浙江省护理人力资源配置公平性研究

目的 对浙江省护理人力资源配置公平性进行分析,为我省卫生行政部门加强护理人力资源的管理及合理配置提供借鉴。方法 采用洛伦兹曲线（Lorenz Curve）与基尼系数（Gini Coefficient）来评价浙江省护理人力资源配置公平性。结果 2011年浙江省各地护理人力资源按人口、面积分布的洛伦兹曲线均分布在绝对公平线附近;按人口分布的基尼系数为0.16,按面积分布的基尼系数为0.28。结论 浙江省护理人力资源配置总体上公平,但布局欠合理,其人口公平性优于地理公平性。     

1980—2015年南四湖流域景观格局及其脆弱性

流域景观格局及脆弱性变化对流域生态环境具有重要影响.为保障南四湖流域生态环境安全,本研究以流域1980—2015年7期土地利用数据为基础,通过计算景观格局指数分析南四湖流域景观格局变化,利用景观适应度(LAI)和景观敏感度指数(LSI)构建景观格局脆弱度(LVI),并分析其空间分布与变化.结果表明: 1980—2015年,南四湖流域耕地面积比例下降4.6%,建设用地增加39.7%,其他土地利用类型呈波动变化,林地、草地、未利用地面积减少,水域面积增加.耕地一直是南四湖流域的优势景观类型.耕地和水域破碎度增加,其他地类破碎度降低.流域景观整体破碎度有所缓和,景观类型之间形成了较好的连接性,景观格局的不规则性和复杂性下降并朝着均匀化和多样化方向发展.各时期流域景观脆弱度大体上表现出东部高于西部、北部高于南部的趋势,其空间分布与流域地形,以及景观类型的分布、土地利用变化有关.研究期间,流域LVI整体下降,东部景观脆弱度严重地区的景观格局开始趋于分散,逐渐被低一级脆弱区所取代,西北部地区脆弱度的回升最明显,南部及西南部一直是低脆弱区.     

不同空间尺度三维建筑景观变化

以沈阳市铁西区建筑物三维信息为基础数据,从建筑高度、密度、体积与体形、分布均匀度与空间拥挤度等方面构建了三维建筑景观评价指标,分别从区域、功能分区和梯度带3个角度分析了三维建筑景观的变化特征.结果表明:从1997年到2008年,铁西区建筑向垂直方向扩张,建筑空间分布越来越不均匀,空间拥挤度、建筑平均体积与容积率逐渐增大;居住区平均高度、平均体积、覆盖率、容积率、空间拥挤程度最小,建筑分布最均匀;商业区除建筑高度变异系数和平均体形系数最小外,其余指标值最大;工业区高度变异系数和平均体形系数最大,空间分布最不均匀;从梯度带上看,建筑使用类型的差异决定了三维建筑景观的变化特征.     

基于CA-Markov模型的三川流域景观格局分析及动态预测

以济南南部山区三川流域为研究对象,在ArcGIS和IDRISI平台的支持下,结合景观生态学原理,运用景观指数并引入Kappa系数对三川流域1990-2010年景观格局、动态度进行分析,最后运用CA-Markov模型对流域景观格局进行动态趋势预测.景观格局指数分析表明:三川流域景观类型以耕地、林地、建设用地和草地为主;受人类活动影响,1990-2010年三川流域耕地、林地面积减少,其余各景观面积均呈增加趋势;流域整体景观破碎度增加,斑块复杂度提高,各景观类型的分布渐趋均衡.景观格局变化前10年比后10年明显,人类活动对当地生态环境的影响较显著.Kappa系数表明:景观变化由各景观数量比例变化逐渐转变为各景观数量保持相对稳定下的景观空间位置上的变化.随着2000年后政策的引导,景观整体的变化渐趋稳定,人类活动对生态环境影响有所下降.CA-Markov模型预测结果表明,2010-2020年流域内各景观优势度下降,景观破碎度降低,均衡性持续提高;景观间的转入转出幅度不大,仅占总面积的3.08％,景观类型的转变主要发生在斑块交界处.总的来看,三川流域景观格局变化主要是耕地、林地面积减少,建设用地面积增加,生态环境更趋脆弱.     

