万山汞矿区表层土壤汞迁移

水土流失是土壤退化的根本原因,是最严重的生态环境问题之一。目前对喀斯特山区土壤侵蚀研究已经进入成熟阶段,但对以典型喀斯特山区为背景、汞污染严重地区因土壤侵蚀发生的汞迁移的研究却很少。本文基于GIS平台,借助通用土壤流失方程(RU-SLE)模型评估研究区侵蚀强度,对万山汞矿区(167.4km2)因土壤侵蚀造成的汞迁移进行了研究。结果表明,万山土壤侵蚀模数为0～600884t·km-2·a-1,微度侵蚀和剧烈侵蚀面积占全区总面积的76.6%,其中剧烈侵蚀对土壤总侵蚀量的贡献率达到90.5%。全区因土壤侵蚀发生的土壤汞(THg)流失量高达505kg·a-1,迁移速率为3.02kg·km-2·a-1。土地利用方式和坡度是影响汞流失的重要因素。旱地和灌木林最易发生汞流失,流失量分别为175和319kg·a-1。本研究不仅为当地治理水土流失、制定水土保持方案奠定了可靠的科学依据,也为当地环境汞污染治理提供了有力的数据支持。     

生态安全条件下土地利用格局优化——以皇甫川流域为例

在人类活动导致的生态环境问题中,土地利用格局变化对区域生态安全起着决定性作用。选择我国乃至在世界上都罕见的多沙、粗沙、强烈水土流失的黄河皇甫川流域作为研究区域,针对土壤侵蚀和生态用水这两大影响流域生态安全的关键问题,开展土地利用变化模拟、土壤侵蚀3S监测、适宜植被盖度估算、土壤侵蚀情景模拟、土地利用格局优化等方面的综合研究。结果表明:(1)土地利用格局变化是导致土壤侵蚀变化的重要因素。从1987年到2015年,建筑用地、林地和灌丛面积增加,水域、沙地和裸砒砂岩面积减少,导致流域年平均土壤侵蚀模数由16160.72 t km-2a-1降至9710.72 t km-2a-1。(2)土地利用类型与土壤侵蚀模数密切相关并存在一定规律。6种不同土地利用类型多年平均土壤侵蚀模数的大小顺序为:裸砒砂岩沙地耕地草地林地灌丛,表明灌、林措施是流域植被恢复和土壤侵蚀减少的首选。(3)土地利用结构和空间格局优化有助于提升区域生态安全水平。在优化格局下,2007年和2015年土壤侵蚀模数比优化前分别减少5469.57 t km-2a-1和5432.77 t km-2a-1,优化后2015年土壤侵蚀模数仅为4277.95 t km-2a-1,低于流域自然侵蚀临界值或允许土壤侵蚀模数5300 t km-2a-1,优化土地利用格局成为加强流域生态环境建设的重要途径。     

西南三江(金沙江、澜沧江和怒江)流域化学风化过程

选择中国西南三江流域作为研究对象,结合水化学及溶解性无机碳碳同位素,借助正演模型,分析河水溶解性组分来源及混入比例,说明硫酸参与区域碳酸盐矿物风化过程及CO2净释放量。结果表明:(1)西南三江流域河水受复杂岩性控制,金沙江河水以Na-Ca-Cl-HCO3为主,与流域上游蒸发盐矿物溶解有关,澜沧江和怒江则以Ca-HCO3为主,显示碳酸盐和硅酸盐矿物溶解的影响;(2)蒸发盐矿物溶解是金沙江干流河水阳离子主要来源,其贡献均值为52%,对澜沧江和怒江河水贡献较小,平均值分别为11%和2%。碳酸盐矿物溶解是澜沧江和怒江干流河水阳离子主要来源,其贡献均值分别为70%和78%,对金沙江干流河水的贡献较小,平均为38%,但对金沙江支流河水的贡献较大,平均为74%。硅酸盐风化产物对金沙江、澜沧江和怒江干流的平均贡献分别为8%、16%和15%,对金沙江支流河水的贡献为15%;(3)金沙江、澜沧江和怒江流域硅酸盐矿物风化速率分别为1.39、3.27和4.27 t·km-2·a-1,CO2消耗速率分别为0.34×105、1.18×105和1.40×105mol·km-2·a-1,碳酸盐矿物风化速率分别为16.93、33.13和33.54 t·km-2·a-1,CO2消耗速率分别为1.40×105、2.47×105和2.22×105mol·km-2·a-1;(4)西南三江流域河水硫酸盐主要来源于硫化物矿物氧化,硫酸参与碳酸盐矿物风化净释放CO2量分别为0.73×105、3.01×105和4.27×105mol·km-2·a-1,高于中国贵州地区,应当在研究区域碳循环以及全球气候变化过程中引起重视。     

