青蒿琥酯和青蒿素抗肿瘤作用及其机制的初步研究

目的:探讨人白血病细胞株K562经青蒿琥酯和青蒿素处理后基因表达的变化及其可能机制.方法:K562细胞经不同浓度青蒿琥酯和青蒿素处理24h后,倒置相差显微镜和荧光显微镜下观察细胞形态学变化,流式细胞仪检测细胞周期变化;提取细胞总RNA,将逆转录生成的cDNA与基因芯片杂交,分析杂交结果.结果:倒置光显微镜:细胞出现不同程度的皱缩,核分裂相减少,细胞密度下降,漂浮细胞增多.荧光显微镜:染色质高度浓缩、边缘化,凝聚成明亮的团块,即凋亡小体.流式细胞仪:G2期细胞的比例明显增加.芯片杂交分析数据,青蒿琥酯处理组有10条基因表达有差异,表达上调的基因有:p21、chk1,表达下调的基因有:cyclinB1、cyclinE1、E2F1、DNA-PK、hTERT、bcl-2、jnk、VEGF;青蒿素处理组有10条基因表达下调:cyclinD1、cdk4、cdk2、cdc2、DNA-PK、DNA-TopoI、mcl-1、erk、jnk、VEGF.结论:青蒿琥酯和青蒿素可以抑制K562细胞增殖,作用机制与改变细胞周期某些调控物质的基因表达、诱导K562细胞凋亡等有关.     

川芎嗪与β-榄香烯联合应用对K562/ADM细胞的生长抑制作用

目的：探讨川芎嗪与β－榄香烯联合应用对K562/ADM的生长抑制作用。方法：以耐阿霉素细胞株K562／ADM为实验模型。结果：1．两者对K562／ADM及K562细胞的IC50接近,即耐药细胞K562／ADM对两种中药制剂不具有耐药性。2．非细胞毒性剂量的川芎嗪（TMP350μg/ml)及β－榄香精（β－elemene 4.0μg/ml)可显著降低ADM对K562／ADM细胞的IC50（P＜0．01）,提高细胞对ADM的敏感性,抗药性逆转分别为2．03倍及2．18倍。3．进一步将上述两种药物联合应用,发现其对ADM的抗药性逆转为4．65倍,明显高于二者单独应用,而且也高于两者单独应用之和,并且其对升高该细胞内ADM的浓度也具有协同作用。结论：川芭嗪与β－榄香烯联合应用能够抑制K562／ADM的的生长,并且具有协同性。     

青蒿琥酯对铜绿假单胞菌生物膜形成及结构的影响

建立体外铜绿假单胞菌生物膜(biofilm BF)模型,探讨青蒿琥酯(artesunate)对生物膜的影响。分光光度法测定青蒿琥酯对铜绿假单胞菌浮游菌生长的影响。选取铜绿假单胞菌野生株(PAO1)建立生物膜模型,设立对照组、青蒿琥酯组、环丙沙星(ciprofloxacin)组。结晶紫染色后测定570 nm波长光密度值,以观察6 h时细菌粘附情况;建模3 d后经不同浓度的青蒿琥酯或环丙沙星处理后利用平板稀释计数法计算活菌数;利用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜成像技术(confocal laser scanning microscopy,CLSM)结合生物膜定量分析软件COMSTAT对生物膜的单位面积生物量、平均厚度、粗糙系数、平均扩散距离进行定量分析。研究显示青蒿琥酯对铜绿假单胞菌浮游菌无明显抑制作用。建模3 d后,生物膜经不同浓度的青蒿琥酯干预12 h后,512μg/m L、1 024μg/m L组生物膜内的活菌数分别为(6.99±0.21)、(6.45±0.19)log10 CFU/m L,与对照组相比,差异有统计学意义(p0.05)。青蒿琥酯组(512μg/m L)和环丙沙星组在6 h时细菌粘附性显著下降,与对照组相比有统计学差异(p0.05)。与对照组相比,经青蒿琥酯和环丙沙星处理后生物膜生物量、平均厚度以及平均扩散距离等结构指标数值都有明显减少(p0.05);青蒿琥酯组粗糙系数增加(p0.05),环丙沙星组粗糙系数无明显变化(p0.05),但这两组的粗糙系数对比有统计学差异(p0.05)。该研究表明青蒿琥酯能够降低铜绿假单胞菌粘附性及破坏成熟生物膜结构。     

