美国俄亥俄州人工河滨湿地甲烷排放

2008年11月-2009年10月,在美国俄亥俄州哥伦布市Olentangy河河滨湿地,运用静态箱·气相色谱法对比研究了不同水文模式和植被生长状况下2种植被类型(人工植被和自然植被)淡水河滨恢复湿地甲烷(CH4)排放的时空规律,探讨了湿地土壤温度、水文条件、植被和土壤碳含量等因子对CH4排放的影响.结果表明,人工植被和自然植被湿地CH4排放通量均有明显的季节变化规律,但自然植被的淡水湿地CH4排放量仍明显高于人工植被湿地的排放量,其年排放量分别为68和114gCH4-C· m-2·a-1(P＜0.05),这是由于自然植被湿地相对于人工植被湿地有着更高的累积生产力.在2个实验湿地中,淹没深水区比干湿交替区有更高的CH4排放量,CH4排放通量的中值(平均值)分别为4.7(59.9)和0.09( 1.17)mg·m-2·h-1(P＜0.01),波动的水文相对于静止水文条件可减少CH4排放量.并且,实验湿地CH4排放通量与土壤温度和土壤有机碳含量有一定的相关性.因此,可通过对湿地进行适当的植物配置和水文条件等设计和管理措施有效地减少CH4排放.     

洞庭湖白沙洲4种植被系统与大气中碳素交换

近年来由于气候变化,极端天气现象及其相应的自然灾害的频繁发生,致使人类面临严峻的挑战,全球环境问题已备受瞩目。湿地碳循环在全球气候变化中具有不可忽视的作用,研究湿地系统与大气中碳素的交换,有助于深入了解湿地生态系统对大气环境的影响。在生物量和土壤温室气体排放测定的基础上,对洞庭湖白沙洲湿地4种主要植被系统与大气碳素交换进行研究,结果表明:杨树人工林、芦苇和苔草3种植被系统净生产力吸收大气中碳量分别为9.88、6.83.thm-.2a-1和4.07.thm-.2a-1,土壤排放碳量(包括CH4中的碳素)分别为3.08、2.79.thm-.2a-1和2.80t.hm-.2a-1,3种植被系统每年净吸收大气中的碳6.80、4.07t.hm-.2a-1和1.27t.hm-.2a-1,都是大气CO2的汇;黑藻与竹叶眼子菜混交群落净生产力吸收大气碳1.23.thm-.2a-1,土壤排放的碳1.32t.hm-.2a-1,该系统每年向大气净排放0.09t.hm-.2a-1,是一个弱的CO2排放源;将CH4温室效应是CO2的21倍折算成CO2量,杨树林土壤排放CO2量(包括CH4折算成CO2量)为16.19t.hm-.2a-1,比植被净生产力吸收的少16.64t.hm-.2a-1,对大气温室效应而言,该系统是温室气体的汇;芦苇、苔草以及黑藻与竹叶眼子菜混交群落土壤排放CO2量(包括CH4折算成CO2量)分别是43.68、39.19t.hm-.2a-1和32.22t.hm-.2a-1,比植被净生产力吸收的还多20.60、24.27.thm-.2a-1和27.71.thm-.2a-1,对大气温室效应而言,这3种湿地植被系统都是温室气体排放源。     

内蒙古天然与放牧草原温室气体排放研究

采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定内蒙古典型草原温室气体排放。结果表明,四类天然草原吸收CH4、排放N2O和CO2各自有其相对固定的季节变化形式,四类草原和大气交换温室气体通量的变化形式基本一致,受年度气候变化所控制,而土壤、植被类型、降雨量等天然因素和放牧强度等人为因素仅影响排放强度。与天然羊草草原相比,自由放牧降低了羊草草原对CH4的吸收和N2O排放,增加了CO2的排放。     

