非核糖体肽合成酶装配机制研究进展CSCD

非核糖体多肽(nonribosomal peptide,NRP)是天然生物活性产物一大类群,组成结构多样,具有多种重要的药用价值。在微生物中催化非核糖体多肽生物合成的是非核糖体肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetase,NRPS),NRPS是一类模块酶系,模块的组装在非核糖体多肽合成及其环化中起着关键作用。本文主要对非核糖体肽合成酶常规模块组装模式及3种非常规合成模式进行综述,为深入了解和应用非核糖体肽合成酶在抗生素类生物活性物质中的作用提供理论依据。     

非核糖体肽合成酶基因腺苷酰化结构域序列克隆及分析

微生物许多非核糖体肽类次生代谢产物主要是由非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)催化合成。参考Gontang发布的非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)通用引物设计扩增NRPS腺苷酰化结构域基因序列的特异引物,从海洋链霉菌L1的基因组DNA中扩增获得一个715 bp的NRPS基因序列。测序结果及比对分析表明该片段属于NRPS腺苷酰化结构域部分序列。对其拟翻译的氨基酸序列组成成分、理化性质进行分析,显示其包含AFD class I超基因家族核心结合区,为NRPS腺苷酰化结构域(A结构域)所在区域。对氨基酸序列的二级结构预测和三级结构模拟,发现与数据库中肠菌素合酶F组分的结构相似。为后续研究A结构域的特异性及完整NRPS基因簇克隆提供了参考。     

Surfactin的生产及在石油工业的应用研究进展

表面活性素(surfactin)是由枯草芽孢杆菌代谢产生的环脂肽类生物表面活性剂。Surfactin具有卓越的表/界面活性,在石油化工、生物医疗、农业和食品工业等领域具有良好的应用前景,被认为是最具潜力的生物表面活性剂之一。但高昂的生产成本以及使用成本限制了surfactin的规模化应用。本文中,笔者对surfactin的发酵生产研究及其在石油化工领域中的应用研究进行综述,并对surfactin的发酵生产及应用研究前景进行展望。     

芽孢杆菌几种重要抗菌脂肽研究进展

多种芽孢杆菌为益生菌,能分泌多种天然抗菌活性物质,其中脂肽是重要的一类。目前已鉴定的脂肽约有90多种,多数为环脂肽。脂肽中表面活性素(surfactin)、伊枯草菌素(iturin)、芬原素(fengycin)、杆菌霉素(bacillomycin)、多粘菌素(polymyxins)等是研究最广泛的脂肽。其中surfactin、iturin、fengycin由于其具有表面活性剂特性及抗真菌、抗细菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗炎症等功能,应用潜力巨大。本文对surfactin、iturin及fengycin的结构、功能、合成调控及其分离纯化和生产等方面的研究进展进行了评述。合成生物学是提高脂肽产量的重要手段,未来脂肽可用于种植业、养殖业、食品、医药、石油工业和环保等领域,因此需要在新型脂肽的发现、高产活性脂肽的生产、脂肽低廉生产技术的研发及安全性的评估等方面加强研究。     

非核糖体肽合成酶装配机制研究进展

非核糖体多肽(nonribosomal peptide,NRP)是天然生物活性产物一大类群,组成结构多样,具有多种重要的药用价值。在微生物中催化非核糖体多肽生物合成的是非核糖体肽合成酶(nonribosomal peptide synthetase,NRPS),NRPS是一类模块酶系,模块的组装在非核糖体多肽合成及其环化中起着关键作用。本文主要对非核糖体肽合成酶常规模块组装模式及3种非常规合成模式进行综述,为深入了解和应用非核糖体肽合成酶在抗生素类生物活性物质中的作用提供理论依据。     

肽基载体蛋白结构功能的研究进展

肽基载体蛋白(peptidyl carrier protein,PCP)是非核糖体肽合成酶(non-ribosomal peptide synthetase,NRPS)的核心结构域。根据NRPS的装配机制,每个模块都至少包含一个PCP,PCP对于非核糖体肽合成中氨基酸残基及多肽在不同催化结构域中的传递起着重要作用,并为氨基酸残基和多肽向模块内其他修饰酶的转移提供一个平台。本文主要对PCP的结构功能、与其他催化结构域的相互作用及重组模块活性降低的问题等方面进行了综述,期望为重组NRPS模块的构建提供理论依据。     

