光氧化胁迫下几种植物叶片的超氧自由基产生速率和光合特性

以甲基藉精（ＭＶ）Ｏ－１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ在１５００μｍｏｌ ｍ＾－２ａ＾－１光下处理Ｃ３植物花生、水稻和Ｃ４植物玉米、甘蔗的叶圆片３０ｍｍ,Ｏ２＾２＋产生速率随ＭＶ浓度提高而加快ＭＶ浓度超过１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,光合放氧出现负植并持续增大。光氧化作用降低叶绿素荧光参数ＦＶ／Ｆｍ,ΦＰＳⅡ和ｑｐ,而ｑＮ则或提高（Ｃ３植物,ＭＶ１０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）或几平下）。热耗散系数ＫＤ的变化与ＱＮ相似。秘Ｃ４植物相比,Ｃ３     

多胺对裸大麦离体叶片活性氧代谢的影响

裸大麦离体叶片分别在光照和暗诱导下,以腐胺、亚精胺和精胺等３种多胺,分别用２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ,和０．２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ３种浓度处理,均使丙二醛累积减少,延缓过氧化氢酶和ＳＯＤ活性的下降。以ＣａＣｌ２（５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）＋Ｓｐｄ（０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）处理,可降低Ｓｐｄ（０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）的效应,因此多胺延缓离体叶片衰老与活性氧代谢有关,并且进入细胞时,与Ｃａ发生竞争。     

水杨酸对黄瓜叶片抗氧化剂酶系的调节作用

分析了水杨酸（ＳＡ）对黄瓜（ＣｕｃｕｍｉｓｓａｔｉｖｕｓＬ．）叶片抗氧化剂酶系活性及活性氧水平的调节作用。不同浓度的ＳＡ（０．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、２．５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）均能显著地提高被处理叶片超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）和过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性,而且还能诱导同株的非处理叶片中ＳＯＤ和ＰＯＤ活性增加。用１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＳＡ处理第一片真叶,在处理后６～７２ｈ,ＰＯＤ活性增加了２２％～６７％,同株非处理的第二片真叶ＰＯＤ活性增加了１４％～８６％,但是,在ＳＡ处理后３ｈ之前以及处理９６ｈ之后,ＰＯＤ活性没有变化。ＳＡ能够显著降低超氧物阴离子含量和提高过氧化氢水平,但它对过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性的抑制作用很弱,表明ＳＡ提高体内过氧化氢含量的原因主要是通过提高ＳＯＤ活性而不是抑制ＣＡＴ活性。同工酶分析表明,ＳＡ不能诱导新的ＳＯＤ同工酶,但可以诱导新的ＰＯＤ同工酶。     

NaHSO3对水稻幼苗根系生长及生理活性影响的研究

于水稻幼苗期喷施１００ｍｇ／ＬＮａＨＳＯ３能促进水稻幼苗根系生长,提高根系活力与呼吸强度,此与ＮａＨＳＯ３增加稻苗叶绿素含量,提高光合速率,增加光合产物向根运输有关。     

活性氧所致超氧化物歧化酶肽链断裂的观察

探究活性氧所致铜锌超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）肽链断裂的情况。将过氧化氢或抗坏血酸－Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）分别作用于马来酰亚胺标记的ＳＯＤ,然后用高效液相反相色谱（ＲＰＨＰＬＣ）分析,经１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２Ｏ２处理后ＳＯＤ用ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ分离出二个肽段,用顺磁共振检测显示只有一个肽段具有马来酰亚胺信号,经５ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＨ２Ｏ２处理后ＳＯＤ有四个肽段生成,其中有一个肽段具有马来酰亚胺信号,用５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ抗坏血酸和０．０１ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＦｅＣｌ３处理后ＳＯＤ有三个肽段生成,用５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ抗坏血酸及１．０ｍｍｏｌ／ＬＦｅＣｌ３处理后ＳＯＤ也产生相同的三个肽段,只是肽段的量多．结果提示Ｈ２Ｏ２所致ＳＯＤ肽链断裂无“定点”现象,而抗坏血酸－Ｆｅ（Ⅲ）所致ＳＯＤ肽链断裂呈“定点”断裂。     

草酸对氧化胁迫下水稻叶片中核酮糖—1,5—二磷酸羧化酶／加氧 …

以杂交稻（汕优６３）为试验材料,在木村Ｂ营养液中培养至三叶期,用草酸５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ预处理水稻２ｄ,再处以氧化胁迫（用０．１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ浓度的活性氧诱发剂甲基紫精处理）。结果表明：ＭＶ诱发的氧化胁迫下,Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ及其它可溶性蛋白快速降解。草酸预处理可明显缓解Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ及其它可溶性蛋白的降解,降解速率分别降低１／３和１／２左右,植株经草酸处理后其叶片中几种抗氧化酶如ＡｓＡ－ＰＯＤ、ＳＯＤ、ＣＡ     