多年冻土退化地区湿地土壤温室气体排放及其影响因子

采用野外原位实验静态箱-气相色谱法,研究了兴安岭多年冻土不同程度退化地区生长季湿地土壤温室气体CH4、CO2和N2O的排放通量特征,同时分析了环境因子对土壤温室气体排放的影响。结果表明:1)3种类型冻土区(季节性冻土区、岛状多年冻土区、连续多年冻土区,分别用D1、D2、D3表示)土壤在生长季时期表现为CO2和N2O的源;D1和D3为CH4的源,D2为CH4的汇。D1、D2、D3土壤在生长季中平均CH4排放通量分别为(0.127±0.021)、(-0.020±0.006)、(0.082±0.019)mg·m^-2·h^-1;CO2排放通量分别为(371.50±66.73)、(318.43±55.67)、(213.19±37.05)mg·m^-2·h^-1;N2O排放通量分别为(24.05±2.62)、(8.07±2.42)、(2.17±0.25)μg·m-2·h-1。土壤CO2和N2O排放通量随多年冻土退化程度的加剧呈现出升高的趋势。2)细根生物量、凋落物生物量、全碳、全氮、可溶性有机碳、总可溶性氮、土壤容重、土壤温度、土壤含水量等均影响温室气体排放,3种不同类型冻土区土壤CH4、CO2和N2O的排放差异是诸多影响因子综合作用的结果。     

剔除杂草对山核桃林地土壤温室气体排放的影响

森林土壤是CO2、N2O和CH4等温室气体的重要排放源,山核桃是中国特有的高档干果和木本油料树种,林下杂草管理对山核桃林地温室气体排放具有重要影响.采用静态箱-气相色谱法在浙江临安山核桃主产区进行了为期1年的原位试验,研究剔除林下杂草对山核桃林地土壤温室气体排放的影响.结果表明:剔除杂草和留养杂草山核桃林地土壤CO2排放通量呈现一致的季节变化规律:夏秋季高、冬春季低;N2O排放在夏季较高,其他季节变化平稳;CH4的排放无明显季节变化规律.剔除杂草显著降低了土壤CO2排放,促进了N2O排放和CH4吸收.剔除杂草对土壤水溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳没有显著影响.剔除杂草的山核桃林地土壤排放温室气体的综合增温潜势为15.12 t CO2-e·hm-2·a-1,显著低于留养杂草处理(17.04 t CO2-e·hm-2·a-1).     

氮沉降对森林土壤主要温室气体通量的影响

大气氮沉降已经并将继续对森林土壤主要温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)通量产生影响.综述了国内外氮沉降对森林土壤主要温室气体通量影响及其机理的研究现状.由于森林类型、土壤N状况、氮沉降量及沉降类型等不同,氮沉降对森林土壤主要温室气体通量的影响主要表现为抑制、促进和不显著3种效果.在N限制的森林中,氮沉降对土壤主要温室气体通量无显著影响,或促进土壤CO2排放;在"N饱和"的森林中,氮沉降可减少土壤CO2排放,抑制对大气CH4的吸收,增加N2O排放.分析了产生以上影响效果的作用机理,介绍了氮沉降对森林土壤主要温室气体通量影响的研究方法,探讨了该领域存在的问题及未来研究的方向.     

土地利用变化对土壤温室气体排放通量影响研究进展

土壤是大气中主要温室气体(如CO2、CH4和N2O)重要的源或汇,土地利用方式的改变将会导致土壤相关微环境及其生理生化过程发生改变,从而显著影响土壤中温室气体的产生与排放。在全球变化和土地利用大幅度改变的背景下,国际上已逐步开展了关于土地利用变化对土壤温室气体通量的研究。本文在简要介绍土地利用变化与土壤温室气体通量研究的基础上,重点论述了农田、草地和森林互换、湿地向农田转变、不同土地利用类型(森林、草地、湿地和农田)内部变化对3种土壤温室气体排放的影响,并从3种土壤温室气体产生的关键过程简单阐述其主要影响机理。根据目前研究中存在的不足,提出了今后需要加强的领域,以期更好地揭示土地利用变化对土壤温室气体通量的影响及作用机理,为今后深入开展相关研究提供参考。     