非核糖体肽合成酶工程改造研究进展

非核糖体肽合成酶合成的非核糖体肽类天然产物具有丰富的结构和多样的功能,在医药、农业、工业等领域具有广泛的应用潜力。利用合成生物技术工程改造非核糖体肽合成酶,在微生物细胞工厂中组合生物合成新型非核糖体肽分子顺应绿色化学的发展理念,是国内外学者关注的热点。文中归纳了3种不同的非核糖体肽合成酶工程改造策略,并对近年来相关领域的研究进展进行综述。     

抗菌和细胞毒活性海洋细菌的筛选及其次生代谢基因证据

从不同海域的海水、海泥和海洋生物中分离海洋细菌,利用琼脂扩散法和MTT法对细菌培养液的乙酸乙酯提取物进行了抗菌和细胞毒活性筛选,并对具有细胞毒活性的细菌菌株进行了16SrRNA系统发生学分析和多聚酮合酶(PKSⅠ型)、非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)的筛选。结果显示,在分离到的346株海洋细菌中,42株细菌具有抗菌活性,12株具有细胞毒活性。对12株具有细胞毒活性的细菌菌株进行了16SrRNA系统发生学分析,它们分别属于Agrobacterium,Pseudoalteromons,Bacillus,Paracoccus,Rheinheimera,Aerococcus,Exiguobacterium和Alteromonas8个属。对这12株具有细胞毒活性的细菌菌株进行进一步的PKS和NRPS筛选,得到了4株含有PKSⅠ型的KS结构域或NPRS的A结构域的海洋细菌,为从聚酮和非核糖体肽等生物合成途径去深入研究其次生代谢产物提供了基因学的证据。     

生物表面活性剂脂肽的发酵生产及抑菌应用研究进展*

表面活性素(surfactin)是一种环脂肽型生物表面活性剂,具有卓越的表/界面活性,能够显著降低水的表面张力,表现出良好的抗真菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、杀虫和抗支原体等生物活性,在医药、农业、食品、日化、石油开采等领域具有很大的应用潜力,但高昂的成本和缺乏竞争力的应用领域使其难以真正地实际应用起来。多年来,大量的研究工作在于促进其工业化应用。综述了surfactin的结构、特性及发酵生产,同时系统的比较和总结了surfactin在抑菌方面的应用研究。     

链霉菌磷酸泛酰巯基乙胺基转移酶对载体蛋白的底物选择性的研究进展

磷酸泛酰巯基乙胺基转移酶(PPTase)催化脂肪酸合酶(FAS)、聚酮合酶(PKS)和非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)中载体蛋白从脱辅基形态转化为全辅基形态,对脂肪酸、PKS产物和NRPS产物的生物合成起着不可或缺的作用。本文介绍并总结了链霉菌PPTase对载体蛋白底物选择性的最新研究进展:Ⅲ型PPTase特异性催化同一个多肽链中ACP的辅基化;Ⅱ型PPTase倾向于催化Ⅰ型PKS中ACP和NRPS中PCP的辅基化;Ⅰ型PPTase倾向于催化Ⅱ型PKS中ACP和Ⅱ型FAS中ACP的辅基化;编码基因位于基因簇内的Ⅰ型/Ⅱ型PPTase倾向于催化编码基因位于同基因簇内的PKS/NRPS中ACP/PCP的辅基化;这些研究结果为阐明并改造链霉菌辅基化网络以提高特定次级代谢产物的产量提供了参考和借鉴。     

Modification of biologically active peptides: production of a novel lipohexapeptide after engineering of Bacillus subtilis surfactin synthetase

The Bacillus subtilis strain ATCC 21332 produces the lipoheptapeptide surfactin, a highly potent biosurfactant synthesized by a large multimodular peptide synthetase. We report the genetic engineering of the surfactin biosynthesis resulting in the production of a novel lipohexapeptide with altered antimicrobial activities. A combination of in vitro and in vivo recombination approaches was used to construct a modified peptide synthetase by eliminating a large internal region of the enzyme containing a complete amino acid incorporating module. The remaining modules adjacent to the deletion were recombined at different highly conserved sequence motifs characteristic of amino acid incorporating modules of peptide synthetases. The primary goal of this work was to identify permissive fusion sites suitable for the engineering of peptide synthetase genes by genetic recombination. Analysis of the rearranged enzymes after purification from B. subtilis and from the heterologous host Escherichia coli revealed that the selection of the recombination site is of crucial importance for a successful engineering. Only the recombination at a specific HHII x DGVS sequence motif resulted in an active peptide synthetase. The expected lipohexapeptide was produced in vivo and first evidence of a reduced toxicity against erythrocytes and an enhanced lysis of Bacillus licheniformis cells was shown.     

