通用引物双重PCR在节肢动物物种鉴定中的应用

【目的】本研究旨在使用基于线粒体基因通用引物的双重PCR技术同时扩增单一样本中两条标记基因,从而达到简化节肢动物物种鉴定流程的目的。【方法】在一次PCR实验中同时加入可扩增线粒体COI基因和16S rDNA两个不同分子标记的引物,对3纲8目14科的14种节肢动物物种标本的基因组DNA进行扩增;扩增产物经电泳和胶回收后测序,并BLAST在线搜索相似序列,验证基于通用引物的双重PCR在不同的动物类群中用于物种鉴定的有效性。【结果】应用基于COI和16S rDNA的引物从分属于3纲8目14科的14种节肢动物基因组DNA中均可成功扩增目的基因;扩增产物测序结果进一步证实了扩增的准确性。【结论】通过本方法进行物种的分子鉴定,不仅可以保证物种鉴定的高准确率,还可以明显减少时间与DNA样本量的消耗,这对需要快速准确鉴定物种或珍稀的材料样本十分重要。     

全长rDNA簇在蝽类昆虫生命树构建中的应用前景(昆虫纲,半翅目)

在昆虫纲中,生命树计划正在以目级阶元中的分类单元为单位逐步推进.针对这一大的背景,以及高级阶元和种级阶元分子系统学研究间脱节现状,提出以rDNA簇为一组分子标记、并且在未来高级阶元系统发育研究中将目前选取少量代表类群的做法改为将尽量多的物种包含到一棵系统发育树中的建议.其中首先简要介绍了rDNA簇的结构及其中各分子标记在分子系统学研究中的应用价值,随后以蝽类昆虫为例,有针对性地总结了rDNA簇中不同基因序列已有数据的丰富程度及其在分子系统学研究中的应用情况.首次给出了蝽类昆虫28S rRNA近全长序列的二级结构模型.基于对18S rRNA和28S rRNA二级结构研究所积累的认识,强调了18S rDNA和28S rDNA内部不同区段之间变异模式和应用价值的差异,论证了未来在生命树构建中深化对rDNA簇中各基因进行联合应用的合理性和可行性.     

利用12S rRNA、COI基因分子标记鉴定少棘巨蜈蚣干燥体

本研究旨在利用线粒体DNA上的12S rRNA基因、COI基因分子标记鉴定少棘巨蜈蚣(Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch)干燥体。通过提取少棘巨蜈蚣干燥体样本DNA,PCR扩增线粒体DNA上的12S r RNA基因、COI基因片段,对PCR产物进行电泳检测及测序分析,测序结果在GenBank上进行BLAST搜索,同源性分析,并用MEGA7.0软件对所有实验样品及少棘巨蜈蚣的近缘物种进行遗传距离分析、构建邻接(NJ)树以验证序列比对结果。结果表明,从少棘巨蜈蚣(Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans L. Koch)干燥体中成功地提取到了基因组总DNA,并成功扩增出了用于动物种属鉴定的12S rRNA、COI基因片段。但所得蜈蚣样本12S rRNA基因片段序列与NCBI的GenBank中的物种的同源性无90%以上的。通过文献调研发现尚无蜈蚣12S rRNA基因片段的相关报道,将该序列作为新的基因序列注册到NCBI基因数据库中,该基因片段序列的GenBank登录号为JN558832.1。这说明利用线粒体DNA上的12S rRNA、COI基因DNA分子标记皆可准确鉴定动物种属。本研究得到的12S rRNA基因片段序列可作为后续准确鉴定少棘巨蜈蚣药材的分子标记参考。     

16S rRNA基因和COI基因序列分析在石斑鱼物种鉴定中的应用

对台湾海峡常见的8种石斑鱼进行了16S rRNA基因和COI基因的序列测定,并通过GenBank和BOLD两个数据库进行鱼种鉴定.序列分析表明,COI基因较16S rRNA基因有更大的分辨率;两个基因序列在GenBank中的搜索结果和COI基因序列在两个数据库的搜索结果大部分一致,但仍有部分差异.建议同时使用COI和16S rRNA两种保守基因,进行序列测定,然后在GenBank和BOLD SYSTEMS数据库进行搜索,选择一致的鉴定物种作为鉴定结果.     

