的全域分布种共13种,按农田类型划分的全域分布种有11种。因此,福建省农田生态系统入侵植物种类繁多,分布广泛,原产地多元化,且恶性和严重入侵植物占比较高,入侵形势严峻,应加强入侵植物的动态监控与防范,以保护生物多样性和生态安全。     

Using Life Strategies to Explore the Vulnerability of Ecosystem Services to Invasion by Alien Plants

Invasive plants can have different effects on ecosystem functioning and on the provision of ecosystem services, with the direction and magnitude of such effects depending on the service and ecosystem being considered, but also on the life strategies of the invaders. Strategies can influence invasiveness, but also key processes of host ecosystems. To address the combined effects of these various factors, we developed a methodological framework to identify areas of possible conflict between ecosystem services and alien invasive plants, considering interactions between landscape invasibility and species invasiveness. Our framework combines multi-model inference, efficient techniques to map ecosystem services, and life strategies. The latter provides a functional link between invasion, functional changes, and potential provision of services by invaded ecosystems. The framework was applied to a region in Portugal, for which we could successfully predict current patterns of plant invasion, of ecosystem service provision, and of potential conflict between alien species richness and the potential provision of selected services. Potential conflicts were identified for all combinations of plant strategy and ecosystem service, with an emphasis on carbon sequestration, water regulation, and wood production. Lower levels of conflict were obtained between invasive plant strategies and the habitat for biodiversity supporting service. The value of the proposed framework for landscape management and planning is discussed with emphasis on anticipation of conflicts, mitigation of negative impacts, and facilitation of positive effects of plant invasions on ecosystems and their services.     

BIODIVERSITY PATTERN AND CONSERVATION OF AQUATIC VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE YANGTZE RIVER BASIN,CHINA北大核心CSCD

The Yangtze River is the largest river in China. It is a priority conservation area for biodiversity of the world, with its main river, branches and wetlands. As an essential part of freshwater ecosystem, aquatic vegetation has been well studied by Chinese researchers since 1950s, but large-scaled analysis on the biodiversity pattern is lacked. Based on published studies, we analyzed spatial and temporal pattern of aquatic plant diversity in the Yangtze River Basin, and calculated the suitable habitat area and underlying influence of environmental factors using MaxEnt software. A total of 298 species are recognized, belonging to 121 genera in 52 families, which is 57.6% of the total aquatic vascular plants in China. The Yangtze River Basin is the key area for aquatic plant diversity of China, especially the subregions of middle reaches. The elevation and land use are the key environmental variables to the spatial pattern of aquatic plants. The separation among water systems have weak influence on the spatial pattern of diversity in aquatic vascular plants, but potamo-lacustrine habitats facilitated the species homogenization of the flora in a sub-basin scale. The network consists of Poyang Lake, Dongting Lake, Tai Lake, and the middle and lower mainstream is the suitable area for the aquatic plants based on the MaxEnt model. In the past half century, the decline or loss of aquatic vegetation occurred in plenty of lakes in the Yangtze River Basin. We suggested that the protection of aquatic vegetation should be incorporated into the integrated conservation of the middle and lower Yangtze River. © 2019, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.     

怒江河谷入侵植物与乡土植物丰富度的分布格局与影响因子

外来物种入侵严重威胁着乡土植物多样性并削弱了生态系统服务功能。本文基于滇西北怒江河谷植被调查的样方数据, 从群落水平研究了乡土和入侵植物多样性的空间分布格局, 以及地形、气候、人类干扰等因子对两种格局的影响。本研究共记录到外来入侵植物26种, 隶属于13科21属; 乡土植物1,145种, 分属于158科628属。沿着怒江河谷, 入侵植物物种丰富度随纬度与海拔的增加而减少; 乡土物种丰富度则随纬度增加而增加, 并在海拔梯度上呈单峰格局。运用广义线性模型分析公路边缘效应(反映生境干扰)、气候、地形和土壤等环境因素对物种丰富度分布格局的影响。等级方差分离的结果显示, 公路两侧的生境干扰对入侵种和乡土种的丰富度格局均具有首要影响。在自然环境因子中, 降水量是入侵植物丰富度的主要限制因子, 而乡土物种丰富度则主要受到地形因子尤其是坡向的影响。结构方程模型的分析结果也表明, 乡土植物和入侵植物丰富度之间的负相关关系反映了二者对环境响应的差异。本文结果支持物种入侵的资源可利用性限制假说, 并强调了人类活动对生物多样性的负面影响; 乡土植物或已较好地适应了干旱河谷气候, 但并没有显示出对外来物种入侵的抵抗作用。