基于景观结构的城乡结合部生态风险分析——以泰安市岱岳区为例

以2000、2005和2010年的遥感数据为基础,对泰安市岱岳区土地利用类型和景观格局变化进行分析,构建生态风险指数,对研究区域的生态风险指数进行重采样和空间差值,并分析了城乡结合部区域生态风险的时空变化规律.结果表明:2000—2010年,研究区土地利用类型的主要转移方向是自然景观向人工景观转移;耕地、园地、林地的人为干扰强度较大,水域的人为干扰较小;耕地和水域的生态损失度指数有所下降,其他土地利用类型基本上呈上升趋势;2000和2010年,研究区各生态风险小区的生态风险值分布较分散,2005年最集中,2000—2005年,各生态风险小区的生态风险值以增加为主,2005—2010年则以降低为主;2000—2010年,研究区生态风险指数等级以中等程度为主,生态风险指数在空间分布上表现出明显的空间差异,大体上以林地为中心向周围区域呈扩散状递增;研究区域风险等级以中风险区和较高风险区为主,较低风险区面积动态变化明显,最低风险区和最高风险区的面积变化不大.     

内蒙古多伦县土地沙漠化景观格局变化特征

利用景观分析软件Fragstats 3.3和内蒙古多伦县1960、1975、1987、1995、2000、2005年6期遥感影像解译结果,分析了1960—2005年间土地沙漠化景观格局变化.结果表明:1960—1995年间研究区土地沙漠化面积呈先增后减趋势,总沙漠化面积增加212.70km2,沙漠化斑块数先增多后减少,景观多样性和均匀性上升,轻度、中度、重度沙漠化斑块形状趋向简单;1995—2005年间研究区沙漠化斑块数大幅增加,景观多样性和均匀性下降,轻度、中度、重度沙漠化斑块形状趋向复杂;严重沙漠化斑块形状在1960年以后一直趋向复杂化.整个景观在研究期间表现为完整-破碎-完整-破碎的趋势,由轻度到严重沙漠化,其景观类型的破碎化程度逐渐降低.     

内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁国家级自然保护区景观动态及保护成效

快速评估自然保护区的保护成效,对科学地制定管理决策具有重要意义.本文通过遥感解译进行景观分类和景观动态变化分析,使用保护性景观质量指数、人工景观干扰指数和景观保护成效综合指数等开展内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁国家级自然保护区2004—2014年的保护成效研究.结果表明: 2004—2014年,该自然保护区内自然景观所占比例由92.2%增加到92.8%,天然草地和灌木林面积显著增加,但湖泊、河流快速减少;景观格局变化较大,主要景观类型面积转出率和转入率高,景观转类指数为0.33.自然保护区内各功能区的保护性景观及其占比均明显增加,保护性景观质量指数由24.37增长为25.36,景观质量得到提升.各功能区均存在不同程度的人工干扰,人工干扰景观面积增大;2004和2014年人工景观干扰指数分别为-0.79和-0.96,人工干扰强度变大.研究期间,内蒙古阿鲁科尔沁自然保护区的景观保护成效综合指数为3.5%,其景观保护成效达到“很好”,野生动植物生境趋于好转.     

基于CLUE-S模型的三江平原景观格局变化及模拟

三江平原是我国沼泽地集中连片且分布面积最大的地区之一,在维持区域生态安全方面发挥着不可替代的作用.本研究基于3S技术,对1980-2010年三江平原土地利用和景观格局变化进行分析.结果发现: 1980-2010年,研究区景观格局主要变化特征为沼泽地面积减少7135 km²,减幅达59.1%,水田面积增加18010 km²,增幅达610.1%;景观指数分析结果表明,斑块数量增加,景观破碎化越来越严重,景观异质性增加,各景观类型向均匀化方向发展.基于1980-2010年5期土地利用图对CLUE-S模型进行校正和验证,30年时间尺度上模拟结果与真实景观的Kappa指数为0.71,说明模型适宜研究区30年内的模拟研究.基于校正好的模型对2010-2030年湿地变化进行多预案模拟(历史预案、规划预案、生态恢复预案),结果显示,历史预案下,沼泽地面积减少2515.44 km²,水田面积增加19656.24 km²;规划预案下,沼泽地面积减少303.28 km²,水田面积增加1392.08 km²;生态恢复预案下,沼泽地面积增加3585.60 km²,水田面积增加289.72 km².应用景观指数评价模拟结果为:历史预案下,景观格局破碎化越来越严重;规划预案下,景观格局变化不大;生态恢复预案下,湿地面积不断增加,湿地连通性升高,各景观类型向均衡方向发展,景观格局不断优化.     