氮输入对天然湿地温室气体通量的影响及机制

天然湿地是温室气体的一个重要排放源、汇和转换器,在稳定全球气候变化中占据着重要的位置。近年来,由于化石燃料的燃烧、氮肥使用、工业废水排放等输入的氮元素,大量进入湿地生态系统,直接或间接地影响着温室气体的生产与排放。本文综述了国内外有关氮输入对天然湿地主要温室气体通量的影响及机制研究进展,重点论述了以下几个方面:1)氮输入对天然湿地主要温室气体通量的影响存在促进、抑制或影响不显著3种情况;2)氮输入对CO2、CH4、N2O产生的控制作用改变了温室气体产生与消耗的微生物过程,提高了湿地生态系统生产力,增加了生物量,影响了周围环境因子;3)天然湿地温室气体通量的变化是输入氮的种类与浓度、土壤理化性质、微生物活性、相关环境因子、氧化还原潜力等因子综合作用的结果。探讨了现有研究存在的主要问题,提出了未来重点研究的方向。     

多年冻土退化对湿地甲烷排放的影响研究进展

全球气候变暖导致北半球大部分多年冻土区的冻土已经开始退化。多年冻土退化对冻土区湿地CH₄排放产生重要影响,可能直接决定冻土区湿地对全球气候变暖的反馈方式。综述了近年来多年冻土退化对湿地CH₄排放影响的研究。多年冻土退化导致的土壤活动层深度增加和植被类型由中生向湿生的转变都可能会大大增加冻土区湿地CH₄排放量,从而可能对全球气候变暖产生正反馈作用。但多年冻土退化导致的水文条件变化、土壤温度变化和微生物组成及活性变化对湿地CH₄排放的影响却存在一定的不确定性。多年冻土退化除了影响湿地CH₄排放量之外,还可能通过改变土壤冻融过程而影响湿地CH₄排放的季节分配模式。最后提出目前研究中存在的问题,并对未来研究方向进行了展望。     

闽江河口潮汐湿地二氧化碳和甲烷排放化学计量比

为了阐明河口潮汐湿地碳源温室气体排放的化学计量比特征,对闽江河口潮汐湿地二氧化碳和甲烷排放进行了测定与分析。结果表明:芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地二氧化碳与甲烷排放均呈现正相关;涨潮前、涨落潮过程和落潮后芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地CO2∶CH4月平均值分别为55.4和185.0,96.3和305.5,68.7和648.6,3个过程芦苇湿地和短叶茳芏湿地CO2∶CH4差异均不显著(P>0.05),2种植物湿地CO2∶CH4对潮汐的响应并不一致,但均在涨潮前表现为最低;涨潮前、涨落潮过程和落潮后均表现为芦苇湿地CO2∶CH4低于短叶茳芏湿地(P<0.05);河口潮汐湿地CO2∶CH4为空间变异性>时间变异性,潮汐、植物和温度均对CO2∶CH4的变化具有一定的调节作用。     

Environmental and developmental controls over the seasonal pattern of isoprene emission from aspen leaves

