胶质瘤血管生成的影像学研究进展

采用影像学技术活体评价肿瘤的血管生成是近年来肿瘤影像学的一个研究热点,主要的成像技术包括CT灌注(CT perfu-sion,CTP)成像、磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI),超声及正电子发射体层摄影(position emission tomography,PET)等.本文就目前胶质瘤血管生成影像学的研究进展进行综述.     

缺血性心肌病的多模态心血管影像学方法进展

近年来,超声(ultrasound, US)、CT冠状动脉造影(CT coronary angiography, CCTA)、血管内超声(intravenous ultrasound,IVUS)、光学相干断层成像(optical coherence tomography, OCT)、多层螺旋CT成像(multi-slice computed tomography, MSCT)、单光子发射计算机断层成像(single-photon emission computed tomography, SPECT)、正电子发射计算机断层成像(positron emission computed tomography, PET)及心脏磁共振(cardiac magnetic resonance, CMR)等多种心血管成像技术能够提供与冠脉病变及心肌形态和功能相关的解剖学、血流动力学、细胞生物学及病理生理学等方面的重要信息,在缺血性心肌病的临床诊疗及预后评估中发挥着日益重要的作用。然而,如何恰当选择的多模态心血管影像技术是临床医师面临的一大难题。因此,本文在归纳总结主要心血管成像技术临床应用进展的基础上,对多模态心血管影像学在缺血性心肌病相关的冠脉解剖与斑块成像、心肌功能、心肌灌注及心肌活性显像中的临床应用价值进行综述。旨在帮助临床医师客观认识各种成像技术的优势与不足,从而制定最优化的选择方案。     

磁共振扩散加权成像在肺癌中的临床应用

影像学检查在肺癌的诊断和分期中起到了至关重要的作用,目前电子计算机体层成像(CT)和正电子发射断层成像技术以及磁共振成像(MRI)已经被广泛的应用于肺癌的分期和疗效评估。其中MRI不仅能提供形态学信息,近年来发展起来的磁共振功能成像能提供更多的功能信息。磁共振扩散加权成像(Diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)是最常应用于临床的磁共振功能成像序列。最初主要应用在神经系统,随着磁共振成像序列的不断发展以及软硬件的开发应用,其在腹部和盆腔的应用也日趋广泛,然而胸部DWI成像仍待普及和更多认识。本文就肺部DWI成像在良恶性病变鉴别、恶性肿瘤的筛查、分期、以及治疗疗效评估方面进行综述。     

20例葡萄球菌感染所致化脓性脊柱炎的临床特征分析

为探讨葡萄球菌感染所致化脓性脊柱炎(pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis,PVO)的临床及影像学特征,本研究回顾性分析了2009年1月-12月上海交通大学附属第六人民医院感染病科收治的20例葡萄球菌感染所致PVO患者的临床特征、实验室检查指标、影像学资料及治疗效果。结果显示,20例PVO患者中金黄色葡萄球菌感染较为多见,85%患者病变在腰椎,50%患者白细胞计数升高,13例发热(65%),12例(60%)出现椎旁脓肿,所有患者C反应蛋白、红细胞沉降率、铁蛋白均升高。计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)平扫示感染椎体骨质破坏;磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)示病变椎体及椎间盘破坏区异常信号灶,增强后可见明显强化;单光子发射计算机断层扫描(emission computed tomography,ECT)示病变椎体不均匀放射性摄取增高。金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素耐药率达77.8%。12例椎旁脓肿患者经CT引导下穿刺置管引流加敏感抗生素治疗,临床结局良好。结果提示,金黄色葡萄球菌是葡萄球菌感染所致PVO的主要致病菌,其对青霉素普遍耐药,炎症指标和影像学检查可用于疗效评估及随访,内科保守治疗对PVO有效。     

增强CT和18F-FDG PET/CT在胃癌术前分期评估中的临床价值比较

目的:对比评估增强计算机断层扫描(contrast enhancement computed tomography,CECT)和~(18)F-FDG正电子发射计算机断层扫描(positron emission tomography/computed tomography,PET/CT)在胃癌术前分期中的临床应用价值。方法:回顾性分析经病理证实的胃癌患者的术前CECT(27例)及~(18)F-FDG PET/CT(39例)图像,于两种影像学手段下,双盲法判定每位患者胃癌的TNM分期,然后分别计算每种影像学方法在胃癌术前分期中的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性。两种影像学方法的差异比较采用Pearson卡方检验。结果:CECT和~(18)F-FDG PET/CT诊断胃癌T分期的敏感性、阳性预测值和准确性分别是100.00%、72.73%、59.26%和100.00%、90.91%、76.92%;CECT和~(18)F-FDG PET/CT诊断胃癌N分期的敏感性、特异性、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确性分别是75.00%、71.43%、88.24%、50.00%、74.07%和42.86%、92.00%、75.00%、74.19%、35.90%。结论:CECT和~(18)F-FDG PET/CT均可用于胃癌术前分期的预估,尤其在N分期方面,CECT的敏感性和准确性高于~(18)F-FDG PET/CT。     