基于通用引物的多重PCR对小圆胸小蠹的分子鉴定

本研究利用通用引物的多重PCR方法开展小圆胸小蠹Euwallacea fornicatus的分子鉴定,以期探究多重PCR在昆虫分子鉴定中的可行性,并为开展小圆胸小蠹的有效、准确鉴定及综合防治等提供重要依据。使用多重PCR方法扩增了小圆胸小蠹的COI、16S和28S的3个分子片段,并将获得的目的序列在GenBank中进行BLAST比对;利用MEGA 7计算方胸小蠹属不同种间的遗传距离,并基于邻接法和最大似然法分别构建单基因系统发育树。结果表明：多重PCR可以用于小圆胸小蠹分子序列的获取;基于COI和16S的遗传距离分析表明了小圆胸小蠹的种内遗传距离均小于2%;基于单个基因构建的系统发育树均显示本研究扩增的小圆胸小蠹COI和16S序列与GenBank中获取的小圆胸小蠹COI和16S序列聚为一支。多重PCR可以应用于小圆胸小蠹的分子鉴定,该方法不仅可以提高物种鉴定的准确率,还可以减少PCR过程中的时间和DNA消耗。     

六足动物分子系统学研究进展

对近期国内外六足总纲动物的原尾纲、弹尾纲、双尾纲和昆虫纲在种群遗传变异及进化、种及种下阶元的分类鉴定、种上阶元的系统发育分析等分子系统学方面的研究进展进行了综述。多基因的联合分子数据研究日益增加。随着分子技术的日益推广,不同类型的基因序列甚至全基因组的联合使用将引导分子系统学走向辉煌的未来。     

基因序列在蚤蝇科分子系统学研究中的应用

概述基因序列在双翅目蚤蝇科分子系统学研究中的应用。对蚤蝇科已测序的分类单元和基因序列进行了总结,12S rDNA和16S rDNA应用最广泛,涉及蚤蝇科17个属;获得基因序列最多的是Melaloncha属。蚤蝇科分子系统学研究内容为高级阶元系统发育分析、物种鉴定和隐存种发现。今后蚤蝇科分子系统学研究应增加蚤蝇标本的种类与数量,选择标准化基因。     

中国北方常见芫菁分子物种界定(鞘翅目: 芫菁科)

【目的】应用线粒体COI和核CAD基因片段探讨自动条形码间隔探索(automatic barcode gapdiscovery, ABGD)、广义混合Yule溯祖模型(generalized mixed Yule coalescent, GMYC)、贝叶斯泊松树进程(Bayesian Poisson tree processes, bPTP)和贝叶斯系统发育和系统地理分析(Bayesianphylogenetics and phylogeography, BPP) 4种分析方法在芫菁科(Meloidae)昆虫分子物种界定中的适用性。【方法】分别基于COI, CAD和COI+CAD串联序列数据集,应用ABGD, GMYC, bPTP和BPP 4种方法对中国北方芫菁科常见的6属(沟芫菁属Hycleus、斑芫菁属Mylabris、豆芫菁属Epicauta、绿芫菁属Lytta、星芫菁属Megatrachelus和短翅芫菁属Meloe)18个形态种进行分子物种界定,并与形态学鉴定结果进行比较。【结果】利用COI+CAD串联序列数据集所得物种界定结果与形态鉴定结果一致;COI数据集使用ABGD和GMYC方法的界定结果与形态鉴定结果一致,而bPTP划分的物种数较形态鉴定结果多;基于CAD序列在3种单基因物种界定方法的结果中,除GMYC与形态划分一致外,其余均显示部分结果与形态划分不同。【结论】在芫菁科分子物种界定中,多基因联合序列、多种界定方法分析所得结果优于单一基因片段和界定方法的分析结果。本研究的结果为芫菁科昆虫的分子物种界定和整合分类提供了数据支持和参考。     

