覆盖模式对旱作农田土壤微生物多样性及群落结构的影响

土壤微生物是表征土壤质量的敏感指标，采用Illumina HiSep技术分析不同覆盖方式对半湿润易旱区农田土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的影响，以期从微生物的角度评价农田不同覆盖措施对土壤质量的影响。设3种覆盖模式：平作塑料薄膜覆盖（P）、平作秸秆覆盖（S）和垄膜沟播覆盖（R），以平作不覆盖为对照（CK），研究不同覆盖模式下土壤微生物群落变化，分析各土壤理化因子与微生物群落之间的关系。研究结果表明各覆盖处理显著改变了土壤微生物的群落结构和多样性。所有土壤样品中，细菌群落的优势菌门是变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、放线菌门（Actinobacteria），丰度分别为29.69%、28.28%和20.76%，CK处理下较高的土壤pH和低NO₃-N含量抑制了土壤中酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）的生长繁殖，而放线菌门（Actinobacteria）相对丰度为所有处理中最高。真菌群落的优势菌门是子囊菌门（Ascomycota）、担子菌门（Basidiomycota），丰度分别为59.65%和20.96%，S处理下过低的土壤温度抑制了担子菌门（Basidiomycota）生长和繁殖，其相对丰度为所有处理中最低。与CK相比，P和R处理显著提高土壤细菌的多样性和丰富度；S和R处理下土壤真菌多样性和丰富度显著增加，而P处理的土壤真菌多样性和丰富度均无显著差异。斯皮尔曼相关分析表明土壤细菌多样性主要受土壤含水量（SM）和硝态氮含量（NO₃-N）影响，而土壤真菌多样性主要受土壤温度（ST）、全氮（TN）和硝态氮含量（NO₃-N）影响；RDA分析表明微生物群落结构的变化主要受SM、ST、NO₃-N和TN含量的影响。总的来说，R处理下土壤细菌和真菌的多样性和丰富度较CK处理显著提高，该处理下土壤中担子菌门（Basidiomycota）和球囊菌（Glomeromycota）相对丰度为所有处理中最高，两者分别形成的外生菌根和从生菌根不但促进了根部养分的吸收，而且提高了作物的抗逆性，且结果证明该处理的作物产量为最高，因此在半湿润旱作区推荐采用垄膜沟播覆盖种植方式。     

Impact of rainfall gradient on aboveground biomass and soil organic carbon dynamics of forest covers in Gujarat,India

Alterations in precipitation are affecting forest ecosystems’ soil carbon cycling. To understand how shifts in rainfall may alter these carbon pools, above-ground biomass (AGB), soil organic carbon (SOC), and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) of tropical forest covers were measured across a rainfall gradient (543–1590 mm) in Gujarat (India), a state falling under semi arid to tropical dry–wet conditions. Species diversity, tree density and soil texture were also measured. Field visits and data collection were carried out for 2 years (2009–2011) in 95 plots of 250 × 250 m in the forest covers across four distinct rainfall zones (RFZs). Data analysis showed that differences seen in the values of the measured parameters across the RFZs are statistically significant (P < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed between mean annual precipitation (MAP) and tree density, species diversity, AGB, SOC, and MBC. Across the RFZs, AGB ranged between 0.09 and 168.28 Mg ha^?1; SOC values (up to 25 cm soil depth) varied between 2.94 and 147.84 Mg ha^?1. Soil texture and MBC showed a significant impact on the dynamics of SOC in all the RFZs. MBC is more influenced by SOC rather than AGB. Both vegetation type and MAP have an important role in the regulation of SOC in tropical soils. Together, these results reveal complex carbon cycle responses are likely to occur in tropical soils under altered rainfall regimes.     

