甜橙黄酮通过调节AMPK/mTOR信号通路改善呼吸道合胞病毒感染大鼠的肺组织损伤

摘要 目的：探讨甜橙黄酮通过AMP依赖的蛋白激酶（AMPK）/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白（mTOR）信号通路对呼吸道合胞病毒（RSV）感染大鼠肺组织损伤的改善作用。方法：将30只雄性Wistar大鼠分为对照组、模型组、甜橙黄酮低剂量组（14 mg/kg）、甜橙黄酮中剂量组（28 mg/kg）、甜橙黄酮高剂量组（56 mg/kg）、甜橙黄酮高剂量+AICAR组（56 mg/kg+500 mg/kg的AMPK激活剂AICAR）,计算大鼠肺指数。实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（qRT-PCR）法测定肺组织RSV病毒载量,酶联免疫吸附（ELISA）法测定大鼠肺泡灌洗液炎症因子水平,HE染色测定肺组织病理,蛋白免疫印迹（Western blot）法测定AMPK/mTOR通路蛋白表达。结果：与对照组相比,模型组大鼠肺组织存在炎性浸润,排列松散,肺指数、肺组织RSV病毒载量、肺泡灌洗液白细胞介素（IL）-1β、IL-6、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）水平、炎症评分、p-AMPK/AMPK、mTORC1蛋白表达升高（P＜0.05）;与模型组相比,甜橙黄酮低剂量组、甜橙黄酮中剂量组、甜橙黄酮高剂量组大鼠肺组织损伤减轻,大鼠肺指数、肺组织RSV病毒载量、肺泡灌洗液IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平、炎症评分、p-AMPK/AMPK、mTORC1蛋白表达降低（P＜0.05）;与甜橙黄酮高剂量组相比,甜橙黄酮高剂量+AICAR组大鼠肺组织损伤加重,肺指数、肺组织RSV病毒载量、肺泡灌洗液IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平、炎症评分、p-AMPK/AMPK、MTORC1蛋白表达升高（P＜0.05）。结论：甜橙黄酮可能通过抑制AMPK/mTOR信号通路发挥对RSV诱导的大鼠抗炎、抗病毒、抗肺部损伤作用。     

Klotho对CsA慢性肾毒性大鼠肾脏内质网应激相关凋亡的影响

24只雄性SD(Sprague dawley)大鼠在低盐饮食的基础上,随机分为3组:对照组、模型组、治疗组。模型组给予环孢素A(Cyclosporin A,Cs A)30 mg/kg/d腹腔注射共28 d建立慢性肾毒性大鼠模型;治疗组在给予等量Cs A的基础上腹腔注射给予重组可溶性Klotho蛋白(0.02 mg/kg/d腹腔注射,隔日一次)。28 d后处死大鼠,收集肾组织标本;行Masson染色观察肾脏病理损害;TUNEL(Td T-mediated d UTP nick end labeling)染色观察细胞凋亡情况;Western-blot检测肾组织内质网应激标志物兔抗葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose regulated protein78,GRP78)及CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白同源蛋白(pro-apoptotic protein CCAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein,CHOP)的表达情况。分析发现,模型组大鼠肾脏病理损害明显加重,肾小管上皮细胞大量凋亡,GRP78及CHOP表达显著上调,而Klotho治疗组大鼠肾脏病理损害明显减轻,细胞凋亡减少,GRP78及CHOP的表达明显降低。表明Klotho蛋白可通过抑制内质网应激诱导的凋亡缓解Cs A慢性肾毒性的发生。     