胆固醇对K562及耐药株K562G细胞增殖及伊马替尼敏感性的影响

目的:探讨胆固醇对K562及耐药株K562G细胞增殖及伊马替尼(Imatinib,IM)敏感性的影响。方法:通过qRT-PCR方法检测K562和K562G细胞的胆固醇代谢途径相关蛋白的表达;以不同药物组合处理K562细胞、K562G细胞,采用CCK-8方法检测细胞增殖情况。结果:耐药K562G细胞胆固醇合成酶(人角鲨烯单加氧酶SQLE,细胞色素P450酶家族51亚家族A1 CYP51A1,固醇C5去饱和酶SC5D)表达下降、而低密度脂蛋白受体LDLR、固醇酰基转移酶SOAT1、ATP结合盒转运体A1 ABCA1表达量增加;0.5μg/m L、0.75μg/m L胆固醇处理K562细胞,其增殖率比对照组K562细胞分别增加(9.51±2.84)%和(19.88±3.00)%;使用阿托伐他汀(20μM)、GW3965 (20μM)、MβCD (10 m M)降低K562G细胞胆固醇使其增殖抑制率分别为(50.73±2.34)%,(49.42±1.13)%,(76.54±1.48)%;两种浓度胆固醇使IM处理的K562细胞增殖抑制率分别减少51.59%及53.80%;MβCD联合IM使K562及K562G细胞存活率分别降低至6.89%及23.34%。结论:IM抵抗的K562G细胞与IM敏感的K562细胞相比胆固醇代谢增强;增加胆固醇能够促进K562细胞增殖,降低细胞对IM的敏感性;MβCD可能通过降低胆固醇增强K562、K562G细胞对IM敏感性。     

诱导耐药K562/ADM和转基因耐药K562/MDR细胞株的生物学行为和耐药机制的比较研究

目的探讨转多药耐药基因mdr1的K562/MDR细胞株作为单机制耐药模型的可行性,为进一步研究肿瘤耐药及其逆转奠定基础。方法实验分为3部分:(1)在电子显微镜下观察慢性髓细胞白血病急性红白变敏感细胞系K562,阿霉素(adriamycin,ADM)诱导耐药细胞株K562/ADM和K562/MDR耐药细胞株的生物学行为;同时测定3种细胞系的群体倍增时间;以观察药物诱导和基因转移是否对细胞的生物学行为造成影响。(2)以K562细胞为对照,用MTT法分别测定阿霉素、柔红霉素(daunorubicin,DNR)、长春新碱(vincristine,VCR)对3种细胞的半数致死量(IC50)。(3)多药耐药相关基因与蛋白的检测。免疫细胞化学法观察mdr1基因编码的P-糖蛋白(P-gp)的表达;流式细胞术检测P-gp、bcl-2的表达百分率;生化法测定细胞内谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)活性;RT-PCR法检测拓扑异构酶(to-poisomeraseⅡ,topoⅡ)mRNA的表达变化。结果(1)在超微结构上,K562/ADM的细胞器—线粒体出现水肿,K562和K562/MDR未见明显异常;K562的群体倍增时间为19.67±3.10d;K562/MDR为20.40±1.80d;K562/ADM为28.47±1.75d;(2)K562/ADM和K562/MDR细胞对ADM的耐药倍数分别为23.1和1.2倍;对DNR为84.9和14.4倍;对VCR为298.3和10.1倍。(3)与K562比较,K562/ADM细胞的P-gp和Bcl-2蛋白表达率高且topoⅡcDNA片段大小发生变化;K562/MDR仅P-gp表达率高。结论K562/MDR的生物学行为与亲本细胞K562相似,耐药机制单一,可作为单机制耐药模型,对某一耐药基因进行更为深入精确的研究,也可针对该耐药基因准确地筛选相应的逆转剂。     