The effects of different vegetation restoration patterns on soil bacterial diversity for sandy land in Hulunbeier

Grassland desertification seriously threatens sustainable economic and social development. Much attention has been paid to the control of grassland desertification, and even to the restoration and reconstruction of the grassland. Vegetation restoration is considered to be a very effective solution. Soil sustains an immense diversity of microbes, and the characteristics of soil microbial communities are sensitive indicators of soil. It is important to understand the relationship between vegetation and soil microbial diversity during the restoration process. Soil microbial, which is the main index to evaluate soil quality, plays a significant role in ecosystem and soil microbial diversity is the important one of global diversity. Exploring the effects of different vegetation patterns on soil microbial diversity can provide scientific bases and technical support for systemic and impersonal assessment of the best vegetation restoration patterns, as well as the vegetation restoration and reconstruction of Hulunbeier sandy land. Based on PCR–DGGE technology, a case study was carried out to investigate the effects of five different vegetation restoration patterns on soil microbial functional diversity after 4 years in sandy land in Hulunbeier, China. The five vegetation restoration patterns included mono-cultivar planting of Agropyron cristatum (UA), mono-cultivar planting of Hedysarum fruticosum (UH), mono-cultivar planting of Caragana korshinskii (UC), mixed-cultivar planting of Agropyron cristatum and Hedysarum fruticosum (AC) and mixed-cultivar planting of Agropyron cristatum, Hedysarum fruticosum, Caragana korshinskii and Elymus nutans (ACHE). Completely degraded sandy land was used as control.The results indicated that the vegetation restoration increased the genetic diversity of soil bacterial community obviously, and the structure of soil bacterial community was changed. The results of phylogenetic analysis suggested that the bacterial community in Hulunbeier sandy land mainly attributed to Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Acidobacteria. The dominant groups were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. The effects of different vegetation type on soil bacterial community structures were different.     

土地利用驱动的土壤性状变化影响微生物群落结构和功能

微生物在调节陆地生态系统地球化学循环过程中具有重要作用。土地利用方式改变显著影响土壤微生物群落结构和功能,但对土地利用驱动的土壤性状变化与微生物群落结构和功能关系的研究相对匮乏。依托长期定位监测试验（始于1984年）,通过16S rRNA基因片段和ITS高通量测序,研究了土地利用方式（裸地、农田、草地）驱动的土壤碳氮变化对微生物群落结构和功能的影响。结果表明：对于细菌群落而言,裸地中α-多样性最高、其次是草地、农田中最低,农田和草地中细菌优势菌群变形菌（Proteobacteria）和放线菌门（Actinobacteria）相对丰度较裸地低4.5%、3.9%和5.5%、3.8%;对于真菌群落而言,裸地子囊菌门（Ascomycota）相对丰度最高、农田次之、草地最低;化能异养型、好氧化能异养型细菌相对丰度裸地显著高于农田和草地（P<0.05）,而硝化型和好氧氨氧化型细菌裸地显著低于农田和草地（P<0.05）;腐生型真菌相对丰度大小排序为：裸地>农田>草地。细菌群落变化主要与土壤容重、全氮、矿质氮、C ： N比和微生物量碳有关,而真菌群落与土壤矿质氮有关。细菌和真菌功能菌群主要受土壤容重、土壤有机碳、土壤全氮、C ： N比和微生物量碳影响。因此,土壤容重、土壤全氮、土壤有机碳、C ： N比、微生物量碳、矿质氮差异可能是影响不同土地利用方式中微生物群落和功能变化的主要因素。     

Characteristics and diversity of microbial communities in lead–zinc tailings under heavy metal stress in north-west China

High-throughput 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA sequencing were performed to study the changes of soil microbial diversity and community structure under different heavy metal pollution levels in Chengxian lead–zinc mining area, Gansu Province. In this study, we characterized the main physicochemical properties, multiple heavy metal pollution, and microbial community structure of the soil in the tailings. The results show that the soil near the tailings pond was alkaline, barren and the heavy metals were seriously polluted. The microbial diversity and richness of S1 and S2 sites were significantly lower than that of CK2 site (P < 0·05), indicating that the heavy metal pollution could change the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure in soil. Among 97 identified core operating taxa of fungal communities, Ascomycota, Teguta and Basidiomycota were dominant at the phylum level, while among 1523 identified core operating taxa of bacterial communities, Actinomycota was dominant at the phylum level. In addition, the redundancy analysis and Spearman correlation analysis showed that the physicochemical properties and the heavy metal concentration had significant effects on the composition and distribution of soil microbial community. The basic characteristics of soil physicochemical properties, multiple heavy metal pollution and microbial community structure in the tailings were revealed, hoping to provide a basis for ecological rehabilitation of tailings by revealing the variance rule of microbial community diversity in the future.     

SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY AND SIMILARITY OF ADULT PLANTS AND SEEDLINGS IN ''BLACK SOIL LAND'' SECONDARY WEED COMMUNITY, QINGHAI-TIBETAN PLATEAU

 在样线调查基础上, 用半方差函数、分形维数、空间自相关等方法对青藏高原“黑土滩”次生毒杂草群落地上成体植株、幼苗空间的异质性, 二者物种构成的相似性及其尺度特征进行分析。结果表明, “黑土滩”次生毒杂草群落在较大尺度上地上成体植株物种数的空间依赖性强, 异质性高, 而个体密度则较均匀; 幼苗物种数在小尺度上空间异质性高, 幼苗密度在大尺度上空间异质性较高, 幼苗密度独立于其物种分布, 高密度的幼苗分布在微地形下和群落间隙中, “黑土滩”毒杂草植物幼苗充分利用空余生态位进行群落补充; “黑土滩”群落在不同尺度上地上成体植株与幼苗物种构成相似性变化的规律性不大; “黑土滩”群落幼苗靠其高密度特征完成群落更新, 植物群落幼苗更新力强, 导致“黑土滩”毒杂草群落趋于稳定。因此, 建议加强干扰以减弱“黑土滩”次生毒杂草群落稳定趋势, 这对恢复“黑土滩”具有重要指导意义。     

Changes in soil microbial functional diversity under different vegetation restoration patterns for Hulunbeier Sandy Land

Grassland desertification seriously threatens economic and social sustainable development. How to control grassland desertification, and even to restore and reconstruct grassland has been paid much attention. Vegetation restoration is considered to be a very effective solution. Soil contains an immense diversity of microbes, and the characteristics of soil microbial communities are sensitive indicators of soil. It is important to understand the relationship between vegetation and soil microbial diversity during the restoration process. Based on Biolog-Eco technology, a case study was carried out to investigate the effects of five different vegetation restoration patterns on soil microbial functional diversity after four years in sandy land in Hulunbeier, China. The five vegetation restoration patterns included mono-cultivar planting of Agropyron cristatum (UA), mono-cultivar planting of Hedysarum fruticosum (UH), mono-cultivar planting of Caragana korshinskii (UC), and mixed-cultivar planting of A. cristatum and H. fruticosum (AC), mixed-cultivar planting of A. cristatum, H. fruticosum, C. korshinskii and Elymus nutans (ACHE). Completely degraded sandy land was used as control.The results indicated that the vegetation restoration significantly increased soil microbial activity. The Average Well Color Development (AWCD), which represents soil microbial metabolic activity, followed the order of UC > UH > UA > ACHE > AC > control. AWCD of five vegetation restoration patterns were all higher than that of control, and the highest soil microbial metabolic activity in mono-cultivar planting of C. korshinskii treatment was found. Five vegetation restoration patterns resulted in significant increase in Shannon index (H), evenness (E) and Simpson’s Dominance (D) of soil microbial community. Greater Shannon index and Simpson’s Dominance was observed in UC treatment than in other four vegetation restoration treatments and control. ACHE treatment had the highest evenness index (E) of soil microbial community. The principal component analysis (PCA) indicated a similar mode in carbon utilization for soil microbial community of UA, AC, ACHE and CK. However, UH and UC treatments had special carbon utilization mode. Treatments of UA, AC, ACHE and CK concentrated in the negative direction of the first principal component. Conversely, treatments of UH and UC concentrated in the positive direction of the first and second principal component respectively. The carbon sources mostly used by soil microbes were carbohydrates, amino acids, metabolic mediates and secondary metabolites. Therefore, vegetation restoration enhanced the metabolic activity and functional diversity of microbial community in sandy soil.     