内质网应激诱导的细胞凋亡在大鼠压疮深部组织损伤中的作用

目的:观察压疮大鼠深部组织损伤(DTI)中肌细胞内质网应激(ERS)相关因子表达的变化,探讨内质网应激诱导的细胞凋亡在压疮深部组织损伤中的作用。方法:健康雄性SD大鼠50只,随机分为正常(Con)组,模型(Model)组,实验组(生理盐水(NS)组与4-苯基丁酸(PBA)组),实验组按观察时间点又分为4 d,7 d,14 d,21 d四组(n=5)。PBA组于造模结束后2 ml生理盐水溶解PBA灌胃,隔天1次;NS组予等量生理盐水灌胃。于各时间点处死动物,收集受压肌肉组织。HE染色观察肌肉组织病理变化;TUENL染色观察细胞凋亡;免疫组化检测ERS分子葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、C/EBP(CHOP)、凋亡酶12(Caspase 12)的水平。结果:HE染色显示与Con组相比,各实验组肌肉组织出现不同程度病理退化表现,PBA组与NS组相比,损伤程度有所缓解,新生肌纤维融合更快;TUNEL结果显示受压各组较正常组细胞凋亡数增加,于4 d达到高峰,以后逐渐下降,PBA干预后细胞凋亡有所减少(P0.05);免疫组化结果显示:肌肉组织NS组GRP78、CHOP、Caspase 12蛋白表达在4 d达到高峰后逐渐下降。NS组各蛋白在各时间点表达均明显高于PBA组(P0.05)。结论:内质网应激诱导的细胞凋亡参与压疮深部组织损伤病理进程,其相关机制可能与CHOP、Caspase 12介导的的细胞凋亡有关。     

抑制或激活泛素-蛋白酶体途径对大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞内质网应激的影响

目的:研究肺泡巨噬细胞(NR8383)不同蛋白酶体激活程度对内质网应激的影响。方法:构建UbG76V-GFP融合蛋白,将含有UbG76V-GFP的质粒导入NR8383细胞,筛选出可稳定表达UbG76V-GFP的细胞系,通过蛋白酶体抑制剂(MG132)、蛋白酶体激活剂(阿霉素)干预蛋白酶体活性。荧光显微镜观察不同蛋白酶体活性下大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞在缺氧复氧2 h、4 h、6 h时蛋白酶体活性,Western blot及PCR技术检测不同蛋白酶体活性下大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞在缺氧复氧2 h、4 h、6 h时泛素化蛋白及内质网应激相关基因的表达。结果:在缺氧复氧2 h、4 h、6 h这3个时间点,加入MG132组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞绿色荧光及泛素化蛋白(Ubiquitin)表达明显降低(P0.05),而PCR及Western blot示内质网应激基因BIP(免疫球蛋白结合蛋白)、XBP-1(X-盒结合蛋白)和CHOP(C/EBP同源蛋白)平均扩增量及蛋白表达量明显增加(P0.05);加入阿霉素组大鼠肺泡巨噬细胞在缺氧复氧2 h、4h、6 h表现出相反的实验结果,绿色荧光及Ubiquitin蛋白相对表达均明显增加(P0.05),而PCR及Western blot示内质网应激基因BIP、XBP-1和CHOP平均扩增量及蛋白表达量明显增加(P0.05)。结论:本实验结果表明活细胞泛素-蛋白酶体活性程度与内质网应激存在紧密联系,外源性增强泛素蛋白酶体活性会抑制内质网应激,外源性减弱泛素蛋白酶体活性会增强内质网应激。     

白介素-18在被动吸烟诱导的慢性阻塞性肺疾病大鼠中的表达

目的 研究白介紊-18(Interleukin-18,IL-18)在被动吸烟诱导的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)大鼠中的表达变化.方法 将20只大鼠随机分为2组,即正常对照组和COPD模型组.应用单纯被动吸烟法建立大鼠COPD模型,香烟烟雾暴露时间为6个月.利用酶联免疫吸附法测定2组大鼠血清和支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoal veolar lavage fluid,BALF)中的IL-18浓度,用实时定量RT-PCR法测定BALF中IL-18 mRNA的表达水平,用HE染色法观察肺组织形态学改变,用免疫组织化学染色法检测IL-18在肺组织中的表达.结果 1.COPD模型组血清和BALF中的IL-18浓度较正常对照组显著增加(P＜0.01);2.COPD模型组BALF中IL-18 mRNA的表达水平较正常对照组显著增高(P＜0.01);3.COPD模型组肺组织中IL-18的表达较正常对照组显著增加(P＜0.01).结论 被动吸烟诱导的COPD大鼠外周血和肺部均高表达IL-18,提示IL-18在吸烟所致的COPD发病机制中可能起重要作用.     