青蒿琥酯联合头孢菌素类药物对多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌抗菌活性的分析

为探讨青蒿琥酯(artesunate,ASN)单独或联合头孢菌素类药物对多重耐药(multidrug-resistant,MDR)肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae)的抗菌活性.本研究收集2018年长沙市中心医院临床分离的多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌菌株32株.分为单独用药组:青蒿琥酯(ASN)组、头孢曲松钠(CRO)/头孢他啶(CAZ)组和联合应用组.采用细菌动态生长曲线法观察青蒿琥酯联合头孢菌素类药物对多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的生长影响;采用微量肉汤稀释法检测青蒿琥酯单独或联合头孢菌素类药物对多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的抗菌作用;采用RT-PCR技术检测外排泵基因AcrB mRNA以及其调控基因MarA和AcrR mRNA的表达水平.结果 显示,终浓度为2048μg/mL ASN联合头孢曲松钠、头孢他啶明显地抑制了多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的生长,曲线走向平缓;终浓度为1024μg/mL ASN联合头孢曲松钠、头孢他啶对多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌的MIC50与单独用药组比较显著减低,均有统计学意义(K=68.07,P＜0.05;K=62.34,P＜O.05).1024 μg/mL ASN联合头孢曲松钠、头孢他啶均以相加作用为主;2048μg/mL青蒿琥酯和头孢曲松钠、头孢他啶联用时,可以抑制外排泵基因AcrB的表达,2048 μg/mL青蒿琥酯联合512 μg/mL头孢曲松钠明显抑制正向调控子MarA的表达,而对于负性调控子AcrR的表达没有明显影响.青蒿琥酯能显著改善多重耐药肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢曲松钠以及头孢他啶的敏感性,其机制可能与下调外排泵基因AcrB的表达有关.     

青蒿琥酯对肺癌裸鼠新生血管生成的影响及机制相关研究

摘要 目的：探讨与研究青蒿琥酯对肺癌裸鼠新生血管生成的影响及机制。方法：27只裸小鼠随机平分为3组-肺癌组、青蒿琥酯1组与青蒿琥酯2组,每组9只。所有小鼠都给予腹腔注射肺癌A549细胞成瘤,致瘤成功后肺癌组、青蒿琥酯1组与青蒿琥酯2组组采用磷酸盐缓冲液、2.0 mg/mL与4.0 mg/mL的青蒿琥酯进行灌胃,1次/d,持续10 d。结果：所有小鼠都致瘤成功,青蒿琥酯1组、青蒿琥酯2组的移植瘤重量低于肺癌组(P<0.05),抑瘤率高于肺癌组(P<0.05),青蒿琥酯2组与青蒿琥酯1组对比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。青蒿琥酯2组、青蒿琥酯1组的移植瘤细胞凋亡指数高于肺癌组(P<0.05),青蒿琥酯2组高于青蒿琥酯1组(P<0.05)。青蒿琥酯2组、青蒿琥酯1组的移植瘤组织周围淋巴管密度低于肺癌组(P<0.05),青蒿琥酯2组低于青蒿琥酯1组(P<0.05)。青蒿琥酯2组、青蒿琥酯1组的血清肿瘤坏死因子(Tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α与白介素(Interleukin,IL)-6水平低于肺癌组(P<0.05),青蒿琥酯2组低于青蒿琥酯1组(P<0.05)。青蒿琥酯2组、青蒿琥酯1组的移植瘤结缔组织生长因子(Connective tissue growth factor,CTGF)、血管内皮生长因子(Vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)蛋白相对表达水平低于肺癌组(P<0.05),青蒿琥酯2组低于青蒿琥酯1组(P<0.05)。结论：青蒿琥酯在肺癌裸鼠的应用能抑制CTGF、VEGF蛋白表达,降低炎症因子的表达,促进肿瘤细胞凋亡,从而发挥抑制肿瘤增殖与新生血管生成的作用。     