Foreign Peptides Expressed in Engineered Chimeric Self Molecules

Quorum sensing (QS) has received significant attention in the past few decades. QS describes population density dependent cell to cell communication in bacteria using diffusible signal molecules. These signal molecules produced by bacterial cells, regulate various physiological processes important for social behavior and pathogenesis. One such process regulated by quorum sensing molecules is the production of a biosurfactant, rhamnolipid. Rhamnolipids are important microbially derived surface active agents produced by Pseudomonas spp. under the control of two interrelated quorum sensing systems; namely las and rhl. Rhamnolipids possess antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral properties. They are important in motility, cell to cell interactions, cellular differentiation and formation of water channels that Currently, biosurfactants are unable to compete economically with chemically synthesized compounds in the market due to high production costs. Once the genes required for biosurfactant production have been identified, they can be placed under the regulation of strong promoters in nonpathogenic, heterologous hosts to enhance production. The production of rhamnolipids could be increased by cloning both the rhlAB rhamnosyltransferase genes and the rhlRI quorum sensing system into a suitable bacterium such as E. coli or P. putida and facilitate rhamnolipid production. Biosurfactants can also be genetically engineered for different industrial applications assuming there is a strong understanding of both the genetics and the structure-function relationships of each component of the molecule. Genetic engineering of surfactin has already been reported, with recent papers describing the creation of novel peptide structures from the genetic recombination of several peptide synthetases. Recent application of dynamic metabolic engineering strategies for controlled gene expression could lower the cost of fermentation processes by increasing the product formation. Therefore, by integrating a genetic circuit into applications of metabolic engineering the biochemical production can be optimized. Furthermore, novel strategies could be designed on the basis of information obtained from the studies of quorum sensing and biosurfactants produced suggesting enormous practical applications.     

Targeted alteration of the substrate specificity of peptide synthetases by rational module swapping

Analysis of the primary structure of peptide synthetases involved in the non-ribosomal synthesis of peptide antibiotics has revealed a highly conserved and ordered modular arrangement. A module contains at least two domains, involved in ATP-dependent substrate activation and thioester formation. The occurrence and arrangement of these functional building blocks is associated with the number and order of the amino acids incorporated in the peptide product. In this study, we present data on the targeted exchange of the leucine-activating module within the three-module surfactin synthetase 1 (SrfA-A) of Bacillus subtilis. This was achieved by engineering several hybrid srfA-A genes, which were introduced into the surfactin biosynthesis operon by in vivo recombination. We examined the hybrid genes for expression and investigated the enzymatic activities of the resulting recombinant peptide synthetases. For the first time, we demonstrate directly that an individual minimal module, of bacterial or fungal origin, confers its amino acid-specific activity on a multi-modular peptide synthetase. Furthermore, it is shown that directed incorporation of ornithine at the second position of the peptide chain induces a global alteration in the conformation of surfactin and may result in premature cyclization or a branched cyclic structure. Received: 10 July 1997 / Accepted: 11 September 1997     

Enhancement of hydrocarbon wastebiodegradation by addition of a biosurfactantfrom Bacillus subtilis O9

A non-sterile biosurfactant preparation (surfactin)was obtained from a 24-h culture of Bacillussubtilis O9 grown on sucrose and used to study itseffect on the biodegradation of hydrocarbon wastes byan indigenous microbial community at theErlenmeyer-flask scale. Crude biosurfactant was addedto the cultures to obtain concentrations above andbelow the critical micelle concentration (CMC). Lowerconcentration affected neither biodegradation normicrobial growth. Higher concentration gave highercell concentrations. Biodegradation of aliphatichydrocarbons increased from 20.9 to 35.5% and in thecase of aromatic hydrocarbons from nil to 41%,compared to the culture without biosurfactant. Theenhancement effect of biosurfactant addition was morenoticeable in the case of long chain alkanes. Pristaneand phytane isoprenoids were degraded to the sameextent as n-C17 and n-C18 alkanes and, consequently,no decrease in the ratios n-C17/pri and n-C18/phy wasobserved. Rapid production of surfactin crudepreparation could make it practical for bioremediationof ship bilge wastes.     