黄河首曲玛曲县高寒湿地景观格局演变

高寒湿地是青藏高原地区最重要的生态水源涵养区之一, 也是局部气候的有效调节者, 其动态变化与成因亟待深入研究。该研究基于遥感图像分析、地理信息系统空间分析和景观生态指数分析结合的方法, 以黄河首曲玛曲县高寒湿地为研究对象, 对1995-2018年6期湿地的动态变化进行研究。结果表明, 研究区湿地在1995-2010年间不断退化, 1995-2010年湿地面积总共减少了18 680.31 hm²。在2010-2018年间黄河首曲高寒湿地面积有所增加, 但与20世纪90年代相比, 21世纪初开始湿地的面积普遍呈现下降趋势; 1995-2010年湿地斑块数不断增加, 斑块密度不断增大, 平均斑块面积下降, 景观的破碎度升高; 2010-2015年湿地斑块数和斑块密度减少, 2015-2018年湿地斑块数和斑块密度增加, 平均斑块面积先增大后减小, 景观的破碎度先降低后升高。1995-2010年研究区高寒湿地景观Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数均呈现下降的趋势, 湿地的景观结构趋于简单, 景观类型分布更加集中。2010-2018年湿地景观Shannon多样性指数和Shannon均匀度指数均呈现上升趋势, 湿地的景观结构趋于复杂, 景观类型增加且分布更加分散。进一步的驱动力分析表明, 引起黄河首曲高寒湿地景观格局演变的主要因素是蒸发量和降水量, 其次是人口数量和大牲畜数量等人类活动影响。气候因子是影响黄河首曲高寒湿地面积变化的主要原因, 过度的人类经济活动在一定程度上加剧了湿地的变化。     

白洋淀区域景观格局动态变化及趋势分析

湿地景观格局的动态变化研究是构建区域生态安全格局的重要基础。利用1980、1990、2000、2010、2017年等5期土地利用数据,分析了白洋淀区域景观类型的时空变化过程及其主要驱动因素,并结合相关规划探讨了白洋淀未来景观格局变化及影响。结果表明,白洋淀区域景观规模和结构在1980-2000年期间变化不显著。2000-2017年期间,滩地向耕地、建设用地和湖泊大面积转换,湿地景观面积占比从78%下降到60%。2017-2030年期间,耕地和建设用地向湖泊转换,湿地景观面积占比将会达到90%;1980-2017年期间,滩地景观优势度最大,分布集中,但形状也最为复杂,各景观连通性走势较为平稳。景观尺度的破碎度不断升高,连通性和丰富度分别在1990年和2017年达到最大值。未来2030年,湖泊会成为优势景观类型,斑块分布集中且连通性增强,但复杂性增大。区域景观尺度的连通性变小,空间分布不均匀,丰富度降低;白洋淀景观格局历史演变主要受社会经济因素的影响,主成分分析结果表示其解释度为62.00%。未来气候条件下,白洋淀湿地生态系统存在退化的风险,但规划实施的环境治理和生态修复措施会对白洋淀的景观格局变化起主导作用。研究成果可为白洋淀湿地的规划管理和雄安新区的生态安全格局构建提供参考。     

林木个体大小不一致性指标对人工林间伐方式的即时性响应

以广西14年生杉木和马尾松人工林为对象,设同一疏伐强度的下层疏伐、上层疏伐、机械疏伐和干扰树间伐4种处理,分别用标准差、变异系数、偏度、Gini系数、库兹涅茨系数和洛伦茨不对称系数6种指标对4种间伐方式下采伐前后林木个体大小差异进行评价.结果表明: 与间伐前相比,马尾松和杉木人工林下层疏伐或上层疏伐后,林木个体材积的标准差、变异系数、Gini系数和库兹涅茨系数均变小,偏度变大;干扰树间伐后标准差、变异系数、Gini系数和库兹涅茨系数均变大,偏度则不一定.马尾松林和杉木林下层疏伐后洛伦茨不对称系数变大,上层疏伐或干扰树间伐后则变小.机械疏伐后各指标无明显变化规律.干扰树间伐后林木个体大小差异性增加,上层疏伐和下层疏伐后林木个体大小差异性减小.洛伦茨曲线、Gini系数和洛伦茨不对称系数均能较好地反映林木个体大小不一致性,可以进行不同林分间个体差异程度静态和动态比较,较好地反映不同间伐方式引起的林木个体差异.洛伦茨不对称系数可以判断林木个体大小不一致性的来源是大树还是小树.近自然森林经营中干扰树间伐措施可以在减小目标树竞争压力的同时拉大林木个体大小差距,有助于保持目标树在林分中的优势地位.
     

