有机污染环境的植物修复研究进展

分析了近年来国内外的文献资料,对有机污染物污染环境的植物修复研究进展作了综述。植物能通过根系从环境中吸收和积累PCBs、PAHs等有机污染物,并将吸收的TNT、TCE及有机农药降解为高极性产物、水和CO2;另一方面植物根际可促进有机污染物的根际生物吸收与,使植物对有机污染环境的修复效果更明显。文中探讨了有机污染环境的植物修复技术的优势、问题与未来的研究。     

污染物在农田溪流生态系统中的动态变化

氮是地表水体发生富营养化的主要因子,河流系统是氮输出的主要运移通道,养分在河流生态系统中的持留和趋向控制着污染物的输出。以巢湖流域一个受人为活动严重影响的农田源头溪流——六岔河为研究对象(包括4个渠道型、1个水塘型和3个河口型断面,对应长度分别为1．3km、0．15km和0．36km),设置9个监测点研究总氮(TN)、硝酸盐(NO3-N)、氨态氮(NH4^ -N)和总悬浮物(TSS)在溪流生态系统中的持留,评价人为严重干扰下的农田溪流生态系统在非点源污染物运移中的生态功能。结果表明：TN、NO3-N、NH4^ -N和TSS在溪流中的持留、释放受溪流的河流形态影响,水塘型和河口型断面是污染物持留的主要区域;TN、NO3-N、NH4^ -N和TSS在水塘型和河口型断面内的持留量分别占溪流持留量(基流、径流持留量的和)的61％、47％、75％和56％。降雨-径流过程中发生的持留是污染物持留的主要部分,TN、NO3-N、NH4^ -N和TSS的持留量分别占溪流持留量的93％、97％、89％和96％;渠道型断面是溪流最主要的内在污染源,污染物释放量占溪流释放量的90％以上;受水塘型断面出口处的水坝影响,位于水塘前的渠道型断面在基流和降雨-径流过程中均有效地持留污染物,而其余渠道型断面在不同水文条件下呈现出不同的持留特性。非点源污染物在溪流中的持留和释放的空间动态变化是溪流生态系统对自然和人为干扰的一种综合响应,有必要恢复溪流生态系统功能,控制农业非点源污染。     

微生物菌剂在难降解有机污染治理的研究进展

大量的难降解有机污染物被排放到环境中,因其蓄积性、持久性和生物毒性,对人类健康和生态环境造成严重危害。近年来,利用微生物菌剂治理难降解有机污染物的研究已取得较好的进展。综述微生物菌剂在国内外的发展历程,介绍微生物菌剂制备中常用的固定化技术及载体材料,并分析总结微生物菌剂在酚类物质、多环芳烃和多氯联苯等有机污染物治理中的研究进展。在此基础上,提出治理难降解有机污染物的微生物菌剂研发所存在的主要问题及其展望。     

溶解性有机质对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响

土壤中溶解性有机质(DOM)是生物活性和物理化学反应活性都很活跃的有机组分,主要通过疏水吸附、分配、氢键、电荷转移、共价键、范德华力等多种作用与有机污染物结合,提高溶液中有机污染物的溶解度,改变土壤中有机污染物的吸附-解吸、迁移-转化等环境行为．DOM对有机污染物的吸附-解吸、迁移-转化过程的影响有双重性：一方面,DOM与有机污染物在土壤表面的共吸附可增加土壤对有机污染物的吸附容量,促进有机污染物在土壤中的吸持;另一方面,DOM对有机污染物的增溶作用,有利于土壤中有机污染物的解吸,提高移动性．作为光敏剂,DOM能提高土壤中有机物的光解反应速率．在一定条件下,DOM也可影响土壤中有机污染物的水解过程．DOM对土壤中有机污染物环境行为的影响与DOM和有机污染物的性质及其相互作用的介质条件密切相关．     