宫颈癌磁共振灌注成像的研究进展

随着医学影像学成像技术的发展,医学影像学逐渐从形态成像向功能成像转变,并广泛应用于临床.磁共振灌注成像(Per-fusion weightedmagnetic resonance imaging,PWI)作为主要功能成像的一种,能在无创条件下准确的评估器官、组织的血流灌注状态.从而评估组织的功能情况,因此具有广阔的临床应用前景.现就宫颈癌磁共振灌注成像的基本原理、扫描技术以及临床应用等方面进行综述.     

用活体小动物SPECT/CT影像系统检测纳米材料和药物在体内的生物效应

研究疾病在小动物模型体内的动态生物过程促进了高分辨率影像学方法的发展。这些方法能够阐明疾病或肿瘤在发生和发展过程中的分子相互作用,评价药物和显影剂的生物效应,并可动态连续监测药物在同一个体的治疗效果。单光子发射型计算机断层成像仪(single photon emission computed tomography,SPECT)在这些应用中具有很多优势。应用SPECT对标记核素发射的γ-射线信号探测分析,可获得病变组织或药物的三维空间分布信息。SPECT联合X-射线诊断设备CT(computed tomography)组成的SPECT/CT系统可辅助界定生物过程的解剖学背景,提高SPECT数据的定位准确度。文章概述了小动物SPECT/CT的特点、成像原理、核素的选择,及其在纳米材料和药物(如脂质体、碳纳米管、纳米粒包括聚合物、胶束和量子点等)方面的应用和研究进展。     

MRI的临床应用进展

磁共振成像(magnatic resonance imaging,MRI)是现代影像医学的重要组成部分之一。随着硬件和软件方面的不断改进和发展,MRI日益得到广泛的临床应用。MRI的临床应用主要有五个方面：磁共振水成像、磁共振血管成像、磁共振功能成像、磁共振波谱以及磁共振造影介入技术。MRI可提供病变组织在形态学改变和生理功能方面的信息,因此MRI已成为进行疾病诊断和鉴别诊断的重要工具,亦是介入技术导引的手段。由于MRI具有无创性和信息容量多等点,使其能在生物学医学领域内作深入的研究。MRI将提供生物化学的信息。总之,MRI是现代医学的新领域,代表着影像医学的发展方向。     

MRI的临床应用进展

磁共振成像(magnatic resonance imaging.MRI)是现代影像医学的重要组成部分之一。随着硬件和软件方面的不断改进和发展,MRI日益得到广泛的临床应用。MRI的临床应用主要有五个方面:磁共振水成像、磁共振血管成像、磁共振功能成像、磁共振波谱以及磁共振造影介入技术。MRI可提供病变组织在形态学改变和生理功能方面的信息,因此MRI已成为进行疾病诊断和鉴别诊断的重要工具,亦是介入技术导引的手段。由于MRI具有无创性和信息容量多等点,使其能在生物学医学领域内作深入的研究。MRI将提供生物化学的信息。总之,MRI是现代医学的新领域,代表着影像医学的发展方向。     

早期动态18F-FDG PET/CT成像在实体肿瘤评估中的应用

~(18)F-FDG PET/CT常规代谢成像反应肿瘤的葡萄糖代谢及乏氧情况,而~(18)F-FDG PET/CT早期动态成像能反映PET/CT成像早期肿瘤的灌注情况。由于肿瘤的异质性,在早期动态~(18)F-FDG PET/CT成像,即~(18)F-FDG PET/CT灌注成像中,存在独立于常规60 min~(18)F-FDG PET/CT代谢成像的SUVmax(最大标准摄取值)高摄取区。因此,在临床工作中应用~(18)F-FDG PET/CT早期动态成像,能够进一步对实体肿瘤的活性区域进行评估,能够更好评价患者预后、完善治疗方案。当前~(18)F-FDG早期动态成像已经应用在肝癌、肾癌以及膀胱癌等实体肿瘤诊断中。早期动态~(18)F-FDG PET/CT成像结合常规标准~(18)F-FDG PET/CT代谢成像,对实体肿块进行一站式成像方法,能够更好的对肿瘤进行评估。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.