Distinct bacterial communities across a gradient of vegetation from a preserved Brazilian Cerrado

The Cerrado biome in the Sete Cidades National Park, an Ecological Reserve in Northeastern Brazil, has conserved its native biodiversity and presents a variety of plants found in other savannas in Brazil. Despite this finding the soil microbial diversity and community structure are poorly understood. Therefore, we described soil bacterial diversity and distribution along a savanna vegetation gradient taking into account the prevailing environmental factors. The bacterial composition was retrieved by sequencing a fragment of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were assigned to 37 different phyla, 96 classes, and 83 genera. At the phylum level, a core comprised by Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia and Planctomycetes, was detected in all areas of Cerrado. ‘Cerrado stricto sensu’ and ‘Cerradao’ share more similarities between edaphic properties and vegetation and also present more similar bacterial communities, while ‘Floresta decidual’ and ‘Campo graminoide’ show the largest environmental differences and also more distinct bacterial communities. Proteobacteria (26%), Acidobacteria (21%) and Actinobacteria (21%) were the most abundant phyla within the four areas. All the samples present similar bacteria richness (alpha diversity) and the observed differences among them (beta diversity) were more related to the abundance of specific taxon OTUs compared to their presence or absence. Total organic C, N and P are the main abiotic factors structuring the bacterial communities. In summary, our findings show the bacterial community structure was clearly different across the Cerrado gradient, but that these environments share a bacterial phylum-core comprising Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and Planctomycetes with other Brazilian savannas.     

干热河谷区泥石流滩地不同景观类型土壤与微生物量C、N、P生态化学计量特征

生态化学计量是研究生态系统元素平衡与评价地球化学循环的重要方法,明确泥石流滩地不同景观类型下植物群落与土壤和微生物化学计量特征对揭示泥石流滩脆弱生态系统的物种营建机制与植被生态修复具重要意义。选择泥石流滩地设置撂荒耕地、荒滩地、无水溪沟和有水溪沟4种景观类型,调查其物种组成、植物群落特征以及土壤和微生物量碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)及其生态化学计量特征,探讨了泥石流滩地植被分布规律,并通过多样性指数、冗余分析和单因素方差分析等方法对植物群落和土壤因子进行比较分析。研究结果表明：(1)物种数在4种景观类型中表现为荒滩地>无水溪沟>撂荒耕地>有水溪沟,Margalef丰富度指数表现为无水溪沟>荒滩地>撂荒耕地>有水溪沟,Simpson优势度指数表现为撂荒耕地>有水溪沟>无水溪沟>荒滩地,且有水溪沟的植物群落密度、平均高度、盖度以及地上生物量均显著高于其它景观类型。(2)有水溪沟土壤N、P含量显著高于其他景观类型土壤;撂荒耕地土壤C含量最少,显著低于其他景观类型土壤;土壤C∶N、C∶P表现为荒滩地>无水溪沟>有水溪沟>撂...     

Effects of different fencing regimes on community structure of degraded desert grasslands on Mu Us desert,China

Grazing is one of the major anthropogenic driving factors influencing community structure and ecological function of grasslands. Fencing has been proved to be one of the main measures for rehabilitating degraded grasslands in northwestern China. However, data from combined empirical studies on the effects of different management regimes in desert grasslands are lacking. So we selected long‐term fencing (fenced since 1991), mid‐term fencing and seasonal fencing (fenced since 2002), and adjacent free‐grazing grasslands to investigate vegetation and soil properties on southwest Mu Us desert. Our results showed that fencing increased plant cover, height, aboveground biomass (AGB) of different plant life‐form groups, Shannon–Wiener diversity index, Evenness index, Simpson index, total soil nitrogen, total soil phosphorus, and soil organic matter, but decreased plant density, species richness, Richness index, soil bulk density, water content, and pH. However, 22–24 years of long‐term complete fencing might cause redegradation of vegetation and soil nutrients, characterized by the reduction of some vegetation properties, biodiversity, total AGB, and some soil properties. Seasonal fencing with 11–13 year was more beneficial to vegetation restoration than that with completely fencing measures. Our study suggests that appropriate artificial disturbances, such as seasonal fencing (winter grazing and summer fencing), should be used after long‐term fencing in order to maintain grassland productivity and biodiversity. These findings will help to provide theoretical support for vegetation restoration and sustainable management in grassland under grazing prohibition at Mu Us desert.     

宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体养分特征及微生物特性的影响

测定了宁夏黄土丘陵区植被恢复近30年的天然草地和农地不同粒径团聚体的土壤养分含量、微生物生物量、呼吸特性和生态化学计量比等指标,探索黄土丘陵区植被恢复对不同粒径土壤团聚体的养分特性和微生物学性质的影响.结果表明: 微团聚体(粒径<0.25 mm)质量百分比、各粒径土壤团聚体养分(有机碳、全氮、速效钾)含量、C/N均表现为天然草地大于农地,其中1～2 mm粒径团聚体有机碳、全氮含量在天然草地和农地中均最高,C/N也较高,说明植被恢复能有效促进土壤团粒的形成,适宜养分积累和有机碳的汇集,且在1～2 mm粒径团聚体上表现最为突出;天然草地各粒径土壤团聚体微生物生物量(碳、氮)、基础呼吸强度均高于农地,而呼吸熵低于农地,可见植被恢复措施可有效提高各粒径土壤微生物生物量与活性,并使土壤生境趋于稳定;但由于养分特性的差异,不同粒径团聚体微生物特性对植被修复的响应存在差异,其中天然草地土壤1～2 mm粒径团聚体微生物生物量碳,<0.25、0.25～1、1～2 mm粒径团聚体微生物生物量氮,以及1～2、>5 mm粒径团聚体基础呼吸强度显著高于其他粒径,即上述粒径团聚体的微生物生物量和微生物活性在植被恢复过程中逐渐被改善.表明宁南山区植被恢复有效改善了土壤团聚体的肥力状况与结构特征,且1～2 mm粒径团聚体的改良效果最为突出.     

湘西石漠化区3种造林模式土壤真菌群落结构差异

湘西石漠化地区是我国生态系统脆弱而又敏感的区域,土壤微生物在维持石漠化区森林生态系统结构和功能稳定中发挥重要作用。选取石漠化地区立地条件相同的32年生的马尾松纯林、光皮桦纯林及马尾松-光皮桦混交林为研究对象,以立地条件相似的未造林荒地演变成的灌草群落作为对照,比较分析石漠化地区不同造林模式对土壤真菌群落结构和多样性的影响及其主要驱动因素。采用Illumina HiSeq第二代高通量测序技术,分析了3种森林土壤真菌群落组成及多样性。结果表明,不同造林模式下土壤真菌优势类群不同,光皮桦、马尾松-光皮桦混交林以及石漠化灌草地土壤真菌优势门均为子囊菌门(Ascomycota),且在石漠化灌草地相对丰度最大,为64.0%;马尾松则以担子菌门(Basidiomycota)为优势类群,其相对丰度占57.9%。混交林土壤真菌物种总数和Shannon指数显著高于马尾松和光皮桦林地,整体上真菌群落多样性表现为：未造林灌草地>混交林>马尾松林>光皮桦林。与未造林灌草地相比,马尾松-光皮桦混交林和光皮桦纯林显著提升了土壤有机碳(SOC)和全氮(TN)含量。Mantel test检验结果显示,...     