沉默MDR1基因逆转SGC7901/ADM细胞对紫杉醇的耐药性

本研究利用短发夹sh RNA(short hairpin RNA)沉默SGC7901/ADM细胞MDR1基因,从而逆转SGC7901/ADM细胞对紫杉醇的耐药性。根据MDR1基因序列设计并合成编码sh RNA的DNA模板,构建3种靶向MDR1基因重组干扰载体,稳定转染SGC7901/ADM细胞,q RT-PCR检测MDR1 m RNA表达水平,Western blotting检测MDR1蛋白表达水平,MTT法检测细胞对紫杉醇的敏感性。结果表明,成功构建了靶向MDR1基因的3种重组表达载体,分别转染SGC7901/ADM细胞后均能不同程度沉默MDR1基因的表达,其中p2.1-3对MDR1沉默效果最好,m RNA和蛋白的沉默效率分别为78.5%和45%。紫杉醇对细胞的IC50值由(3.147±0.494)μmol/L降至(0.714±0.059)μmol/L,逆转率达到(78.22±1.906)%。结果表明,靶向MDR1的干扰表达载体能够抑制MDR1基因的表达,从而逆转SGC7901/ADM细胞对紫杉醇的耐药性。     

沉默MDR1基因可增强三尖杉酯碱诱导的SGC7901/ADM细胞凋亡

为探讨沉默MDR1基因对三尖杉酯碱诱导SGC7901/ADM细胞凋亡的影响,将本实验室构建的靶向MDR1基因的RNAi干扰载体pSilencer 2.1-3,转染胃癌SGC7901/ADM细胞,经三尖杉酯碱处理后,通过MTT法检测细胞活力,激光共聚焦显微镜和DNA琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测细胞凋亡现象。研究发现,pSilencer 2.1-3稳定转染SGC7901/ADM细胞后,三尖杉酯碱对细胞的IC_950)值由(2.527±0.316)μg/m L降至(0.719±0.087)μg/mL,相对逆转率达到(72.435±2.921)%,从而提高了SGC7901/ADM细胞对三尖杉酯碱的敏感性。激光共聚焦显微镜下,细胞形态发生改变,染色质凝聚、边缘化,琼脂糖凝胶电泳DNA呈梯状条带,呈现明显的凋亡特征,结果表明,沉默MDR1基因增强了三尖杉酯碱诱导的SGC7901/ADM细胞凋亡。     

二烯丙基二硫对人白血病K562细胞增殖及Bcl-2表达的影响

目的:探讨二烯丙基二硫(DADS)对白血病K562细胞增殖的影响,以及Bcl-2表达的调节作用.方法:用DADS预处理白血病K562细胞构建细胞模型,MTT法分别检测不同DADS浓度(5 gmL-1、10 g mL-1、20 g mL-1、40 g mL-1)和不同处理时间(6h、12h、24h、48h)细胞增殖情况,IC50浓度处理白血病K562细胞之后,Western blot和RT-PCR检测Bcl-2蛋白和mRNA表达水平.结果:MTT结果显示DADS能够抑制白血病K562细胞的增殖,且呈剂量和时间依赖性;IC50浓度的DADS处理K562细胞24小时后,Bcl-2蛋白和mRNA的表达量显著减少.结论:DADS可显著抑制K562细胞增殖,而这一作用可能与Bcl-2表达下调有关.     

ATP/ADP exchange activity of gastric (H+ + K+)-ATPase

The ATP/ADP exchange is shown to be a partial reaction of the $\text{(}\text{H}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ by the absence of measurable nucleoside diphosphokinase activity and the insensitivity of the reaction to $\text{P}{}^1$, $\text{P}{}^5$ -di(adenosine-5′) pentaphosphate, a myokinase inhibitor. The exchange demonstrates an absolute requirement for Mg²⁺ and is optimal at an ADP/ATP ratio of 2. The high ATP concentration ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}\text{= 116 μ}\text{M}$) required for maximal exchange is interpreted as evidence for the involvement of a low affinity form of nucleotide site. The ATP/ADP exchange is regarded as evidence for an ADP-sensitive form of the phosphoenzyme. In native enzyme, pre-steady state kinetics show that the formation of the phosphoenzyme is partially sensitive to ADP while modification of the enzyme by pretreatment with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) in the absence of Mg²⁺ results in a steady-state phosphoenzyme population, a component of which is ADP sensitive. The ATP/ADP exchange reaction can be either stimulated or inhibited by the presence of K⁺ as a function of pH and Mg²⁺.     