DNA条形码技术对重大潜在入侵害虫大洋臀纹粉蚧的鉴定有效性研究

【目的】粉蚧是一类重要的世界性检疫性害虫,对果蔬产业以及水果的进出口贸易造成了巨大威胁。通常,口岸截获的粉蚧多为若虫或残体,加之隐存种的存在和较小的近缘种间差异,严重影响了基于形态学特征的粉蚧类害虫识别鉴定的准确性和及时性。本研究旨在明确DNA条形码技术对重大潜在入侵害虫大洋臀纹粉蚧Planococcus minor(Maskell)的鉴定有效性。【方法】以旅检截获的36头大洋臀纹粉蚧为对象、其近缘种柑橘臀纹粉蚧Pl.citri(Risso)为参照,以线粒体COI基因5'端和3'端序列以及核糖体28S r DNA D2-D3区段序列为分子标记进行比对分析,以K-2-P模型计算种内种间遗传距离,以最大似然法(maximum likelihood,ML)构建进化树并进行系统发育分析,同时利用Species Identifier物种识别软件评价3种基因片段对大洋臀纹粉蚧的鉴定效果。【结果】当分别以COI基因5'端和3'端序列为分子标记时,截获大洋臀纹粉蚧的碱基序列与NCBI中大洋臀纹粉蚧的序列一致性分别为100%和99%~100%,而与近缘种柑橘臀纹粉蚧COI基因5'端和3'端的核苷酸序列一致性分别为97%~98%和96%~98%;且大洋臀纹粉蚧和柑橘臀纹粉蚧分别存在5个和11个稳定的物种特异性识别位点;系统发育分析显示,截获的大洋臀纹粉蚧均与数据库中的大洋臀纹粉蚧聚为一支。当以28S r DNA D2-D3区段序列为分子标记时,臀纹粉蚧属各物种间高度保守,无法区分大洋臀纹粉蚧与其近缘种柑橘臀纹粉蚧;种间遗传距离仅为0.004。此外,物种识别软件评价结果显示,基于COI基因5'端和3'端序列的鉴定结果完全正确,而基于28S r DNA D2-D3区段序列的鉴定结果却存在45.2%~61.9%的模糊鉴定。【结论】基于COI基因5'端和3'端的DNA条形码技术完全可用于大洋臀纹粉蚧的快速准确鉴定及检测,对有效阻截其入侵和进一步扩散蔓延意义重大。     

DNA条形码技术及其在保护生物学中的应用

物质文明及生活水平的提升为人类带来诸多好处的同时,也使人们越来越清晰地意识到保护生物多样性及生态系统稳定性的重大意义.DNA条形码技术作为现今生物分类学中重要的分子技术,可以快速准确地鉴定物种.多国科学家都在致力于对DNA条形码的研究,以便能共同组建数据库.将现有物种正确分类并期望用于发现新种,为生物的保护及生态系统的维护作出巨大贡献.细胞色素C氧化酶亚单位I(COI)是现在动物种类鉴定中最常用的基因之一.综述DNA条形编码技术的产生、原理、发展概况与操作及其在保护动物分类中的应用.阐明该技术在保护生物学中应用的意义与可行性,并讨论DNA条形编码在生物分类应用中可能存在的问题.     

Comparative performance of the 16S rRNA gene in DNA barcoding of amphibians

BACKGROUND: Identifying species of organisms by short sequences of DNA has been in the center of ongoing discussions under the terms DNA barcoding or DNA taxonomy. A C-terminal fragment of the mitochondrial gene for cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) has been proposed as universal marker for this purpose among animals. RESULTS: Herein we present experimental evidence that the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene fulfills the requirements for a universal DNA barcoding marker in amphibians. In terms of universality of priming sites and identification of major vertebrate clades the studied 16S fragment is superior to COI. Amplification success was 100% for 16S in a subset of fresh and well-preserved samples of Madagascan frogs, while various combination of COI primers had lower success rates.COI priming sites showed high variability among amphibians both at the level of groups and closely related species, whereas 16S priming sites were highly conserved among vertebrates. Interspecific pairwise 16S divergences in a test group of Madagascan frogs were at a level suitable for assignment of larval stages to species (1-17%), with low degrees of pairwise haplotype divergence within populations (0-1%). CONCLUSION: We strongly advocate the use of 16S rRNA as standard DNA barcoding marker for vertebrates to complement COI, especially if samples a priori could belong to various phylogenetically distant taxa and false negatives would constitute a major problem.     

