bZIP转录因子调控植物次生代谢产物生物合成的研究进展

植物次生代谢产物是通过次生代谢产生的一类小分子有机化合物,是植物适应环境的表现,次生代谢产物也是重要药物和化工原料的来源。bZIP转录因子是普遍存在于真核生物中的一类多基因家族,可有效调控植物次生代谢产物的生物合成。本文概述了植物bZIP转录因子的结构和类型,重点阐述了bZIP转录因子调控萜类、黄酮类和生物碱等植物次生代谢产物生物合成的研究进展,并对研究前景进行了展望。深入探讨bZIP转录因子的调控机制,有助于利用基因工程技术优化植物次生代谢途径,提高次生代谢产物的含量,在新药创制、工农业生产等方面具有广泛的应用前景。     

植物次生代谢产物简介

阐述了植物次生代谢产物的基本概念、主要功能,主要类型和生成次生代谢产物的主要途径,最后简单介绍了植物细胞大规模培养法生产有用次生代谢产物的现状。     

不同产地大血藤次生代谢产物含量比较

对不同产地大血藤的不同营养器官的总鞣质、总生物碱、皂苷、木质素、绿原酸、总黄酮共6种次生代谢产物的含量进行测定与比较。结果显示：6种次生代谢产物在不同营养器官中的含量具有一定的差异,总含量以叶最高,老茎次之,幼茎最小。6种次生代谢产物除木质素茎含量较高外,其余5种均以叶片的含量最高,差异具有显著性。不同产地大血藤的6种次生代谢产物的含量具有显著性差异。通过逐步回归分析和通径分析,得知大血藤叶片次生代谢产物与土壤生态因子的关系密切。聚类分析显示庆元百山祖及天台的大雷山和天台山的大血藤叶片的次生代谢产物含量较高。     

植物次生代谢及其与环境的关系

人类对植物次生代谢产物（天然产物）的早期研究源于它们的应用价值,近些年来人们越来越认识到植物次生代谢产物广泛的生物学效应,开始重新评价这些化合物在植物生命活动以及生态系统中可能扮演的角色。植物的次生代谢是植物在长期进化中与环境（生物的和非生物的）相互作用的结果,次生代谢产物在植物提高自身保护和生存竞争能力、协调与环境关系上充当着重要的角色。介绍了植物次生代谢及其产物的特点,概述了植物次生代谢与温度、水分、光照、养分、CO2浓度、UV-B辐射、环境污染等非生物环境以及与化学防御、化感作用、菌根共生、微生物病害的关系。研究植物次生代谢与环境的关系,可以从更深的层次发掘植物与环境的内在联系,为全面、深入认识植物与环境的相互关系提供新的研究途径,同时也有利于人类更有效、合理地利用植物的次生代谢产物。     

我国资源植物化学与天然产物化学基础研究的现状与发展

本文从生物活性成分的筛选与分离、植物次生代谢产物生物合成及其分子调控、环境因子对植物次生代谢产物合成和积累的影响、植物体内生菌与植物次生代谢产物的关系等方面介绍了我国资源植物化学与天然产物化学领域基础研究的现状与发展。     

植物次生代谢途径的遗传操作

植物次生代谢产物种类极其丰富,是人类的宝贵资源,这些产物及其合成途径相关酶具有空间特异性分布的特征。植物次生代谢途径的调控是个复杂的过程,受代谢产物水平、多酶复合物相互作用等多种因素的影响。通过遗传操作改造代谢过程,调控产物在植物体内的含量,是一条切实可行和具有广阔发展空间的途径。目前,改造植物次生代谢途径可以采取单基因操作和多基因操作两种策略进行。     

侧柏挥发性次生代谢产物的提取及GC-MS分析

利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对水蒸气蒸馏提取的侧柏挥发性次生代谢产物进行了分析,研究结果表明年轮低于6年和6～12年侧柏心材质量分数最高的挥发性次生代谢产物均为柏木醇(40.14%,41.13%),年轮12～20年侧柏心材和边材质量分数最高的挥发性次生代谢产物均为8-丙氧基-香松烷(49.71%,44.03%)。侧柏年轮低于6年、6～12年、12～20年心材和边材的挥发性共有次生代谢产物为罗汉柏烯、雪松烯和花侧柏烯,只有6～12年侧柏心材挥发性次生代谢产物中含有愈创木烯且不含有α-杜松醇。     