保护性耕作对农田生态系统净碳释放量的影响

以华北平原小麦-玉米两熟地区保护性耕作5年田间定位试验为基础,利用West提出的净碳释放方程对翻耕、少耕和免耕3种耕作方式下农田各项投入造成的碳释放和土壤碳累积进行比较。结果表明:在翻耕、少耕、免耕3个处理下,5年间各项农田投入造成的碳释放分别为312.60、295.4和280.52kg.km-2.a-1,表层30cm土壤的碳储量分别为30.59、32.76和31.61Mg.km-2,农田净碳释放量分别为312.60、-138.59和-76.52kg.km-2.a-1;与翻耕地比较,免耕和少耕地的相对净碳释放量为-236.08和-451.19kg.km-2.a-1;免耕地农田投入的碳减排量(32.08kg.km-2.a-1)为土壤碳增汇量(204.00kg.km-2.a-1)的15.73%,少耕地农田投入的碳减排量(17.19kg.km-2.a-1)为土壤碳增汇量(434.00kg.km-2.a-1)的3.96%。少耕地对减少大气CO2的贡献大于免耕地。     

基于RUSLE的福建省长汀县河田盆地区土壤侵蚀定量研究

以RS、GIS和RUSLE模型为主要技术,选取典型的土壤侵蚀区福建省长汀县河田盆地区为研究区,通过对模型因子的合理选择,估算了该地区1988年、1998年和2010年的土壤侵蚀量,实现土壤侵蚀状况的定量评价和动态监测.结果表明:在1988年至2010年期间,研究区土壤侵蚀状况得到明显改善,平均土壤侵蚀模数由4259.11 t·km-2·a-1下降为1280.09 t·km-2·a-1,年侵蚀量由252.42万t下降至75.87万t;中度及其以上侵蚀面积由176 km2减少至62.69 km2,微度侵蚀面积由225.85 km2增加至358.9 km2.研究结果说明近22年来针对长汀河田盆地区土壤侵蚀的治理所采取的措施是卓有成效的.长汀河田盆地区水土流失进一步重点治理的区域应集中在盆地中心及其西北部等地区的高程低于400 m、植被覆盖度为20％-50％的地区.     

广东南江工业园噪声对其环境的影响分析

南江工业园地处珠江支流北江江边,内设有电镀、五金加工企业,为查明工业园所在区域的环境状况,确定工业园噪声对周边环境产生的影响,对南江工业园的环境噪声进行了调查,结果表明:工业园噪声已对其周边环境造成一定的影响,施工期施工噪声均已超过标准值,已对附近自然村和学校产生较大的影响,而且尤以夜间的影响最大。运行期对3个敏感自然村,1所小学的环境噪声水平普遍升高,全天分别超过2类和1类标准,昼间超出标准值7.5%～17.2%,夜间超出标准值19.2%～33.3%。     

基于RUSLE-SMA的黄土丘陵沟壑区土壤侵蚀评价及景观格局分析——以庆城县蔡家庙流域为例

以甘肃省庆城县蔡家庙小流域为例,运用混合光谱线性分解(SMA)从Landsat遥感影像提取植被覆盖度,获取流域的植被覆盖因子,借助通用土壤侵蚀方程RUSLE计算了2003和2010年土壤侵蚀量,分析了土壤侵蚀与土地利用和地形因子之间的关系,并对流域土壤侵蚀景观格局变化进行了研究.结果表明:7年间,蔡家庙小流域土壤侵蚀量由3.61×106 t·a-1增加到4.48×106 t·a-1,增加了24％;平均侵蚀强度由8590.23 t·km-2增加到10652.01 t·km-2.不同土地利用类型的侵蚀状况差异较大,未利用地、草地、园地的侵蚀状况严重;坡度大于15°、高程低于1395 m以及坡向朝西的区域,土壤侵蚀较严重.研究区整体侵蚀景观高度破碎,斑块总数减少,破碎度变小,景观异质性减小,整体形状趋于规则;除微度侵蚀景观外,其余景观类型趋于简单化.     

小兴安岭地区枫桦次生林与原始阔叶红松林土壤呼吸和地下碳分配

森林土壤呼吸速率和地下碳分配是森林碳平衡的两个重要分量。本研究选择枫桦次生林和原始阔叶红松林为研究对象,测定其土壤呼吸速率和地下碳分配以及相关的环境因子。研究结果表明,生长季内枫桦次生林的土壤呼吸速率的平均值略高于原始阔叶红松林,分别为5.52和5.43μmol·m-2·s-1。土壤温度是造成土壤呼吸速率季节性变化的主要影响因子,可以分别解释两种林型土壤呼吸速率的77%和81%变异。枫桦次生林和原始阔叶红松林的Q10值分别为2.74和2.23。枫桦次生林的土壤呼吸年通量为9.66 t C·hm-2·a-1,略高于原始阔叶红松林的9.37 t C·hm-2·a-1。枫桦次生林和原始阔叶红松林的地下碳分配量分别为7.73和7.56 t·hm-2·a-1。     