内质网应激及自噬参与百草枯中毒所致肺损伤

目的:探讨内质网应激及自噬在百草枯中毒所致大鼠肺脏损伤中的作用。方法:选取Wistar大鼠腹80只,腹腔注射百草枯(15 mg/kg)建立百草枯中毒肺脏损伤的动物模型。染毒后1、3、7、14、21 d处死动物取肺组织,采用HE染色和Van Gieson(V.G)染色观察大鼠肺脏损伤及纤维化情况,电镜观察Wistar大鼠肺脏胞浆空泡变、自噬体的形成以及肺脏损伤。Western-blot方法观察Wistar大鼠内质网应激相关蛋白(GRP94、Caspase-12和CHOP)和自噬相关蛋白(LC3-II、Beclin-1)的表达。结果:HE及V.G染色结果显示随中毒时间延长,百草枯中毒肺损伤及肺纤维化逐渐加重;电镜结果显示百草枯中毒肺脏发生胞浆空泡变、自噬体形成。与对照组比较,在百草枯中毒组内质网应激相关蛋白GRP94在3 d表达达到峰值(P0.001),7 d表达开始降低(P0.05),CHOP蛋白表达3 d开始增加(P0.001),cleaved caspase-12蛋白表达7 d开始增加(P0.001),并逐渐加强,自噬相关蛋白LC3-II和Beclin-1表达3 d开始增加(P0.001),14 d表达最高(P0.001)。结论:内质网应激以及细胞自噬共同参与百草枯中毒所致肺脏损伤。     

蒙药新Ⅱ号对扩张型心肌病大鼠心功能、心肌细胞内质网应激及凋亡的作用

目的：探讨蒙药新Ⅱ号对阿霉素性扩张型心肌病大鼠心功能、心肌病理、心肌细胞内质网应激及凋亡作用。方法：30 只SD 雄性大鼠分为3组（n=10）： 正常对照组、模型组（腹腔注射阿霉素2 mg/kg体重,1次/周,用药4周后观察4周）和蒙药新Ⅱ号组（腹腔注射阿霉素2 mg/kg体重,1次/周,用药4周后,给予蒙药新Ⅱ号30 mg/kg·d灌胃,共4周）。观察大鼠的一般情况,8 周后行高频超声心动图检查,测定各项心功能指标,检查结束后处死大鼠,取心脏,行HE 染色、VG染色及电镜观察。用TUNEL 法检测各组大鼠心肌细胞凋亡, Western blot 检测各组大鼠心肌细胞内质网伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94及促凋亡因子CHOP、caspase-3表达。结果：与模型组相比较,①蒙药新Ⅱ号组大鼠心脏左室结构及血流动力学各项指标均有明显改善（P<0.05）。②蒙药新Ⅱ号组大鼠心肌病理积分明显下降（P<0.01）。③蒙药新Ⅱ号组大鼠心肌细胞内质网应激伴侣蛋白GRP78、GRP94、CHOP、caspase-3表达及细胞凋亡明显减少 （P<0.01）。结论：蒙药新Ⅱ号可改善扩张型心肌病大鼠心脏功能,减轻心肌病理变化,缓解内质网应激,减少心肌细胞凋亡。这一实验结果可能是蒙药新Ⅱ号治疗扩张型心肌病作用机制之一。     

高脂饮食对小鼠附睾内质网应激的影响及褪黑素的干预作用

目的探讨内质网应激在高脂饮食引起的ApoE基因敲除小鼠附睾损伤中的作用及褪黑素（MT）的干预机制。方法将12只ApoE基因敲除的C57BL／6J雄性小鼠随机分为高脂饮食组及MT处理组。高脂饮食组为ApoE基因敲除小鼠,给予高脂饮食;MT处理组给予高脂饲养外,并MT灌胃。以6只野生型C57BL／6J雄性小鼠作为对照组,给予普通饮食。饲养12w后,取附睾组织制片,HE染色观察附睾的病理学形态,免疫组化检测GRP78和CHOP的表达。结果HE染色显示,高脂饮食组小鼠,附睾上皮细胞形态结构不清,细胞萎缩。对照组和褪黑素处理组小鼠附睾上皮细胞形态结构完整,细胞排列整齐。免疫组化显示高脂饮食组小鼠附睾中GRP78、CHOP表达增强（P〈0．01）。MT处理组和高脂饮食组相比,附睾中GRP78、CHOP表达下调（P〈0．01）。结论内质网应激参与高脂饮食导致的附睾损伤;MT可能通过抑制附睾内质网应激,减轻高脂饮食对小鼠附睾的损伤。     

卡托普利对高血压大鼠动脉血管平滑肌细胞内质网相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白78和C/EBP同源蛋白表达的影响