植物次生代谢基因工程

植物次生代谢基因工程,是利用基因工程技术对植物次生代谢途径的遗传特性进行改造,进而改变植物次生代谢产物。植物次生代谢基因工程的出现是人类对次生代谢途径的深入了解和分子生物学向纵深发展的结果,同时它又促进了次生代谢分子生物学的发展。调控因子的应用和多基因的协同转化为植物次生代谢基因工程拓宽了思路。从次生代谢图谱、植物基因工程策略和植物转基因方法等方面对植物次生代谢的基因工程研究进展做一简要概述。     

探讨组蛋白甲基化修饰在次生代谢产物调控中的作用

组蛋白甲基化是表观遗传调节模式中一种重要修饰方式,易受环境影响,对调控次生代谢产物生物合成具有一定作用。本文论述了组蛋白甲基化修饰的基本概念与转录调控机制,探讨了其通过不同方式调控次生代谢产物的生物合成,同时也阐明了组蛋白甲基化与其他组蛋白修饰协同调控次生代谢产物合成,旨在为构建以组蛋白甲基化为切入点,以转录调控为桥梁,以次生代谢产物为重点的药用植物次生代谢产物形成分子机制研究平台提供理论依据。     

虫害诱导植物合成防御性次生代谢产物的研究进展

昆虫对植物的取食活动可以激活植物的防御反应,诱导植物通过调控自身的代谢网络合成防御性次生代谢产物,抵御外界不良刺激。虫害诱导植物合成防御性次生代谢产物及其机制研究已成为近年来的研究热点之一。现对虫害诱导的植物防御性次生代谢产物、昆虫危害产生的各类激发子、植物对激发子的识别、虫害应答相关的信号转导通路及其对次生代谢物质积累的调控进行了综述,可为虫害诱导植物合成防御性次生代谢产物的机制研究提供参考,为植物虫害防治研究、植物次生代谢物质的生产和利用提供理论依据。     

Fungal secondary metabolism - from biochemistry to genomics

Much of natural product chemistry concerns a group of compounds known as secondary metabolites. These low-molecular-weight metabolites often have potent physiological activities. Digitalis, morphine and quinine are plant secondary metabolites, whereas penicillin, cephalosporin, ergotrate and the statins are equally well known fungal secondary metabolites. Although chemically diverse, all secondary metabolites are produced by a few common biosynthetic pathways, often in conjunction with morphological development. Recent advances in molecular biology, bioinformatics and comparative genomics have revealed that the genes encoding specific fungal secondary metabolites are clustered and often located near telomeres. In this review, we address some important questions, including which evolutionary pressures led to gene clustering, why closely related species produce different profiles of secondary metabolites, and whether fungal genomics will accelerate the discovery of new pharmacologically active natural products.     

昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其对昆虫抗药性的意义

植物次生物质(plant secondary metabolites)对昆虫的取食行为、生长发育及繁殖可以产生不利影响,甚至对昆虫可以产生毒杀作用。为了应对植物次生物质的不利影响,昆虫通过对植物次生物质忌避取食、解毒代谢等多种机制,而对寄主植物产生适应性。其中,昆虫的解毒代谢酶包括昆虫细胞色素P450酶系（P450s）及谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GSTs）等,在昆虫对植物次生物质的解毒代谢及对寄主植物的适应性中发挥了重要作用。昆虫的解毒酶系统不仅可以代谢植物次生物质,还可能代谢化学杀虫剂,因而昆虫对寄主植物的适应性与其对杀虫剂的耐药性甚至抗药性密切相关。昆虫细胞色素P450s和GSTs等代谢解毒酶活性及相关基因的表达可以被植物次生物质影响,这不仅使昆虫对寄主植物的防御产生了适应性,还影响了昆虫对杀虫剂的解毒代谢,因而改变昆虫的耐药性或抗药性。掌握昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应机制及其在昆虫抗药性中的作用,对于明确昆虫的抗药性机制具有重要的参考意义。本文综述了植物次生物质对昆虫的影响、昆虫对寄主植物次生物质的代谢机制、昆虫对植物次生物质的代谢适应性对昆虫耐药性及抗药性的影响等方面的研究进展。     

The secret to a successful relationship: lasting chemistry between ascidians and their symbiotic bacteria