Effect of marker choice and thermal cycling protocol on zooplankton DNA metabarcoding studies

DNA metabarcoding is a promising approach for rapidly surveying biodiversity and is likely to become an important tool for measuring ecosystem responses to environmental change. Metabarcoding markers need sufficient taxonomic coverage to detect groups of interest, sufficient sequence divergence to resolve species, and will ideally indicate relative abundance of taxa present. We characterized zooplankton assemblages with three different metabarcoding markers (nuclear 18S rDNA, mitochondrial COI, and mitochondrial 16S rDNA) to compare their performance in terms of taxonomic coverage, taxonomic resolution, and correspondence between morphology‐ and DNA‐based identification. COI amplicons sequenced on separate runs showed that operational taxonomic units representing >0.1% of reads per sample were highly reproducible, although slightly more taxa were detected using a lower annealing temperature. Mitochondrial COI and nuclear 18S showed similar taxonomic coverage across zooplankton phyla. However, mitochondrial COI resolved up to threefold more taxa to species compared to 18S. All markers revealed similar patterns of beta‐diversity, although different taxa were identified as the greatest contributors to these patterns for 18S. For calanoid copepod families, all markers displayed a positive relationship between biomass and sequence reads, although the relationship was typically strongest for 18S. The use of COI for metabarcoding has been questioned due to lack of conserved primer‐binding sites. However, our results show the taxonomic coverage and resolution provided by degenerate COI primers, combined with a comparatively well‐developed reference sequence database, make them valuable metabarcoding markers for biodiversity assessment.     

Performance comparison of genetic markers for high‐throughput sequencing‐based biodiversity assessment in complex communities

Metabarcode surveys of DNA extracted from environmental samples are increasingly popular for biodiversity assessment in natural communities. Such surveys rely heavily on robust genetic markers. Therefore, analysis of PCR efficiency and subsequent biodiversity estimation for different types of genetic markers and their corresponding primers is important. Here, we test the PCR efficiency and biodiversity recovery potential of three commonly used genetic markers – nuclear small subunit ribosomal DNA (18S), mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA (mt16S) – using 454 pyrosequencing of a zooplankton community collected from Hamilton Harbour, Ontario. We found that biodiversity detection power and PCR efficiency varied widely among these markers. All tested primers for COI failed to provide high‐quality PCR products for pyrosequencing, but newly designed primers for 18S and 16S passed all tests. Furthermore, multiple analyses based on large‐scale pyrosequencing (i.e. 1/2 PicoTiter plate for each marker) showed that primers for 18S recover more (38 orders) groups than 16S (10 orders) across all taxa, and four vs. two orders and nine vs. six families for Crustacea. Our results showed that 18S, using newly designed primers, is an efficient and powerful tool for profiling biodiversity in largely unexplored communities, especially when amplification difficulties exist for mitochondrial markers such as COI. Universal primers for higher resolution markers such as COI are still needed to address the possible low resolution of 18S for species‐level identification.     

Comparing diversity levels in environmental samples: DNA sequence capture and metabarcoding approaches using 18S and COI genes

Environmental DNA studies targeting multiple taxa using metabarcoding provide remarkable insights into levels of species diversity in any habitat. The main drawbacks are the presence of primer bias and difficulty in identifying rare species. We tested a DNA sequence‐capture method in parallel with the metabarcoding approach to reveal possible advantages of one method over the other. Both approaches were performed using the same eDNA samples and the same 18S and COI regions, followed by high throughput sequencing. Metabarcoded eDNA libraries were PCR amplified with one primer pair from 18S and COI genes. DNA sequence‐capture libraries were enriched with 3,639 baits targeting the same gene regions. We tested amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) in silico approaches for both markers and methods, using for this purpose the metabarcoding data set. ASVs methods uncovered more species for the COI gene, whereas the opposite occurred for the 18S gene, suggesting that clustering reads into OTUs could bias diversity richness especially using 18S with relaxed thresholds. Additionally, metabarcoding and DNA sequence‐capture recovered 80%–90% of the control sample species. DNA sequence‐capture was 8x more expensive, nonetheless it identified 1.5x more species for COI and 13x more genera for 18S than metabarcoding. Both approaches offer reliable results, sharing ca. 40% species and 72% families and retrieve more taxa when nuclear and mitochondrial markers are combined. eDNA metabarcoding is quite well established and low‐cost, whereas DNA‐sequence capture for biodiversity assessment is still in its infancy, is more time‐consuming but provides more taxonomic assignments.     