目的:研究卡托普利对早期高血压大鼠动脉血管平滑肌细胞内质网相关因子葡萄糖调节蛋白78(glucose-regulated protein of 78kd,GRPT8)和C/EBP同源蛋白(CAAT/enhancer binding protein homologous protein,CHOP)表达的影响.方法:将18只成年雄性Sprague-Dawley(SD)大鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和卡托普利组(n=6),模型组和卡托普利组均采用大鼠腹主动脉结扎建立高血压大鼠模型.4周后测量血压,应用免疫组化方法检测主动脉血管平滑肌细胞GRP78和CHOP的表达;缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)检测细胞凋亡.结果:(1)模型组平均动脉压(mean arterial blood pressure,MAP)明显增加,卡托普利组血压低于模型组,高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);(2)模型组内质网因子GRP78、CHOP表达均增加,卡托普利组GRP78、CHOP表达低于模型组,高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01);(3)模型组血管平滑肌细胞凋亡率减少,卡托普利组血管平滑肌细胞凋亡率高于模型组,低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论:卡托普利可降低高血压大鼠动脉血管平滑肌细胞GRP78和CHOP的表达,增加细胞凋亡.可能与其减弱高血压所致内质网反应,维持血管平滑肌细胞的增殖/凋亡平衡有关.     

4-苯基丁酸抑制内质网应激改善高同型半胱氨酸引起的血管重构

摘要 目的：探讨高同型半胱氨酸血症（hyperhomocysteinemia, HHcy）导致血管损伤的机制并证明内质网应激抑制剂4-苯基丁酸（4-PBA）在其中的保护作用。方法：采用蛋氨酸饲料喂养SD大鼠制备HHcy模型,24只大鼠随机分为3组（每组8只）：对照组（Control）、HHcy模型组（HHcy）和4-PBA处理组（4-PBA）;测量大鼠血压和心率,检测血清中同型半胱氨酸浓度,HE染色观察血管形态,Western blot和免疫组化染色观察内质网应激分子GRP78和GRP94的表达,Western blot检测内质网应激促凋亡因子CHOP和Caspase 12的表达,TUNEL染色观察主动脉血管的细胞凋亡。结果：3组大鼠血压和心率没有显著差异（P>0.05）;和Control组比较,HHcy组血清中同型半胱氨酸浓度明显增加（P<0.05）,而4-PBA处理组血清同型半胱氨酸浓度与HHcy组比有降低但没有统计学差异（P>0.05）;和Control组比较,HHcy组主动脉血管平滑肌细胞肥大,走行紊乱,部分断裂,细胞核固缩,管壁增厚,内质网应激分子GRP78和GRP94以及促凋亡因子CHOP和Caspase 12的表达明显增加（P<0.05）,TUNEL染色阳性细胞也显著增多;而4-PBA处理组能明显改善HHcy组主动脉血管的这些变化（P<0.05）。结论：高同型半胱氨酸血症能引起主动脉血管重构,而4-PBA可通过抑制内质网应激和细胞凋亡改善高同型半胱氨酸血症引起的血管重构。     

C/EBP homologous protein drives pro-catabolic responses in chondrocytes

Introduction

Excess C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression is one feature of the unfolded protein response (UPR) to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Here, we focused on CHOP expression and function in chondrocytes.

Methods

We studied human knee osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage, bovine chondrocytes cultured in alginate and subjected to sub-lethal biomechanical injury, and knee chondrocytes of human autopsy donors. We performed siRNA knockdown and transfection.

Results

UPR activation was increased in human knee OA cartilage in situ, and in biomechanically injured cultured chondrocytes in vitro. In normal human chondrocytes, CHOP “gain of function” sensitized chondrocytes to IL-1β induced nitric oxide (NO) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 release without inducing these responses by itself. Excess CHOP expression, by itself, induced superoxide production and apoptosis. Conversely, siRNA knockdown of CHOP and the UPR-specific mediator X-box binding protein (XBP1) inhibited NO release by >80% (P <0.0005) in response to IL-1β, and blunted MMP-3 release, whereas there were only minimal effects of the UPR mediator GRP78 on these responses. The anti-inflammatory metabolic “super-regulator” AMP kinase (AMPK) is known to limit UPR activation in vascular muscle cells. Here, CHOP supported the capacity of IL-1β to suppress AMPK activity in chondrocytes. We also observed that inhibition of AMPK activity promoted an increase in chondrocyte CHOP expression. Conversely, pharmacologic activation of AMPK by 5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) blunted chondrocyte CHOP expression in response to biomechanical injury.

