肝巨噬细胞与肝星状细胞交互作用对肝纤维化发生与逆转的影响

肝纤维化是由各种病因所导致的肝脏病理性反应,是发展成肝硬化甚至肝癌的必经途径。以往研究发现,肝纤维化甚至是肝硬化早期都可以通过一定的干预治疗抑制与逆转病情,该过程有多种肝实质以及非实质细胞参与,肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cell, HSC)与肝巨噬细胞是肝纤维化进程中关键的细胞类型。HSCs是肝纤维化的核心细胞,而肝巨噬细胞是肝纤维化进程中的主要调控细胞,HSCs与巨噬细胞间可通过分泌趋化因子、炎症因子以及凋亡因子诱导双方细胞的活化、分化、增殖和凋亡,并且能够调节细胞外基质(ECM)的生成与降解,进而影响肝纤维化的发生发展与抑制逆转。该文立足于HSCs与肝巨噬细胞的各自特征性功能,通过对它们之间的相互影响的阐述,探究两者在促进与逆转肝纤维化中的作用,以期探究肝纤维化复杂病理过程中的机制,为治疗逆转肝纤维化提供新的思路和有效靶点。     

肝纤维化细胞外基质和星状细胞间的相互作用

肝纤维化发生发展的中心环节是肝星状细胞的激活和增生。活化的肝星状细胞(HSC)引起肝纤维化细胞外基质(ECM)组分改变的同时又被ECM所调控。活化HSC中过量表达的微小RNA29家族能减少ECM胶原I等基质蛋白分泌。先前未报道的ECM蛋白CYR61能使活化的HSC衰老,wnt-5a可能作为HSC增殖调节器在肝纤维化中对抗细胞凋亡。因此探索肝纤维化ECM和HSC之间的调控方式及作用机制能为早期干预甚至逆转肝纤维化提供有力靶点。     

microRNA调控心肌纤维化研究进展

心肌纤维化(myocardial fibrosis)是指致病因素导致心肌细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)合成和降解失衡,促使细胞外基质异常增多和过度积聚的病理过程。近年研究发现,miRNA可通过调节成纤维细胞的增殖和转化、细胞因子的分泌和胶原代谢参与心肌纤维化的发病过程。本文就近年关于miRNA参与和调控心肌纤维化的发生过程的研究进展进行综述,为心肌纤维化疾病的诊断和治疗提供理论参考。     

抗肝纤维化药物的研究进展

肝纤维化(Iiver fibrosis)是细胞外基质(ECM)合成和降解不平衡的结果,是各种慢性肝病向肝硬化发展所共有的病理改变和必经途径.LF的致病因子包括病毒、酒精、药物等,其中乙肝病毒引起的病毒性肝炎是我国最普遍的肝病之一,因此开发抗肝纤维化药物将有利于我国肝病的治疗,本文主要介绍了抗肝纤维化药物的研究进展.     

RAAS与肝纤维化的研究进展

肝纤维化是多种慢性肝病进展至肝硬化的中间过程,其特征是以胶原蛋白为主的细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)的合成与降解失衡,导致大量ECM沉积。在肝纤维化发生、发展过程中,常伴有肾素–血管紧张素–醛固酮系统(renin-angiontensin-aldosterone system,RAAS)的激活,血管紧张素转换酶–血管紧张素II-血管紧张素II受体1(angiotensin-converting enzymeangiotensin IIangiotensin II type 1 repector,ACE-Ang II-AT1R)轴和血管紧张素转换酶2-血管紧张素(1-7)-Mas受体[angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-angiotensin(1-7)-Mas,ACE2-Ang(1-7)-Mas]轴是调节肝纤维化的两大重要因素。     

肝星状细胞凋亡途径及凋亡调控因素的研究进展

临床流行病学调查显示,慢性肝病是全球重要死因之一,肝硬化发病呈全球化流行趋势,且发病率也在逐渐增高。肝纤维化(HF)是慢性肝病进展至肝硬化的共同病理过程,其实质是细胞外基质(ECM)的生成超过肝脏的降解能力导致过多的ECM在肝脏的沉积[1]。目前认为活化的肝星形细胞(HSC)是肝纤维化细胞外基质的主要来源,各种因素引起     

TGF-β1,Smad与肝纤维化关系研究新进展

肝纤维化并不是一种独立的疾病,它是在各种慢性肝脏损伤引起的组织修复过程中,多种细胞因子共同作用所致肝内结缔组织异常增生的一种病理性改变。其特征是细胞外基质(ECM)的生成与降解失衡,导致ECM的过度沉积,其     

肝纤维化的细胞和分子机制

肝脏纤维化(hepatic fibrosis)是多种慢性肝病的共同病理基础,是进一步向肝硬化发展的中心环节。肝脏内一些免疫细胞如枯否细胞(Kupffer cell,KC)、树突状细胞(dendritic cell,DC)、T淋巴细胞、NK细胞(nature killer cell,NK cell)、B细胞等在多种致病因素刺激下激活,释放多种细胞因子和趋化因子,引起一系列病理变化,共同参与肝纤维化的发生和发展过程。本文主要从肝脏内各类免疫细胞以及分泌的细胞因子方面,对肝纤维化形成机制的最新研究进展进行综述。     

肝纤维化发病机制中细胞和分子机制的研究进展

关于肝纤维化形成的复杂的细胞和分子联系已经有了相当多的研究进展。最近的数据表明,纤维化进程的终止和纤维分解途径的恢复可以逆转晚期肝纤维化甚至肝硬化。因此,需要更好地阐明参与肝纤维化的细胞和分子机制。HSC(肝星状细胞)的激活是肝纤维化发生的中心事件,此外还有产生基质的其他细胞来源,包括肝门区的成纤维细胞,纤维细胞和骨髓来源的肌纤维母细胞。这些细胞与其邻近细胞通过多种联系聚集产生纤维疤痕并造成持续性损伤。阐明不同类型的细胞的相互作用,揭示细胞因子对这些细胞的影响,理清活化HSC基因表达的调控,将有助于我们探索新的肝纤维化治疗靶点。此外,不同的病因有不同的致病途径,弄清这一点有助于针对特异性疾病治疗方法的发现。本文概述了肝纤维化的细胞和分子机制的最新研究进展,可能为未来治疗方法带来新的突破。     

肝窦内皮细胞在肝纤维化发生发展中的作用及其机制

肝窦内皮细胞(liver sinusoidal endothelial cells,LSECs)是肝脏抵御炎症和免疫反应的第一道防线,其独特的窗孔结构及功能特性决定它在肝纤维化发生发展中起重要作用。LSECs主要通过介导肝脏炎症反应、肝窦毛细血管化、活化肝星状细胞(hepatic stellate cells,HSC)、引发细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)的生成与降解失衡等途径参与肝纤维化的发生发展。靶向LSECs对治疗肝纤维化极具潜力,阐述清楚二者调控关系,将为抗肝纤维化治疗提供新的理论依据。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.