Isoprene emission from plants represents one of the principal biospheric controls over the oxidative capacity of the continental troposphere. In the study reported here, the seasonal pattern of isoprene emission, and its underlying determinants, were studied for aspen trees growing in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado. The springtime onset of isoprene emission was delayed for up to 4 weeks following leaf emergence, despite the presence of positive net photosynthesis rates. Maximum isoprene emission rates were reached approximately 6 weeks following leaf emergence. During this initial developmental phase, isoprene emission rates were negatively correlated with leaf nitrogen concentrations. During the autumnal decline in isoprene emission, rates were positively correlated with leaf nitrogen concentration. Given past studies that demonstrate a correlation between leaf nitrogen concentration and isoprene emission rate, we conclude that factors other than the amount of leaf nitrogen determine the early-season initiation of isoprene emission. The late-season decline in isoprene emission rate is interpreted as due to the autumnal breakdown of metabolic machinery and loss of leaf nitrogen. In potted aspen trees, leaves that emerged in February and developed under cool, springtime temperatures did not emit isoprene until 23 days after leaf emergence. Leaves that emrged in July and developed in hot, midsummer temperatures emitted isoprene within 6 days. Leaves that had emerged during the cool spring, and had grown for several weeks without emitting isoprene, could be induced to emit isoprene within 2 h of exposure to 32°C. Continued exposure to warm temperatures resulted in a progressive increase in the isoprene emission rate. Thus, temperature appears to be an important determinant of the early season induction of isoprene emission. The seasonal pattern of isoprene emission was examined in trees growing along an elevational gradient in the Colorado Front Range (1829–2896 m). Trees at different elevations exhibited staggered patterns of bud-break and initiation of photosynthesis and isoprene emission in concert with the staggered onset of warm, springtime temperatures. The springtime induction of isoprene emission could be predicted at each of the three sites as the time after bud break required for cumulative temperatures above 0°C to reach approximately 400 degree days. Seasonal temperature acclimation of isoprene emission rate and photosynthesis rate was not observed. The temperature dependence of isoprene emission rate between 20 and 35°C could be accurately predicted during spring and summer using a single algorithm that describes the Arrhenius relationship of enzyme activity. From these results, it is concluded that the early season pattern of isoprene emission is controlled by prevailing temperature and its interaction with developmental processes. The late-season pattern is determined by controls over leaf nitrogen concentration, especially the depletion of leaf nitrogen during senescence. Following early-season induction, isoprene emission rates correlate with photosynthesis rates. During the season there is little acclimation to temperature, so that seasonal modeling simplifies to a single temperature-response algorithm.     

Effect of agrometeorological parameters on the phenology of pollen emission and production of olive trees (Olea europea L.)

The pollination period and pollen concentrationof olive trees (Oleaeuropea L.) and olive production were analysedfor Prato and Florenceusing a data set of 8 years (1991–1998).Meteorological data have been usedto obtain information about weather conditionsduring vegetative seasonsand correlations were found both for thephenology and yield.The results showed that air temperatureprevious to the onset of floweringis of great importance in determining thereproductive cycle of olive treebut the chill period in January and Februaryshould also be considered.Olive pollen collected during thepollination period was positivelycorrelated with the production level for bothsites. Weather conditionfollowing pollination were also taken intoaccount for a better assessmentof the final yield.     

68Ga-DOTA and analogs: Current status and future perspectives

The construction of the ⁶⁸Ge/⁶⁸Ga generator has increased application of radiopharmaceuticals labeled with this isotope in medicine. ⁶⁸Ga-PET is widely employed in the management of neuroendocrine tumors but favorable chemistry with tri- and tetraaza-ring molecules has opened wide range of ⁶⁸Ga application in other fields of PET imaging. This review covers the radiopharmaceuticals labeled with gallium in molecular imaging and shows perspectives on the use of gallium-68 as a substitute for technetium-99, fluorine-18 and carbon-11 in some applications.     

反刍家畜及其排泄物对N2O和CH4排放的贡献

了解反刍动物及其排泄物对温室气体的贡献以及主要影响因素对于认识全球气候变化及寻找减缓措施都具有重要的社会、经济和生态学意义.本文在综述了大量国内外相关文献的基础上,提出提高家畜营养水平和均衡营养,特别是在天然草原上增加豆科牧草的比例,并通过在饲料中适量添加中链脂肪酸等添加剂,是提高家畜的生产性能、降低CH4排放量的有效措施.同时指出,由于在家畜排泄物处理和利用过程中,降低一种温室气体的排放可能会增加另一种气体的排放,因此,应该根据它们对大气增温潜值的差异,将各种处理下温室气体换算成CO2-C,从而进行比较分析,通过调整综合措施以达到二者总释放量的最低水平;同时还应该考虑到所产生的NH3和亚硝酸盐/硝酸盐对大气和环境的污染.因此,如何提高反刍家畜的饲养与营养、调整放牧管理制度、改善草原群落结构,从而在提高个体生产性能的基础上达到降低家畜总饲养量,最终实现草原生态保护、家畜生产和温室气体排放综合考虑的折衷管理方案,是今后所要解决的科学问题.任何减缓温室气体排放的措施都应该以整个生产系统为基础,从而综合评价所采取措施的有效性.     