Conclusions

Biomechanical injury and IL-1 signaling stimulate UPR activation in chondrocytes. CHOP mediates chondrocyte catabolic and apoptotic responses to IL-1β, and does so partly by inhibiting AMPK activity. Conversely, development of excess CHOP activity is limited by AMPK activity in chondrocytes. Our findings suggest a mechanism for potential chondroprotection by AICAR and other AMPK activators. The work is of translational relevance for OA, since several drugs that activate AMPK are already in the clinic for arthritis (for example, allosteric AMPK activators sodium salicylate and high dose aspirin, and methotrexate, which activates AMPK by generating AICAR).     

白芍总苷对心肌缺血再灌注大鼠内质网应激因子CHOP、GRP78、GRP94的表达及凋亡的影响

目的:研究白芍总苷(TGP)对心肌缺血再灌注(I/R)大鼠内质网应激因子CCAAT/增强子结合蛋白的同源蛋白(CHOP)、葡萄糖调节蛋白78(GRP78)、葡萄糖调节蛋白94(GRP94)表达及凋亡的影响。方法:选择健康清洁级SD大鼠75只,根据随机数字表法分成5组,每组15只,分别记为假手术组、I/R组、50 mg/kg TGP组、100 mg/kg TGP组以及200 mg/kg TGP组。检测并对比各组大鼠CHOP、GRP78、GRP94水平,对比分析各组大鼠心肌I/R指标、梗死面积率以及心肌细胞的凋亡率。结果:I/R组和TGP各组的CHOP、GRP78及GRP94水平均明显高于假手术组,且TGP各组较I/R组明显更低(均P0.05)。100 mg/kg和200 mg/kg TGP组的CHOP、GRP78及GRP94水平均明显低于50 mg/kg TGP组,且200 mg/kg TGP组较100 mg/kg TGP组明显更低(均P0.05)。I/R组和TGP各组缺血30 min的T波改变、再灌注120 min的T波改变及LVEDP水平均明显高于假手术组,LVSP、+dp/dtmax及-dp/dtmax水平均明显低于假手术组(均P0.05)。与I/R组相比,TGP组缺血30 min的T波改变、再灌注120 min的T波改变及LVEDP水平呈剂量依赖型下降,而LVSP、+dp/dtmax及-dp/dtmax水平呈剂量依赖型上升(均P0.05)。I/R组和TGP各组的梗死面积率和心肌细胞的凋亡率均明显高于假手术组(均P0.05)。与I/R组相比,TGP组的梗死面积率和心肌细胞的凋亡率水平呈剂量依赖型下降(均P0.05)。结论:应用TGP能够明显降低MIRI大鼠内质网应激因子CHOP、GRP78、GRP94的表达,调节心肌缺血和再灌注相关标志物或临床参数的水平,显著减少心肌缺血和再灌注所致的心肌梗死面积率及细胞凋亡率。     

AMP-activated protein kinase protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxic injury through attenuation of endoplasmic reticulum stress

Oxygen deprivation leads to the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), causing ER stress. Under conditions of ER stress, inhibition of protein synthesis and up-regulation of ER chaperone expression reduce the misfolded proteins in the ER. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key regulatory enzyme involved in energy homeostasis during hypoxia. It has been shown that AMPK activation is associated with inhibition of protein synthesis via phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 (eEF2) in cardiomyocytes. We therefore examined whether AMPK attenuates hypoxia-induced ER stress in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. We found that hypoxia induced ER stress, as assessed by the expression of CHOP and BiP and cleavage of caspase 12. Knockdown of CHOP or caspase 12 through small interfering RNA (siRNA) resulted in decreased expression of cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase following exposure to hypoxia. We also found that hypoxia-induced CHOP expression and cleavage of caspase 12 were significantly inhibited by pretreatment with 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide-1-beta-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR), a pharmacological activator of AMPK. In parallel, adenovirus expressing dominant-negative AMPK significantly attenuated the cardioprotective effects of AICAR. Knockdown of eEF2 phosphorylation using eEF2 kinase siRNA abolished these cardioprotective effects of AICAR. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that activation of AMPK contributes to protection of the heart against hypoxic injury through attenuation of ER stress and that attenuation of protein synthesis via eEF2 inactivation may be the mechanism of cardioprotection by AMPK.     