三峡库区消落带重建植被下土壤微生物生物量碳氮含量特征

为探究三峡库区消落带植被重建后,土壤微生物生物量含量特征及影响因素,对忠县消落带人工重建植被土壤及裸地土壤(作为对照)微生物生物量碳氮含量进行了调查研究。结果表明:(1)在消落带165-175 m高程土壤微生物生物量碳含量草地林地农耕地裸地,微生物生物量氮含量规律与微生物生物量碳一致,农耕地明显提高;土壤微生物生物量总体呈现出草地最高、林地和农耕地次之,裸地最低的趋势,表明进行消落带植被恢复对土壤微生物生物量有显著的促进作用。(2)不同植被类型下,土壤微生物生物量碳氮比变化范围为8.02-10.25,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮占土壤有机碳、全氮的百分比范围分别是2.40%-4.60%和2.13%-3.58%,其中林地对土壤碳、氮库贡献显著高于裸地(P0.05)。(3)土壤微生物生物量碳、氮与土壤有机碳、全氮和pH值呈现显著相关性,与土壤含水量呈现极显著相关性,说明消落带重建植被土壤的这些理化性质对土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量有强烈的影响。因此,在三峡库区消落带进行植被恢复重建能显著提高土壤微生物生物量及土壤质量,对加强三峡库岸生态系统的稳定性具有重要意义。     

半干旱区沙地蒿类植被建成对土壤细菌的影响

半干旱区沙地土壤发育早期依赖固沙植被建成,油蒿和差巴嘎蒿作为我国北方半干旱区沙地半灌木植物群落的主要先锋种和建群种,研究其建成对土壤细菌群落变化的影响对沙质草原生态系统稳定性有重要意义。因此,围绕两个典型的半干旱区(科尔沁沙地和毛乌素沙地),通过高通量测序的方法探讨了蒿类群落生长前后两个阶段(流动沙丘和藓类结皮)的土壤细菌多样性和群落组成变化规律,结果表明:(1)植被建成前后,土壤总碳、总氮、全磷、电导率和含水率均有显著差异,而pH值在不同阶段变化不显著;(2)植被建成前后,土壤细菌多样性变化不显著,但是细菌群落组成在不同阶段具有较大差异。在门类水平上,厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌(Actinobacteria)均是两个阶段的优势菌,但随着蒿类植被建成和土壤养分的积累,厚壁菌门的相对丰度降低,变形菌门和放线菌门的相对丰度增加;(3)两个阶段,不同深度土壤理化性质和优势菌的相对丰度均存在变化;(4)两种典型沙地土壤理化特性和细菌群落在植被建成前后的变化规律存在共性。通过空间代替时间序列的方法,阐明了土壤细菌群落随着半干旱沙地同类型植被建成的变化模式,可为总结半干旱区植被恢复与成土过程的关系提供参考和思路。     

西南喀斯特长期植被修复对土壤有机碳组分的影响

揭示西南喀斯特土壤有机碳分布积累及其组分构成对长期植被修复的响应规律和内在机理,可为喀斯特石漠化科学治理和阐明喀斯特植被修复的土壤碳汇效应提供科学依据。以西南典型喀斯特石漠化植被恢复区实施了28-31年的4种植被修复工程内的7种典型修复措施(人造乔木林:柏木和柚木种植;人造灌木林:花椒和火龙果种植;人造藤林:金银花种植;人工草地:砂仁和皇竹草种植)为研究对象,系统分析了土壤总有机碳、活性有机碳、缓效性有机碳和惰性有机碳分布积累对长期植被修复的响应。结果表明:(1)西南喀斯特长期植被修复显著改变了土壤有机碳及其组分的分布积累。人造乔木和藤本显著提升土壤有机碳及其各组分的分布积累,但人工种草不仅不能提高土壤有机碳的累积,反而在多数情况下降低了土壤总有机碳含量和储量以及土壤有机碳各组分含量。(2)西南喀斯特长期植被修复明显影响着土壤有机碳库组分结构。除人工种草外,植被修复显著提升了土壤有机碳库中缓效性有机碳的占比。人造花椒明显降低了土壤有机碳库中活性有机碳的占比。柏木种植显著增加了土壤有机碳碳库中的惰性有机碳的比例,而火龙果和砂仁种植明显降低了土壤有机碳碳库中的惰性有机碳的比例。(3)土壤总氮、总磷和容重与土壤有机碳及其各组分的分布积累具有极显著正/负相关,是长期植被修复背景下西南喀斯特土壤有机碳及其组分分布积累的主要影响因子。研究结果为西南喀斯特脆弱生态系统科学植被恢复,以及基于植被修复的土壤碳循环调控助力碳中和提供了科学理论依据。     