Phylogenetic and systematic study of Korean <Emphasis Type="Italic">Orius</Emphasis> species (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) on the basis of molecular and morphological data

A phylogenetic and systematic study of Orius species (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) from Korea has been conducted using both morphological and molecular characters. Thirty morphological character states were coded for 10 strains of 9 species. Five molecular markers, partial cytochrome c oxidase I (COI), cytochrome b (CytB), 16S rRNA (16S), 18S rRNA (18S), and 28S rRNA (28S), from mitochondrial and nuclear genes, were tested. Phylogenetic analyses based on molecular data were conducted by minimum evolution, maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian phylogenetic (BP) analyses. Analysis of morphological data was performed using the parsimony programs NONA, and the combined dataset of morphological and molecular data was analyzed using BP analyses. The results of this study indicate that use of COI and CytB enabled relatively effective identification of species, whereas the sequences of 16S, 18S and 28S did not enable identification of closely related species such as Orius minutus and O. strigicollis. We discuss the usefulness of the five molecular markers for determining phylogenetic relationships and identifying the species.     

COI is better than 16S rRNA for DNA barcoding Asiatic salamanders (Amphibia: Caudata: Hynobiidae)

The 5' region of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) is the standard marker for DNA barcoding. However, because COI tends to be highly variable in amphibians, sequencing is often challenging. Consequently, another mtDNA gene, 16S rRNA gene, is often advocated for amphibian barcoding. Herein, we directly compare the usefulness of COI and 16S in discriminating species of hynobiid salamanders using 130 individuals. Species identification and classification of these animals, which are endemic to Asia, are often based on morphology only. Analysis of Kimura 2-parameter genetic distances (K2P) documents the mean intraspecific variation for COI and 16S rRNA genes to be 1.4% and 0.3%, respectively. Whereas COI can always identify species, sometimes 16S cannot. Intra- and interspecific genetic divergences occasionally overlap in both markers, thus reducing the value of a barcoding gap to identify genera. Regardless, COI is the better DNA barcoding marker for hynobiids. In addition to the comparison of two potential markers, high levels of intraspecific divergence in COI (>5%) suggest that both Onychodactylus fischeri and Salamandrella keyserlingii might be composites of cryptic species.     

The effects of taxonomy,diet, and ecology on the microbiota of riverine macroinvertebrates

Freshwater macroinvertebrates play key ecological roles in riverine food webs, such as the transfer of nutrients to consumers and decomposition of organic matter. Although local habitat quality drives macroinvertebrate diversity and abundance, little is known about their microbiota. In most animals, the microbiota provides benefits, such as increasing the rate at which nutrients are metabolized, facilitating immune system development, and defending against pathogenic attack. Our objectives were to identify the bacteria within aquatic invertebrates and determine whether their composition varied with taxonomy, habitat, diet, and time of sample collection. In 2016 and 2017, we collected 264 aquatic invertebrates from the mainstem Saint John (Wolastoq) River in New Brunswick, Canada, representing 15 orders. We then amplified the V3‐V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene within each individual, which revealed nearly 20,000 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The microbiota across all aquatic invertebrates were dominated by Proteobacteria (69.25% of the total sequence reads), but they differed significantly in beta diversity, both among host invertebrate taxa (genus‐, family‐, and order‐levels) and temporally. In contrast to previous work, we observed no microbiota differences among functional feeding groups or traditional feeding habits, and neither water velocity nor microhabitat type structured microbiota variability. Our findings suggest that host invertebrate taxonomy was the most important factor in modulating the composition of the microbiota, likely through a combination of vertical and horizontal bacterial transmission, and evolutionary processes. This is one of the most comprehensive studies of freshwater invertebrate microbiota to date, and it underscores the need for future studies of invertebrate microbiota evolution and linkages to environmental bacteria and physico‐chemical conditions.     

Problematic barcoding in flatworms: A case-study on monogeneans and rhabdocoels (Platyhelminthes)

Some taxonomic groups are less amenable to mitochondrial DNA barcoding than others. Due to the paucity of molecular information of understudied groups and the huge molecular diversity within flatworms, primer design has been hampered. Indeed, all attempts to develop universal flatworm-specific COI markers have failed so far. We demonstrate how high molecular variability and contamination problems limit the possibilities for barcoding using standard COI-based protocols in flatworms. As a consequence, molecular identification methods often rely on other widely applicable markers. In the case of Monogenea, a very diverse group of platyhelminth parasites, and Rhabdocoela, representing one-fourth of all free-living flatworm taxa, this has led to a relatively high availability of nuclear ITS and 18S/28S rDNA sequences on GenBank. In a comparison of the effectiveness in species assignment we conclude that mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal markers perform equally well. In case intraspecific information is needed, rDNA sequences can guide the selection of the appropriate (i.e. taxon-specific) COI primers if available.