Induction of apoptosis by cigarette smoke via ROS-dependent endoplasmic reticulum stress and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-homologous protein (CHOP)

In this report, we investigated a role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cigarette smoke (CS)-induced apoptosis of human bronchial epithelial cells (hBEC). Exposure of hBEC to CS or CS extract (CSE) caused expression of endogenous ER stress markers GRP78 and CHOP and induction of apoptosis evidenced by nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing, and activation of caspase-3 and caspase-4. In vivo exposure of mice to CS also caused induction of GRP78 and CHOP in the lung. Attenuation of ER stress by overexpression of ER chaperone GRP78 or ORP150 significantly attenuated CSE-triggered apoptosis. Exposure of hBEC to CSE caused generation of reactive oxygen species, and treatment with antioxidants inhibited CSE-induced apoptosis. Interestingly, antioxidants including a scavenger of O(2)(*-) blunted induction of CHOP by CSE without affecting the level of GRP78, and dominant-negative inhibition of CHOP abolished CSE-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, a generator of O(2)(*-) selectively induced CHOP and apoptosis in hBEC. Our results revealed that: (1) CS induces ER stress in vitro and in vivo, (2) ER stress mediates CS-triggered apoptosis downstream of oxidative stress, (3) CS-initiated apoptosis is caused through oxidative stress-dependent induction of CHOP, (4) O(2)(*-) may play a dominant role in this process, and (5) oxidative stress-independent induction of GRP78 counterbalances the proapoptotic action of CHOP.     

Parecoxib Suppresses CHOP and Foxo1 Nuclear Translocation, but Increases GRP78 Levels in a Rat Model of Focal Ischemia

Parecoxib, a novel COX-2 inhibitor, functions as a neuroprotective agent and rescues neurons from cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury-induced apoptosis. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying parecoxib neuroprotection remain to be elucidated. There is growing evidence that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress plays an important role in neuronal death caused by brain ischemia. However, very little is known about the role of parecoxib in mediating pathophysiological reactions to ER stress induced by ischemic reperfusion injury. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated whether delayed administration of parecoxib attenuates brain damage via suppressing ER stress-induced cell death. Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were administered parecoxib (10 or 30 mg kg^?1, IP) or isotonic saline twice a day starting 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for three consecutive days. The expressions of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and oxygen-regulated protein 150 (ORP150) and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP) and forkhead box protein O 1 (Foxo1) in cytoplasmic and nuclear fraction were determined by Western blotting. The levels of caspase-12 expression were checked by immunohistochemistry analysis, served as a marker for ER stress-induced apoptosis. Parecoxib significantly suppressed cerebral ischemic injury-induced nuclear translocation of CHOP and Foxo1 and attenuated the immunoreactivity of caspase-12 in ischemic penumbra. Furthermore, the protective effect of delayed administration of parecoxib was accompanied by an increased GRP78 and ORP150 expression. Therefore, our study suggested that elevation of GRP78 and ORP150, and suppression of CHOP and Foxo1 nuclear translocation may contribute to parecoxib-mediated neuroprotection during ER stress responses.     

脂联素抑制子宫内膜癌HEC-1B细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭的作用及机制研究

摘要 目的：探讨脂联素（APN）对子宫内膜癌HEC-1B细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭的抑制作用及分子机制。方法：分别采用磺酰罗丹明 B(SRB)实验、细胞迁移(Transwell)实验和划痕实验检测子宫内膜癌细胞HEC-1B的增殖、迁移和侵袭能力。采用蛋白免疫印迹（Western blot）法检测腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)信号通路相关蛋白、AdipoR1、AdipoR2、cyclinD1和cyclinE2蛋白表达水平。结果：与对照组相比,APN组HEC-1B细胞增殖、迁移及侵袭功能明显下降（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,APN组p-AMPK/AMPK比值明显提高,而p-mTOR/mTOR和p-4EBP1/4EBP1比值明显下降（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,APN组cyclinD1和cyclinE2蛋白表达水平明显下降（P<0.05）。APN组和对照组的AdipoR1、AdipoR2蛋白表达水平比较无统计学差异（P>0.05）。结论：APN能够激活AMPK信号通路并下调cyclinD1和cyclinE2蛋白表达,进而抑制子宫内膜癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭功能。