Variable distributional characteristics of substrate utilization patterns in activated sludge plants in Kuwait

The objective of this study was to determine the magnitude of microbial functional potential and community structure between three different WWTPs using the Lorenz curve method and to find the effect of seasonal variation on patterns of substrate utilization. Lorenz curve method was sensitive enough to detect short-term changes in microbial functional diversity between Riqqa, Umm Al-Haiman and Al-Jahra activated sludge systems and showed seasonal variations of the utilized carbon sources. Gini coefficient ranged from 0.21 to 0.8. Lorenz curves seemed particularly suitable to present microbial heterogeneity in term of inequality and to highlight the relative contribution of low-and high functional diversity for the three different types of mixed liquors. Correlation analysis of the experimental data show that the complement of the Gini coefficient was strongly and positively correlated with the Shannon index (r(xy)=0.89), evenness (r(xy)=0.91), and AWCD (r(xy)=0.95) at the 95% level of significance (alpha=0.05).     

广西壮族自治区县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性研究

目的 对广西县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性进行分析。方法 采用洛伦茨曲线和基尼系数等方法,从人口和地理分布对广西91个县域医疗卫生资源(床位、卫生技术人员、医生)的配置公平性进行分析。结果 广西县级医疗卫生资源中床位、卫生技术人员、医生按人口分布的基尼系数分别为0.230 3、0.239 6、0.250 4,按地理分布的基尼系数分别为0.346 1、0.353 4、
0.352 3。结论 广西县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性较好,其中人口分布优于地理分布,床位分布优于卫生人力资源分布。广西县级医疗卫生资源配置的公平性低于广西总体水平,但优于城区医疗卫生资源的配置。应进一步加大县级医疗卫生资源的投入,不断缩小城乡差距,提高县级医疗卫生资源在人口和地理配置的公平性。     

Temporal Changes in the Inequality of Early Growth of Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.: A Novel Application of the Gini Coefficient and Lorenz Asymmetry

Growth within tree populations varies among individuals due to changes in biotic and abiotic factors. The degree of such variation, defined as growth inequality, serves as a useful indicator of the uniformity of growth within a population in response to the prevalent environmental conditions. By application of the Gini coefficient (G), an index for inequality, we characterized the early growth inequality of ninety crosses of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) and their open-pollinated parental lines. Tree cumulative height was measured annually for 8 consecutive years. Both the crosses and parental lines exhibited temporal changes in growth inequality. The inequality of total height among the crosses decreased logarithmically with age by nearly 3-fold after 13 growing seasons, suggesting that tree height became less variable among the crosses as trees grew larger. Interestingly, the Lorenz asymmetry, an index reflecting the shape of the Lorenze curve from which G is derived, revealed that the inequality of annual height increment among the crosses resulted from an alternate contribution of the fast-growing and slow-growing trees. Among parental lines, two provenances with the smallest and the largest overall inequality in total height showed a similar pattern of changes in annual growth inequality, and the provenance differences were consistent over time. Compared to the other provinces, a local provenance exhibited less variation in total height among individual trees as reflected by a smaller value of inequality, and was better adapted to the field conditions. Our results demonstrated the sensitivity and usefulness of the Gini coefficient and Lorenz asymmetry for the analysis of growth inequality in non-natural populations. Growth inequality is a potentially useful evaluation criterion for early selection. Given comparable initial growth, provenances/families with lower growth inequality values would likely outperform those with higher growth inequality, and eventually tree size of the latter would be more variable due to greater variations among individual trees. Assessment of growth inequality at early ages will advance our understanding of variability of tree growth within a population, facilitate forest genetics improvement programs, and enhance the efficiency of tree breeding.     