Comparison of farm-level greenhouse gas emissions in transhumance and semi-intensive sheep production systems in continental rangelands

Despite their predominance worldwide, few studies have been conducted to look at the impact of sheep production systems relying on transhumance practices in arid and continental conditions, on farm-level greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Using Turkey as an example, this paper examines on farm-level GHG emissions calculated for two contrasting sheep production systems under arid and continental climate conditions. Production and management data were obtained through face-to-face interviews carried out on 10 transhumance and 15 semi-intensive meat sheep farms in Turkey. A total of seven GHG emission estimates were then calculated for each farm with the Agricultural Resource Efficiency Calculator (AgRECalc©) tool; i) total Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from energy use (kg CO2e), ii) total Carbon Dioxide equivalent (CO2e) from methane (kg CO2e), iii) total CO₂e from nitrous oxide (kg CO₂e), iv) whole farm and enterprise CO₂e emissions (kg CO₂e), v) net emission from land use (kg CO₂e), vi) whole farm CO₂e emissions per kg of farm output (kg CO₂e/kg output), vii) product CO₂e emissions (meat): kg CO₂e / kg live weight, and viii) farm output (kg of sheep). Multivariate analyses (using R software) were carried out to compare both farm types and their respective carbon emissions. The total farm output per ewe was lower in the transhumance farms (7.4 kg/ewe) than in the semi-intensive farms (7.7 kg/ewe). The kg CO₂e per kg of output was also lower for the transhumance farms (46.2 kg CO₂e) than for the semi-intensive ones (56.5 kg CO₂e). This trend was similar for the amount of CO₂e per kg of live weight produced (20.8 kg and 25.4 kg for the transhumance and the semi-intensive farms, respectively). Despite overall net emissions from land use being greater on average for the transhumance farms, once measured per hectare, they were found to be lower than those for the semi-intensive farms. This study provides a reference point for different sheep production systems’ GHG emission impact in continental rangelands in Turkey.     

A model of isoprene emission based on energetic requirements for isoprene synthesis and leaf photosynthetic properties for Liquidambar and Quercus

We present a physiological model of isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) emission which considers the cost for isoprene synthesis, and the production of reductive equivalents in reactions of photosynthetic electron transport for Liquidambar styraciflua L. and for North American and European deciduous temperate Quercus species. In the model, we differentiate between leaf morphology (leaf dry mass per area, M_A, g m ^{? 2}) altering the content of enzymes of isoprene synthesis pathway per unit leaf area, and biochemical potentials of average leaf cells determining their capacity for isoprene emission. Isoprene emission rate per unit leaf area ( μ mol m ^{? 2} s ^{? 1}) is calculated as the product of M_A, the fraction of total electron flow used for isoprene synthesis ( ? , mol mol ^{? 1}), the rate of photosynthetic electron transport (J) per unit leaf dry mass (J_m, μ mol g ^{? 1} s ^{? 1}), and the reciprocal of the electron cost of isoprene synthesis [mol isoprene (mol electrons ^{? 1})]. The initial estimate of electron cost of isoprene synthesis is calculated according to the 1-deoxy- D -xylulose-5-phosphate pathway recently discovered in the chloroplasts, and is further modified to account for extra electron requirements because of photorespiration. The rate of photosynthetic electron transport is calculated by a process-based leaf photosynthesis model. A satisfactory fit to the light-dependence of isoprene emission is obtained using the light response curve of J, and a single value of ? , that is dependent on the isoprene synthase activity in the leaves. Temperature dependence of isoprene emission is obtained by combining the temperature response curves of photosynthetic electron transport, the shape of which is related to long-term temperature during leaf growth and development, and the specific activity of isoprene synthase, which is considered as essentially constant for all plants. The results of simulations demonstrate that the variety of temperature responses of isoprene emission observed within and among the species in previous studies may be explained by different optimum temperatures of J and/or limited maximum fraction of electrons used for isoprene synthesis. The model provides good fits to diurnal courses of field measurements of isoprene emission, and is also able to describe the changes in isoprene emission under stress conditions, for example, the decline in isoprene emission in water-stressed leaves.     