Production and structural characterization of surfactin (C14/Leu7) produced by Bacillus subtilis isolate LSFM-05 grown on raw glycerol from the biodiesel industry

The production of biosurfactant by Bacillus subtilis LSFM-05 was carried out using raw glycerol, obtained from a vegetable oil biodiesel plant in Brazil, as the sole carbon source. Production of the biosurfactant was carried out in a 15-L bench-top fermentor and the surfactant was obtained from the foam produced. The crude surfactant was purified by silica gel column chromatography with a yield of 230 mg of the purified biosurfactant per liter of foam. TLC, IR spectroscopy, ¹H and ¹³C NMR and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (ESI-FTMS) were used to characterize the purified surfactant. The isolated surfactant was identified as a surfactin lipopeptide. MS/MS data identified the amino acid sequence as GluOMe-Leu-Leu-Asp-Val-Leu-Leu and showed that the fatty acid moiety contained 14 carbons in iso, anteiso or normal configurations. The critical micelle concentration of the C₁₄/Leu₇ surfactin was 70 μM, with emulsification efficiency after 24 h (E₂₄) of 67.6% against crude oil. Raw glycerol represents an abundant and renewable carbon source and provides an opportunity for reducing the cost of biosurfactant production and may add value to biodiesel production by creating new commercial applications for this by-product.     

Antimicrobial potential of a lipopeptide biosurfactant derived from a marine Bacillus circulans

Aims: To isolate the biologically active fraction of the lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by a marine Bacillus circulans and study its antimicrobial potentials. Methods and Results: The marine isolate B. circulans was cultivated in glucose mineral salts medium and the crude biosurfactant was isolated by chemical isolation method. The crude biosurfactants were solvent extracted with methanol and the methanol extract was subjected to reverse phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The crude biosurfactants resolved into six major fractions in HPLC. The sixth HPLC fraction eluting at a retention time of 27·3 min showed the maximum surface tension‐reducing property and reduced the surface tension of water from 72 mNm^?1 to 28 mNm^?1. Only this fraction was found to posses bioactivity and showed a pronounced antimicrobial action against a panel of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative pathogenic and semi‐pathogenic micro‐organisms including a few multidrug‐resistant (MDR) pathogenic clinical isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of this antimicrobial fraction of the biosurfactant were determined for these test organisms. The biosurfactant was found to be active against Gram‐negative bacteria such as Proteus vulgaris and Alcaligens faecalis at a concentration as low as 10 μg ml^?1. The biosurfactant was also active against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and other MDR pathogenic strains. The chemical identity of this bioactive biosurfactant fraction was determined by post chromatographic detection using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and also by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The antimicrobial HPLC fraction resolved as a single spot on TLC and showed positive reaction with ninhydrin, iodine and rhodamine‐B reagents, indicating its lipopeptide nature. IR absorption by this fraction also showed similar and overlapping patterns with that of other lipopeptide biosurfactants such as surfactin and lichenysin, proving this biosurfactant fraction to be a lipopeptide. The biosurfactant did not show any haemolytic activity when tested on blood agar plates, unlike the lipopeptide biosurfactant surfactin produced by Bacillus subtilis. Conclusions: The biosurfactant produced by marine B. circulans had a potent antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative pathogenic and semi‐pathogenic microbial strains including MDR strains. Only one of the HPLC fractions of the crude biosurfactants was responsible for its antimicrobial action. The antimicrobial lipopeptide biosurfactant fraction was also found to be nonhaemolytic in nature. Significance and impact of the study: This work presents a nonhaemolytic lipopeptide biosurfactant produced by a marine micro‐organism possessing a pronounced antimicrobial action against a wide range of bacteria. There is a high demand for new antimicrobial agents because of the increased resistance shown by pathogenic micro‐organisms against the existing antimicrobial drugs. This study provides an insight into the search of new bioactive molecules from marine micro‐organisms.     