京津水源区小流域土壤侵蚀空间模拟

针对京津水源区生态环境脆弱、水土流失空间分异大、突发性强等问题,以河北省平泉县东北沟典型小流域为例,采用GIS技术与CSLE模型对其土壤侵蚀进行二维空间模拟及侵蚀规律研究,并对模型模拟精度进行验证.结果表明:模型确定性系数>0.85,模拟结果可信度高;小流域侵蚀模数为2359.24t·km-2·a-1,属于轻度侵蚀,侵蚀主要源于15°以上坡面,占侵蚀总量的92.1%;土壤侵蚀模数随坡度先逐渐增加,当坡度>45°时,土壤侵蚀模数有减小的趋势;土壤侵蚀模数空间异质性显著,坡耕地侵蚀模数最大,为6112.90tkm-2·a-1;荒草地占总面积33.2%,侵蚀量却达总量的74.9% ;59.3%的侵蚀来自阳坡和半阳坡,而阴坡半阴坡仅占流域侵蚀量的16.2%.研究为利用CSLE模型对小流域土壤侵蚀进行空间模拟提供技术范例,为京津水源区土壤侵蚀规律研究及水土保持生态建设提供科学参考.     

1990-2010年淮河流域人类活动净氮输入

1990-2010年,淮河流域粮食产量由6414× 104 t增长到10121×104 t(增幅为58％),城市化率由13％增长到35％(涨幅为22％),流域社会经济发生了显著变化.从流域整体定量评估人类活动所带来的生态环境影响将为区域生态环境管理提供科学依据.本文估算淮河流域1990-2010年人类活动净氮输入(NANI)的空间分布及变化趋势.结果表明:研究期间,淮河流域氮输入量呈现出增加趋势;1990-2001年流域内氮输入量快速增加,2001年后氮输入增加趋势减缓.1990年氮输入量为17232 kg N·km-2·a-1,2003年氮输入量最高,为28771kgN·km-2· a-1,2010年回落为26415 kg N·km-2·a-1.从氮输入的组成上来看,化肥和大气氮沉降仍然是最主要的输入来源,其次为食品/饲料和生物固氮的输入.化肥和大气沉降输入占总氮输入的比例持续增加,由1990年的64％和16％分别增长至2010年的77％和19％.单纯以增施化肥来实现粮食增产、化石燃料大量燃烧来推动经济发展的观念,应切实转变到改善农业耕种技术、实现新能源的发展轨道上来,进而推动社会经济的可持续发展.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Enterovirus 71 3C proteolytically processes the histone H3 N-terminal tail during infection

Highlights
1. The N-terminal tail of histone H3 is specifically cleaved during EV71 infection.
2. Viral protease 3C is identified as a protease responsible for proteolytically processing the N-terminal H3 tail.
3. Our finding reveals a new epigenetic regulatory mechanism for Enterovirus 71 in virus-host interactions.     

Detection of EBV and HHV6 in the Brain Tissue of Patients with Rasmussen’s Encephalitis

Rasmussen’s encephalitis (RE) is a rare pediatric neurological disorder, and the exact etiology is not clear. Viral infection may be involved in the pathogenesis of RE, but conflicting results have reported. In this study, we evaluated the expression of both Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human herpes virus (HHV) 6 antigens in brain sections from 30 patients with RE and 16 control individuals by immunohistochemistry. In the RE group, EBV and HHV6 antigens were detected in 56.7% (17/30) and 50% (15/30) of individuals, respectively. In contrast, no detectable EBV and HHV6 antigen expression was found in brain tissues of the control group. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in 20.0% (6/30) of individuals. In particular, a 4-year-old boy had a typical clinical course, including a medical history of viral encephalitis, intractable epilepsy, and hemispheric atrophy. The co-expression of EBV and HHV6 was detected in neurons and astrocytes in the brain tissue, accompanied by a high frequency of CD8⁺ T cells. Our results suggest that EBV and HHV6 infection and the activation of CD8⁺ T cells are involved in the pathogenesis of RE.     

Perinatal Vertical Transmission of Chikungunya Virus in Ruili,a Town on the Border between China and Myanmar

正Dear Editor,Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an arbovirus in the family of Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, is transmitted by the A.aegyptii or A. albopictus mosquito, and causes disease in humans characterized by fever, rash, and arthralgia (Silva and Dermody 2017; Suhrbier 2019). It was first reported in 1953 in Tanzania, and caused only a few outbreaks and sporadic cases in Africa and Asia in last century. However, in the epidemic in 2004, CHIKV acquired mutations that conferred enhanced transmission by the A. albopictus mosquito(Schuffenecker et al. 2006). Since then, it has successively caused outbreaks in Africa, the Indian Ocean, South East Asia, the South America, and Europe (Zeller et al. 2016).     

Development of a Novel Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2

In conclusion, the novel visual RT-LAMP assay is a simple, rapid, and sensitive approach for detection of SARS-CoV-2, and it is ready for application in primary care and community hospitals or health care centers, and even patients' own houses in response to the current SARS-CoV-2 epidemic because the assay does not require sophisticated equipment and skilled personnel. Furthermore, it is also ready to be used in fields for screening samples from wild animals and environments to facilitate the identification of potential intermediate hosts that mediate the cross-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from bats to humans.