长期施用化肥及秸秆还田对砂姜黑土细菌群落的影响

【目的】在施用化肥的基础上进行秸秆还田是提高砂姜黑土肥力的有效措施,以往的研究只注重秸秆还田对土壤结构、肥力等物理化学性状方面的研究,缺少施肥对砂姜黑土微生物群落影响的研究。本研究以安徽蒙城典型的砂姜黑土为研究对象,以期揭示长期施用化肥和秸秆还田对砂姜黑土细菌群落的影响。【方法】采用454高通量测序对砂姜黑土不同农业施肥措施下的细菌群落进行分析研究,并通过生物信息学的分析方法揭示影响砂姜黑土细菌群落的主要因素。【结果】通过对454高通量测序数据的分析,发现砂姜黑土主要的细菌门类为放线菌、变形菌、酸杆菌、绿弯菌和拟杆菌。长期施用化肥显著提高了砂姜黑土肥力和作物产量,但导致了细菌群落结构的显著变化和多样性的显著降低。秸秆还田有利于土壤肥力的进一步提高,但是并没有缓解长期施用化肥对土壤细菌群落产生的不利影响。分析发现土壤pH的变化是导致土壤细菌群落变异的主要因素。【结论】在施用化肥的基础上进行秸秆还田有利于砂姜黑土肥力的提升,然而并没有缓解由施肥导致的土壤酸化对土壤细菌群落组成和多样性产生的不利影响。这暗示秸秆还田可能并未对砂姜黑土微生物生态产生根本性的有益影响,对于秸秆农田的利用方式还需要进一步研究,以达到农业生产效益和生态效益的并重。     

长期围封和自由放牧对高寒草甸土壤微生物群落结构及碳源代谢多样性的影响

土壤微生物群落结构和代谢多样性对于维持草地生态系统的功能和稳定性具有重要意义.本研究运用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA法)和Biolog微平板技术,研究了青藏高原长期围封和自由放牧2种草地利用方式下的土壤微生物群落结构和群落碳代谢多样性的差异以及影响机制.结果表明: 1)长期围封和自由放牧草地上的土壤微生物群落结构和碳代谢多样性存在显著差异;2)长期围封显著增加了土壤中总PLFA、细菌、真菌和放线菌生物量;3)长期围封草地土壤微生物的碳代谢活性、多样性和丰富度高于自由放牧草地,而均匀度低于放牧草地;4)与自由放牧相比,长期围封显著增加了土壤微生物对聚合物类、糖类、羧酸类、胺类碳源的利用;5)冗余分析表明,植被盖度显著影响了微生物的群落结构和碳代谢多样性.长期围封草地的土壤微生物量、碳代谢多样性指数和丰富度均高于自由放牧土壤,表明长期围封有利于提高草地生态系统中土壤微生物群落及其对碳源代谢的多样性.     