浙江省卫生人力资源配置现状及公平性研究

目的　评价2012年浙江省卫生人力资源配置现状及公平性,为区域卫生规划提供实证依据。方法　采用统计描述、洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数等方法来评价。结果　浙江省每千人口卫生技术人员、执业(助理)医师、注册护士数高于全国平均水平,但医护比与护士占卫技人员的百分比低于全国平均水准,医护比例倒置, 地域性差异显著,人口公平性优于地理公平性。结论　浙江省卫生人力资源配置总体上处于相对公平状态,但结构亟待改善,地理公平性需引起重视。     

The meaning and measurement of size hierarchies in plant populations

Summary The term size hierarchy has been used frequently by plant population biologists but it has not been defined. Positive skewness of the size distribution, which has been used to evaluate size hierarchies, is inappropriate. We suggest that size hierarchy is equivalent to size inequality. Methods developed by economists to evaluate inequalities in wealth and income, the Lorenz curve and Gini Coefficient, provide a useful quantification of inequality and allow us to compare populations. A measure of inequality such as the Gini Coefficient will usually be more appropriate than a measure of skewness for addressing questions concerning plant population structure.     

On marker-assisted prediction of genetic value: beyond the ridge

Marked-assisted genetic improvement of agricultural species exploits statistical dependencies in the joint distribution of marker genotypes and quantitative traits. An issue is how molecular (e.g., dense marker maps) and phenotypic information (e.g., some measure of yield in plants) is to be used for predicting the genetic value of candidates for selection. Multiple regression, selection index techniques, best linear unbiased prediction, and ridge regression of phenotypes on marker genotypes have been suggested, as well as more elaborate methods. Here, phenotype-marker associations are modeled hierarchically via multilevel models including chromosomal effects, a spatial covariance of marked effects within chromosomes, background genetic variability, and family heterogeneity. Lorenz curves and Gini coefficients are suggested for assessing the inequality of the contribution of different marked effects to genetic variability. Classical and Bayesian methods are presented. The Bayesian approach includes a Markov chain Monte Carlo implementation. The generality and flexibility of the Bayesian method is illustrated when a Lorenz curve is to be inferred.     

Comparison of skewness coefficient,coefficient of variation,and Gini coefficient as inequality measures within populations

Summary The moment skewness coefficient, coefficient of variation and Gini coefficient are contrasted as statistical measures of inequality among members of plant populations. Constructed examples, real data examples, and distributional considerations are used to illustrate pertinent properties of these statistics to assess inequality. All three statistics possess some undesirable properties but these properties are shown to be often unimportant with real data. If the underlying distribution of the variable follows the often assumed two-parameter lognormal model, it is shown that all three statistics are likely to be highly and positively correlated. In contrast, for distributions which are not two-parameter lognormally distributed, and when the distribution is not concentrated near zero, the coefficient of variation and Gini coefficient, which are sensitive to small shifts in the mean, are often of little practical use in ordering the equality of populations. The coefficent of variation is more sensitive to individuals in the right-hand tail of a distribution than is the Gini coefficient. Therefore, the coefficient of variation may often be recommended over the Gini coefficient if a measure of relative precision is selected to assess inequality. The skewness coeficient is suggested when the distribution is either three-parameter lognormally distributed (or close to such), or when a measure of relative precision is not indicated.Scientific Paper no 7830. College of Agriculture and Home Economics Research Center, Washington State University     

Inequalities in size and intensity-dependent growth in a mermithid nematode parasitic in beach hoppers

Inequality in body sizes is a common feature in populations of helminth parasites, with potential consequences for egg production and population genetics. Inequalities in body lengths and the effects of intraspecific competition on worm length were studied in a species of mermithid nematode parasitic in the crustacean Talorchestia quoyana (Amphipoda: Talitridae). The majority of the 753 worms recovered were relatively small, and an analysis using a Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient suggested that there were no marked inequalities in body lengths among the worms. Total worm length in the 356 infected amphipods (i.e. the sum of the lengths of all the worms in a host) increased steadily as a function of the number of worms per amphipod, whereas the length of the longest worm per amphipod peaked in amphipods harbouring intermediate numbers of worms. This last result was not significantly accounted for by the observed increase in host size with increasing intensity of infection, but resulted from a correlation between worm length and host size. As the number of worms per amphipod increased, the relative sizes of the second-, third-, and fourth-longest worms per host increased markedly. This means that relative inequalities in sizes become less pronounced, i.e. subordinate worms get closer in size to the longest worm, as the number of worms per host increases. The main consequence of this phenomenon is that worm sizes in the mermithid population are more homogeneous than they would be if intraspecific competition had stronger effects on worm growth.