AutoFACT: AnAutomaticFunctionalAnnotation andClassificationTool

Background  

Assignment of function to new molecular sequence data is an essential step in genomics projects. The usual process involves similarity searches of a given sequence against one or more databases, an arduous process for large datasets.     

Characterization of cytochrome P-450SCC-containing liposomes

Purified cytochrome $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ from bovine adrenocortical mitochondria was incorporated into liposomes by the cholate-dilution method utilizing either dialysis or Sephadex gel filtration. Among synthetic phospholipids tested, dioleoylglycerophosphocholine showed the best stability during the incorporation of $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ into liposomes. A maximum amount of heme was incorporated into liposomes at a molar ratio of phospholipid to the cytochrome of approx. 200. When $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was incorporated into the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes by the cholate-filtration method, the $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}\text{-}\text{containing liposomes}$ showed two major populations on the elution pattern of the Sepharose 4B gel filtration, and were seen at a diameter of 200–600 Å and its aggregated forms. When the cytochrome was incorporated into dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes or cholesterol-free adrenocortical mitochondrial liposomes, $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was less stable than $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ in aqueous solution. Cholesterol or adrenodoxin markedly stabilized the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. Liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ required cholesterol for its optimum reduction with adrenodoxin, adrenodoxin reductase, and NADPH in the presence of CO. About 70% of the total heme in the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine liposomes was reduced by the enzymatic reduction in the presence of cholesterol, indicating that 70% of the total molecules are exposed to the surface of the outer monolayer. In order to see the location of the heme in membrane, the dioleoylglycerophosphocholine-liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$ was subjected to $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ treatment. This reagent destroyed the liposomal $\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>450</mtext><mtext>SCC</mtext>}}$. These results suggest that the heme is located in the proximity of the $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuriphenyl sulfonic acid}$ reacting sites which are exposed to the surface, or located on the vincinity of polar heads of the membrane.     

Ligand-dependent reactivity of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase with showdomycin

Showdomycin inhibited pig brain ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ with pseudo first-order kinetics. The rate of inhibition by showdomycin was examined in the presence of 16 combinations of four ligands, i.e., Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP, and was found to depend on the ligands added. Combinations of ligands were divided into five groups in terms of the magnitude of the rate constant; in the order of decreasing rate constants these were: (1)$\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, (2) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and none, (3) $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{,}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$, $\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$ and $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}$, (4) $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{,}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and $\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}\text{, (5)}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$, $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{ATP}$ and ATP. The highest rate was obtained in the presence of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP. The apparent concentrations of Na⁺, Mg²⁺ and ATP for half-maximum stimulation of inhibition ($\text{K}{}_{0.5}{}^{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}$) were 3 mM, 0.13 mM and 4μM, respectively. The rate was unchanged upon further increase in Na⁺ concentration from 140 to 1000 mM. The rates of inhibition could be explained on the basis of the enzyme forms present, including E₁, E₂, ES, E₁-P and E₂-P, i.e., E₂ has higher reactivity with showdomycin than E₁, while E₂-P has almost the same reactivity as E₁-P. We conclude that the reaction of ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ proceeds via at least four kinds of enzyme form (E₁, E₂, E₁ · nucleotide and EP), which all have different conformations.     