Bioactive secondary metabolites are common components of marine animals. In many cases, symbiotic bacteria, and not the animals themselves, synthesize the compounds. Among marine animals, ascidians are good models for understanding these symbioses. Ascidians often contain potently bioactive secondary metabolites as their major extractable components. Strong evidence shows that ~8% of the known secondary metabolites from ascidians are made by symbiotic bacteria, and indirect evidence implicates bacteria in the synthesis of many more. Far from being “secondary” to the animals, secondary metabolites are essential components of the interaction between host animals and their symbiotic bacteria. These interactions have complex underlying biology, but the chemistry is clearly ascidian species‐specific. The chemical interactions are ancient in at least some cases, and they are widespread among ascidians. Ascidians maintain secondary metabolic symbioses with bacteria that are phylogenetically diverse, indicating convergent solutions to obtaining secondary metabolites and reinforcing the importance of secondary metabolism in animal survival.     

丝状真菌次级代谢产物的研究现状与发展趋势

近年来,丝状真菌次级代谢产物的研究在国内外受到了极高的重视,同时也取得了较大的进展。本文对丝状真菌次级代谢产物的生物合成和调控机制以及隐性次级代谢产物生物合成基因簇的激活等方面进行了简述,同时对组合生物学给真菌次级代谢产物研究带来的机遇和挑战进行了讨论。     

Hybrid isoprenoid secondary metabolite production in terrestrial and marine actinomycetes

Terpenoids are among the most ubiquitous and diverse secondary metabolites observed in nature. Although actinomycete bacteria are one of the primary sources of microbially derived secondary metabolites, they rarely produce compounds in this biosynthetic class. The terpenoid secondary metabolites that have been discovered from actinomycetes are often in the form of biosynthetic hybrids called hybrid isoprenoids (HIs). HIs include significant structural diversity and biological activity and thus are important targets for natural product discovery. Recent screening of marine actinomycetes has led to the discovery of a new lineage that is enriched in the production of biologically active HI secondary metabolites. These strains represent a promising resource for natural product discovery and provide unique opportunities to study the evolutionary history and ecological functions of an unusual group of secondary metabolites.     

Some aspects of overproduction of secondary metabolites

Different approaches used to increase production of secondary metabolites and construct overproducing strains of microorganisms are reviewed. Overproduction of secondary metabolites incuudes the physiological control,e.g. feed-back inhibition, carbon and energy source regulation, nitrogen source regulation, phosphate regulation and the effect of autoregulatory compounds. The genetic control of overproduction of secondary metabolites includes mechanisms similar to those controlling the expression of primary metabolism coding genes, although the genes specifying biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and their expression have some particular features. Possible future trends in the study of overproduction of secondary metabolites are discussed. Dedicated to the 70th birthday of Dr. Z. Vanêk     

丝状真菌次级代谢产物的功能与合成调控研究进展

真菌是具有高度多样性的微生物资源,其产生的次级代谢产物具有很多重要的作用,如紫外线防护,自身发育以及防御外部侵害,而这些次级代谢产物的生物合成需要多个基因参与调控。本文主要综述了真菌次级代谢产物的药用价值,在真菌发育过程中的生态功能以及合成调控机制。     

Secondary transport as an efficient membrane transport mechanism for plant secondary metabolites

Plants produce a large number of secondary metabolites, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. Secondary metabolites have various functions including protection against pathogens and UV light in plants, and have been used as natural medicines for humans utilizing their diverse biological activities. Many of these natural compounds are accumulated in a particular compartment such as vacuoles, and some are even translocated from source cells to sink organs via long distance transport. Both primary and secondary transporters are involved in such compartmentation and translocation, and many transporter genes, especially genes belonging to the multidrug and toxin extrusion type transporter family, which consists of 56 members in Arabidopsis, have been identified as responsible for the membrane transport of secondary metabolites. Better understandings of these transporters as well as the biosynthetic genes of secondary metabolites will be important for metabolic engineering aiming to increase the production of commercially valuable secondary metabolites in plant cells.     

粘细菌次生代谢产物中大环类化合物的研究进展

粘细菌可以产生多种次生代谢产物,是继放线菌、芽胞杆菌之后的第3大类次级代谢产物产生菌。本文综述了粘细菌次生代谢产物中大环类化合物的研究进展。首先介绍了粘细菌中分离的主要大环类化合物种类、结构特征及来源菌株;然后分别从抗肿瘤、抗菌、抗病毒等几方面对其生物活性进行概述;最后对粘细菌次生代谢产物中大环类化合物的相关研究工作进行了展望。