黄土高原半干旱区不同种植年限紫花苜蓿人工草地土壤微生物和线虫群落特征

建植紫花苜蓿人工草地是黄土高原植被恢复的重要措施之一。土壤微生物和线虫群落特征是评价和调控植被恢复的生态环境效应的重要依据。本研究在宁夏南部山区选取不同种植年限(1、2、6和12年)的紫花苜蓿人工草地为研究样地,以农田和天然草地作为对照,探索黄土高原人工草地植被恢复过程中土壤微生物和线虫群落的演变规律及其影响因素。结果表明: 1)种植苜蓿显著提高了土壤细菌群落的Chao1、ACE和Shannon多样性指数,并在种植苜蓿后第6年达到最高,但在种植6年和12年后真菌群落多样性降低;随着苜蓿种植年限的增加,真菌群落组成从农田逐渐向天然草地方向演变;2)土壤线虫数量与细菌群落多样性的变化趋势相同,在种植苜蓿后第6年出现峰值,该时期线虫群落结构组成与农田较相似,苜蓿12年样地则更接近天然草地;随着苜蓿种植年限的增加,食细菌线虫、植食性线虫比例总体呈上升趋势,食真菌线虫、杂食/捕食线虫比例呈下降趋势,土壤成熟度指数(MI)逐渐减小,植物寄生线虫指数(PPI)和线虫通路指数(NCR)则不断增大;3)在苜蓿人工草地植被恢复过程中,土壤有机碳、全氮和速效磷对土壤微生物群落结构影响较大,并进一步影响线虫群落结构;细菌和真菌群落优势类群和多样性与线虫的不同营养类群及生态指数之间存在密切联系,表明微生物群落结构与多样性对线虫群落具有显著影响;在不同种植年限苜蓿草地中,植物的生物量与多样性的变化可能通过影响土壤微生物与线虫食物资源状况从而引起其群落特征的改变。     

外来物种刺槐对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响

以延河流域不同植被区内人工刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)群落和乡土植物群落的土壤微生物为研究对象,利用Biolog微平板技术对土壤微生物功能多样性进行测定,分析人工引种刺槐在不同环境梯度(3个植被区)下对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。结果表明:刺槐对不同环境梯度下的土壤微生物的影响明显不同。从草原区到森林区,刺槐林之间土壤微生物群落的平均颜色变化率(AWCD)和土壤微生物功能多样性指数均没有显著变化;但与乡土植物群落比较,草原区、森林草原区和森林区土壤AWCD分别表现为刺槐乡土植物、刺槐乡土植物、刺槐乡土植物;在草原区和森林草原区刺槐林土壤微生物群落的群落丰富度指数(S)、Shannon-Wiener指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)、Mc Intosh指数(U)均大于乡土植物,森林区刺槐林群落丰富度指数(S)、Shannon指数(H)、Simpson指数(D)均小于乡土植物;刺槐林和乡土植物群落下土壤微生物碳源利用存在差异,主要体现在对糖类、氨基酸类的利用上。PCA分析显示主成分1贡献较大的碳源有24种,在主成分分离中起主要贡献作用的是糖类、氨基酸类和羧酸类。土壤碳氮含量能影响土壤微生物功能多样性指数,土壤含水量和温湿度能够影响碳源的利用类型。刺槐对土壤微生物功能多样性的影响存在区域差异,在评价刺槐对土壤生态过程与功能的影响时必须要考虑这种空间差异性。     

藏北古露高寒草地生态系统对短期围封的响应

过度放牧导致高寒草地生态系统退化,围封是生态保护和恢复的管理手段。以青藏高原那曲县古露镇过牧退化高寒草地为对象,系统分析了高寒草地生态系统的植被特征及土壤理化特性、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物生物量和群落结构对围封的响应。结果表明,短期围封后,(1)植被平均高度、盖度和地上生物量均有极显著增加(P0.01),而生物多样性指数则显著降低(P0.01);(2)土壤的水溶性有机碳含量、土壤物理结构(沙土与粉土的比例)及pH有显著变化(P0.05);(3)土壤酶活性没有明显改善;(4)土壤微生物生物量(细菌、放线菌、真菌)均呈显著增加(P0.05);(5)土壤中细菌的多样性有增加的趋势,其群落组成在门水平上也发生了变化;(6)Manteltest分析显示与土壤细菌群落结构的呈正相关性的环境因子主要为土壤有机碳含量(TOC)、总氮含量(TN)、碳磷比(C/P)与氮磷比(N/P)(P0.05)。这表明围栏封育有利于藏北草地植被、土壤理化特性的恢复,还能维持土壤微生物多样性,促进高寒草地生态系统的可持续发展。