A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒感染力比较

目的甲型H1N1流感病毒A/California/7/2009与A/California/4/2009病毒序列比较同源性在99%以上,本实验旨在比较两株病毒感染BALB/c小鼠研究感染力强弱。方法分别将A/California/7/2009（CA7）与A/California/4/2009（CA4）两株病毒分别连续10倍稀释后,对4~6周龄雌性BALB/c小鼠经乙醚麻醉后进行滴鼻攻毒,每个稀释度接种10只实验小鼠,测定CA7 MLD50为101.24/0.05 mL,检测小鼠感染、致病的多项指标,观察期为14 d。结果相同TCID50的CA7和CA4病毒感染小鼠,CA4感染小鼠后14 d内死亡率为20%,而CA7感染小鼠后8 d内死亡率为100%。CA7 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为重度弥漫性间质性肺炎,CA4 106TCID50感染的小鼠病理表现为中度-重度间质性肺炎。结论在相同条件下,CA7感染力明显强于CA4。     

Characterization of partially purified (Na+ + K+)-ATPase from porcine lens

The partial purification of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from pig lens has been achieved by treatment with deoxycholate followed by density gradient centrifugation. The specific activity of the final preparation, ranging from 300 to 500 nmol/h per mg protein, is increased approx. 100-fold compared to the homogenate. A parallel increase in $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity is also observed. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis reveals six major protein bands, one of which is the 93 kDa α subunit of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ which can be phosphorylated by reaction with [γ-³²P]ATP. A second band contains a glycoprotein which displays an apparent molecular weight of 51 000 and thus appears to be the β subunit of the enzyme. The enzyme is sensitive to ouabain with the $\text{I}{}_{50}$ for $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ inhibition being 1.2 and 1.3 μM, respectively. Several agents which inhibit $\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ from other tissues such as oligomycin, Ca²⁺, vanadate, $\text{N-}\text{ethylmaleimide}$, $\text{p-}\text{chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid}$ (PCMBS) and 5,5′-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB) also inhibit the lens enzyme. Monovalent cations other than K⁺ are partially effective in activating the ($\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}$)-ATPase and $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activities. The K⁺ congeners were relatively more effective in supporting $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ compared to $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity. Other kinetic properties of the lens enzyme are also comparable to those of the enzyme from other tissues. Utilizing the partially purified membrane bound enzyme, discontinuities in Arrhenius plots of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity, $\text{p-}\text{nitrophenylphosphatase}$ activity and fluoresence polarization of the fluidity probe, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene (DPH), are observed near the physiological temperature of lens. The possible significance of these observations for the mechanism of cataract formation are discussed.     

An electron spin probe study of (Na+ + K+)-ATPase-Containing membranes

The modulating effect of membrane lipids on enzyme function has been described by several investigators. We have used the spin probe $\text{N-}\text{oxyl}\text{-4′,4′-}\text{dimethyloxazolidine}\text{-12-}\text{keto}$ methyl stearate (M 12-NSE) to study this interaction in ox brain membranes enriched with $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$. This methyl ester of stearic acid is practically insoluble in aqueous media, and consequently spectra of M 12-NSE-labelled preparations are free of “liquid lines”.At least two types of spectra may be obtained when ox brain microsomes are spin labelled with M 12-NSE, indicating the presence of two distinct binding sites. At one site the spin label is relatively unrestricted and gives rise to an isotropic spectrum. A second spectrum, which is obtained from spin label at another site, is similar to that which is observed after incorporation of M 12-NSE into phospholipid bilayers. This suggests that this latter site is within the core of the microsomal membrane.The two binding sites differ in their affinity for the spin probe. The low affinity site is both more abundant in crude preparations and is more easily removed by detergent treatment; spin labels at this site produce isotropic spectra. The high affinity sites are fewer in number and produce broad spectra. In addition these high affinity sites increase in concentration as the enzyme undergoes purification.The two sites are quite distinct in their sensitivity to ascorbic acid, the low affinity site showing a considerably greater rate of reduction by this agent.This study also demonstrates that the delipidation effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium deoxycholate on $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase-enriched}$ microsomes from ox brain are not identical.It is suggested that the two spin probe binding sites represent two different lipid domains, one of which is very closely associated with the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme and may reflect a protein-directed phospholipid specificity for this enzyme.     