Rapid Detection and Characterization of Surfactin-Producing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus subtilis</Emphasis> and Closely Related Species Based on PCR

The surfactin production genetic locus (sfp) is responsible for the ability of Bacillus subtilis to produce the lipopeptide biosurfactant, surfactin. This report demonstrates the utility of using PCR of the sfp gene as a means of identifying Bacillus species that produce surfactin. We carried out a hemolysis zone assay, quantitative HPLC and NMR in parallel to ensure that the PCR provided correct results. PCR analyses were performed for the sfp gene on 15 standard strains and 20 field-collected Bacillus spp. isolates native to Taiwan. Among the 15 standard strains, surfactin was produced by seven strains of B. subtilis and two closely related species, B. amyloliquefaciens B128 and B. circulans ATCC 4513. Of the 20 field-collected Bacillus spp. isolates; 16 strains yielded surfactin- positive results with PCR and HPLC. A good correlation was observed. Within the 16 field isolates, B. amyloliquefaciens S13 (452.5 mg/L) and B. subtilis S15 (125.6 mg/L) had high productivity of surfactin. The technique is valuable for finding out potential good yields of surfactin-producing strains. The PCR method we used could also be used to find different species or genera containing homologous genes. This is the first report of the detection of surfactin production by B. amyloliquefaciens and B. circulans based on PCR screening.     

Production of biosurfactant at mesophilic and thermophilic conditions by a strain of Bacillus subtilis

The ability of a Bacillus subtilis strain to grow and produce biosurfactant on different carbon and nitrogen sources under thermophilic conditions (45°C) was studied. The strain was able to reduce surface tension to 34 dynes cm⁻¹ on 2% sucrose, and 32 dynes cm⁻¹ on starch after 96 h of growth. The biosurfactant was stable at 100°C and within a wide pH range (3.0–11.0). Biosurfactant formation at mesophilic conditions (30°C) was also studied. The organism was able to produce the maximum amount of biosurfactant when nitrate ions were supplied as the nitrogen source. The potential application of the biosurfactant in oil recovery from desert oil fields, acidic and alkaline environments is demonstrated. The biosurfactant was identical to surfactin as confirmed by TLC and IR analysis. Received 29 May 1997/ Accepted in revised form 03 October 1997     

一种快速分离检测产脂肽类生物表面活性剂枯草芽孢杆菌的方法

脂肽(Lipopeptide)是由枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)等微生物产生的一类具有较强表面活性的生物表面活性剂.枯革杆菌磷酸泛酰巯基转移酶基因(afp)是枯草芽孢杆菌中参与脂肽代谢的功能性基因.采用sfp基因PCR对从环境中得到的一组产生表面活性剂的微生物进行筛选,结合Tricine-SDS-PAGE电泳对PCR结果呈阳性的菌蛛的代谢粗初提物进行检测,初步鉴定得到两株枯草芽孢杆菌.进一步利用16S rDNA序列的系统发育学分析确定这两种菌株为枯草芽孢杆菌,并利用TLC、HPLC鉴定其产物为脂肽类表面活性剂,从而建立了一套快速分离检测产生脂肽类生物表面活性剂的枯草芽孢杆菌方法.     

Genomic and functional features of the biosurfactant producing <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> sp. AM13

Genomic studies provide deeper insights into secondary metabolites produced by diverse bacterial communities, residing in various environmental niches. This study aims to understand the potential of a biosurfactant producing Bacillus sp. AM13, isolated from soil. An integrated approach of genomic and chemical analysis was employed to characterize the antibacterial lipopeptide produced by the strain AM13. Genome analysis revealed that strain AM13 harbors a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) cluster; highly similar with known biosynthetic gene clusters from surfactin family: lichenysin (85 %) and surfactin (78 %). These findings were substantiated with supplementary experiments of oil displacement assay and surface tension measurements, confirming the biosurfactant production. Further investigation using LCMS approach exhibited similarity of the biomolecule with biosurfactants of the surfactin family. Our consolidated effort of functional genomics provided chemical as well as genetic leads for understanding the biochemical characteristics of the bioactive compound.