植物对沼泽湿地生态系统CO2和CH4排放的影响

利用静态暗箱/气相色谱法于2003~2005年在生长季对三江平原小叶章(Calamagrostis angustifolia)沼泽化草甸和毛果苔草(Carexlasiocarpa)沼泽地区CO2和CH4的排放通量进行野外对比观测实验。结果表明:2003~2005年生长季小叶章草甸土壤-植物系统CO2排放通量分别是土壤CO2排放通量的1.65、2.06和2.01倍,毛果苔草沼泽土壤-植物系统CO2排放通量分别是土壤CO2排放通量的2.58、2.27和4.21倍,表明沼泽湿地土壤-植物系统CO2排放通量的主要贡献者是植物地上部分的呼吸作用,且3个生长季小叶章草甸CO2排放通量均显著大于毛果苔草沼泽,主要是由于植物生物量的差异以及土壤微生物活性的不同。2003~2005年植物生长季,小叶章草甸土壤-植物系统CH4排放通量分别是土壤的4.84、3.55和6.45倍,毛果苔草沼泽土壤-植物系统CH4排放通量分别是土壤的2.60、1.25和3.22倍,且3个生长季小叶章草甸和毛果苔草沼泽CH4排放通量均具有显著差异,这主要是由于水位的差异以及植物对CH4排放能力的不同造成的。     

Spontaneous and light-induced photon emission from intact brains of chick embryos

Photon emission (PE) and light-induced photon emission(LPE) of intact brains isolated from chick embryos have been measured by using the single photon counting device. Experimental results showed that the intensi-ty level of photon emission was detected to be higher from intact brain than from the medium in which the brain was immerged during measuring, and the emission intensity was related to the developmental stages, the healthy situation of the measured embryos, and the freshness of isolated brains as well. After white light illumination, a short-life de-layed emission from intact brains was observed, and its relaxation behavior followed a hyperbolic rather than an expo-nential law. According to the hypothesis of biophoton emission originating from a delocalized coherent electromagnetic field and Frohlich's idea of coherent long-range interactions in biological systems, discussions were made on the signifi-cance of photon emission in studying cell communication, biological regulation, living system'     

骨导声诱发的耳声发射耳蜗图

用不同频率的短纯音骨导刺激,在7名(14耳)听力正常受试者同时记录双耳声诱发耳声发射(EOAE)。此法比单耳轮流记录省时一半。研究结果表明,EOAE 为一种窄带声,其中心频率随刺激声频率增高而增高,提示 EOAE 产生部位在接受刺激声频率对应的耳蜗部位附近。EOAE 的潜伏期与刺激强度无明显关系,但有随刺激声频率增高而变短的趋势,可能与不同频率刺激声诱发的 EOAE 在基底膜上产生的部位与鼓膜之间的距离不等有关。除1耳用4.0kHz 外,用1.0,2.0,3.0和4.0kHz 短纯音刺激在14耳全可记录到 EOAE,0.5kHz和6.0kHz 则分别在10耳和7耳记录到 EOAE。0.5—6.0kHz 短纯音诱发的 EOAE 的阈值均值连线所得的声发射耳蜗图上可见,1.0kHz 处阈值最低,而在这些受试者所测得的中耳共振频率平均值为1100±230Hz,推测1.0kHz EOAE 阈值最低与中耳的传导函数有关。本文描述的骨导双耳同时记录 EOAE 并描记声发射耳蜗图的方法可用于临床的听力客观评价。