水稻叶片中过氧化氢与核酮糖—1,5—二磷酸羧化酶／加氧酶降解 …

甲基紫精（ＭＶ）处理水稻植株能快速诱导核酮糖－１,５－二磷酸羧化酶／加氧酶（Ｒｒｂｉｓｃｏ,ＥＣ４．１．１．３９）及其它可溶性蛋白的降解。ＭＶ浓度越高,降解速率越高。ＭＶ能诱发叶片内源Ｈ２Ｏ２迅速积累。光合电子传递抑制剂ＤＣＭＵ（１５０μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）能显著抑制ＭＶ（１００μｍｏｌ／Ｌ）诱导的Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ及其它可溶性蛋白的降解;活性氧清除剂抗坏血酸（５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、甘露醇（１０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ）、苯     

渗透胁迫与百草枯对普通水绵SOD的影响

普通水绵〔Ｓｐｉｒｏｇｙｒａｃｏｍｍｕｎｉｓ（Ｈａｓｓａｌ）Ｋüｔｚｉｎｇ〕的超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）含有２条锰型和１条铁型同工酶主带。低浓度的Ｚａｒｏｕｋ培养液对ＳＯＤ影响不明显，浓度提高到３倍以上时造成渗透胁迫，在一定时间内，ＳＯＤ比活升高，但培养时间继续延长则下降。在百草枯１ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ培养６ｄ和４ｄ时，普通水绵ＳＯＤ比活最高，此后则下降；２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ组的ＭＤＡ含量在试验期内一直缓缓上升。５倍的Ｚａｒｏｕｋ培养液和２ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ百草枯进行培养后，ＦｅＳＯＤ带消失，ＭｎＳＯＤ主活性带有增强的趋势。     

NaCl、Na_2SO_4和Na_2CO_3胁迫对小麦叶片自由基含量及质膜透性的比较研究

分别用浓度为２５ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、５０ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ、１００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ和２００ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ的ＮａＣｌ、Ｎａ２ＳＯ４和Ｎａ２ＣＯ３的营养液培养小麦４ｄ,较之不含盐的营养液,其自由基含量上升,产生速率增加,叶片质膜透性增加。不同盐的影响也不同,在低浓度时,ＮａＣｌ的影响大于Ｎａ２ＳＯ４,高浓度时,ＮａＣｌ影响小于Ｎａ２ＳＯ４,Ｎａ２ＣＯ３的影响最为显著。实验结果也表现出小麦叶片自由基含量和质膜透性呈现较好的相关性。因此可认为,盐胁迫促使自由基含量增加,自由基通过过氧化作用影响质膜透性,从而影响植物的生长。     

提高CO2浓度对两种亚热带树苗光合作用的影响

鼎湖山季风常绿阔叶林的主要优势乔木树种裂壳锥（Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓｆｉｓｓａ （Ｃｈａｍ ｐ．ｅｘ Ｂｅｎｔｈ．） Ｒｅｈｄ．ｅｔＷｉｌｓ．）和荷木（Ｓｃｈｉｍ ａ ｓｕｐｅｒｂａ Ｇａｒｄｎ．ｅｔＣｈａｍ ｐ．）幼苗,盆栽于自然条件（ＣＯ２ 浓度３５０ μＬ·Ｌ－ １）或高ＣＯ２ 浓度为５００ μＬ·Ｌ－ １和空气ＣＯ２（３５０ μＬ·Ｌ－ １）的半开顶式气罩中。在生长最旺盛的６～９ 月份,高浓度ＣＯ２ 条件下生长的叶片,其光合速率比在自然条件下生长的提高７９％ ～９５％ 。当叶片在３５０ μＬ·Ｌ－ １和５００ μＬ·Ｌ－ １的ＣＯ２ 浓度下测定时,其光合速率无明显差异。高浓度ＣＯ２ 下生长的叶片其光合速率－ＣＯ２ 浓度响应曲线比对照（３５０ μＬ·Ｌ－ １）高,叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量低,但叶绿素ａ 和ｂ 的比值及类胡萝卜素和叶绿素的比值不变。高浓度ＣＯ２ 下生长的叶片气孔导度明显降低。两种植物在８５ ｄ 的高浓度ＣＯ２ 的生长过程中,并未出现光合速率下调现象     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.