Annular and non-annular binding sites on the (Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase

Quenching of the fluorescence of the $\text{(}\text{Ca}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{+}\text{Mg}{}^{\mathrm{2+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ purified from muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum can be used to measure relative binding constants of hydrophobic compounds to the phospholipid-protein interface. We show that the binding constant for cholesterol is considerably less than that for phosphatidylcholine, so that cholesterol is effectively excluded from the phospholipid annulus around the ATPase. However, dibromocholestan-3β-ol causes quenching of the fluorescence of the ATPase, and so has access to other, non-annular sites. We suggest that these non-annular sites could be at protein/protein interfaces in ATPase oligomers. Oleic acid can bind at the phospholipid/protein interface, although its binding constant is less than that for a phosphatidylcholine, and it can also bind at the postulated non-annular sites. The effects of these compounds on the activity of the ATPase depend on the structure of the phospholipid present in the systems.     

Comparison of parameters estimated from A/Ci and A/Cc curve analysis

The parameters estimated from traditional A/C _i curve analysis are dependent upon some underlying assumptions that substomatal CO₂ concentration (C _i) equals the chloroplast CO₂ concentration (C _c) and the C _i value at which the A/C _i curve switches between Rubisco- and electron transport-limited portions of the curve (C _i-t) is set to a constant. However, the assumptions reduced the accuracy of parameter estimation significantly without taking the influence of C _i-t value and mesophyll conductance (g _m) on parameters into account. Based on the analysis of Larix gmelinii’s A/C _i curves, it showed the C _i-t value varied significantly, ranging from 24 Pa to 72 Pa and averaging 38 Pa. t-test demonstrated there were significant differences in parameters respectively estimated from A/C _i and A/C _c curve analysis (p<0.01). Compared with the maximum ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) carboxylation rate (V_cmax), the maximum electron transport rate (J_max) and J_max/V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis which considers the effects of g _m limit and simultaneously fits parameters with the whole A/C _c curve, mean V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (V_cmax-C _i) was underestimated by 37.49%; mean Jmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis (J_max-C _i) was overestimated by 17.8% and (J_max-C _i)/(V_cmax-C _i) was overestimated by 24.2%. However, there was a significant linear relationship between V_cmax estimated from A/C _i curve analysis and V_cmax estimated from A/C _c curve analysis, so was it J_max (p<0.05).     

Regulation of rat brain (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity by cyclic AMP

The interaction between the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ and the adenylate cyclase enzyme systems was examined. Cyclic AMP, but not 5′-AMP, cyclic GMP or 5′-GMP, could inhibit the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme present in crude rat brain plasma membranes. On the other hand, the cyclic AMP inhibition could not be observed with purified preparations of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme. Rat brain synaptosomal membranes were prepared and treated with either NaCl or cyclic AMP plus NaCl as described by Corbin, J., Sugden, P., Lincoln, T. and Keely, S. ((1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 3854–3861). This resulted in the dissociation and removal of the catalytic subunit of a membrane-bound cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. The decrease in cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activity was accompanied by an increase in $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity. Exposure of synaptosomal membranes containing the cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase holoenzyme to a specific cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase inhibitor resulted in an increase in $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme activity. Synaptosomal membranes lacking the catalytic subunit of the cyclic-AMP-dependent protein kinase did not show this effect. Reconstitution of the solubilized membrane-bound cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, in the presence of a neuronal membrane substrate protein for the activated protein kinase, with a purified preparation of $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$, resulted in a decrease in overall $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity in the presence of cyclic AMP. Reconstitution of the protein kinase alone or the substrate protein alone, with the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ has no effect on $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ activity in the absence or presence of cyclic AMP. Preliminary experiments indicate that, when the activated protein kinase and the substrate protein were reconstituted with the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ enzyme, there appeared to be a decrease in the Na⁺-dependent phosphorylation of the Na⁺-ATPase enzyme, while the K⁺-dependent dephosphorylation of the $\text{(}\text{Na}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{+}\text{K}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)-}\text{ATPase}$ was unaffected.