嗜热菌对有机污染物的降解及其应用研究进展

有机污染物造成的环境问题日趋严重,嗜热菌具有高效降解环境有机污染物的潜力.嗜热菌在高温条件下降解有机污染物,代谢速度快,嗜温杂菌的竞争减少,同时高温环境下一些难降解有机物的溶解度和生物可利用性大大提高,有机污染物可得到快速、彻底降解.因此,嗜热菌对有机废水生物处理及有机物污染场地生物修复等意义重大.本文从嗜热菌降解有机污染物的特点、温度的影响、降解途径、降解酶及其编码基因及工程应用等角度,介绍了嗜热菌降解有机污染物的研究进展,并对嗜热菌降解有机污染物的机理、菌种资源储备、技术策略及应用研发等研究方向进行了展望.     

持久性有机污染土壤的植物修复及其机理研究进展

随着人类对化学品的依赖程度越来越高,环境的有机污染状况也越来越严重.有机污染土壤的植物修复是指利用植物在生长过程中,吸收、降解、钝化有机污染物的一种原位处理污染土壤的方法,具有应用成本低、生态风险小、对环境副作用小等特点.本文综述了近年来国内外有机污染土壤的植物修复研究进展情况,重点介绍了多氯联苯、多环芳烃、农药和硝基芳香化合物等持久性有机污染物的植物修复,阐述了有机污染土壤植物修复的关键机制,并分析了该技术在实际工程应用中的局限性及应考虑的因素.最后,指出了今后该领域的重点研究方向.     

氯烃类污染物的生态行为与毒理效应研究进展

近年来,进入到生态系统中的氯烃类有机污染物在数量和种类上迅速增加,以及由此引起的生态效应日益受到各界广泛关注,有关该类污染物的生态行为与毒理效应的研究也日益成为环境科学与污染生态学学科等相关领域的热点问题和焦点内容。为了对氯烃类有机污染物有一个较为系统的了解,首先对氯脂肪烃、氯苯和氯氟烃等三大类氯烃类污染源情况进行了分析;根据其憎水性、挥发性和稳定性的特点,对这些氯烃类有毒有机污染物在环境中的迁移行为以及在生物体内的浓缩、积累和放大行为进行了基于理论的探讨;在基于其QSARs分析的基础上,就这些化合物对鱼类的急性毒性、对视黄化合物和α-生育酚含量的影晌、可能的致畸和致突变效应以及对植物毒性效应方面的研究进行了概述,为今后氯烃类污染物相关研究工作的深入开展提供科学依据。     

Aroclor 1248对大弹涂鱼的毒性与氧化胁迫

<正>多氯联苯(PCBs)是典型的持久性有机污染物(POPs),具有难降解性、生物毒性、生物蓄积性、远距离迁移性,因此可通过食物链而富集并直接危害人类健康,已成为全球性的重要污染物之一。近20年来,虽然在多数工业化     

土壤生物与土壤污染研究前沿与展望

随着社会经济发展,人类生产活动对自然环境产生越来越广泛深刻的影响,土壤污染已成为危及生态系统稳定、农产品质量安全和人体健康的突出环境问题之一。重金属、有机污染化合物、病原菌及抗性基因等各类污染物大量进入土壤后,对土壤生物系统造成毒害作用,影响到土壤生态功能;另一方面,土壤生物如细菌、真菌、土壤动物等在一定程度上能够适应土壤污染,深刻影响着污染物在土壤中的迁移转化过程,在土壤污染修复中具有潜在重要作用。从土壤污染的生态毒理效应、土壤生物对土壤污染的响应与适应机制、污染土壤修复原理与技术等三方面综述了土壤生物与土壤污染相关研究前沿,展望了重点研究方向。     

南极食物链顶端海鸟卵中PCBs和OCPs积累水平及其全球意义

采用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(GC-ECD)内标法定量测定了南极乔治王岛世袭栖息地海鸟(棕贼鸥、灰贼鸥、巨海燕、白眉企鹅)卵样中持久性有机氯污染物多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)残留量,研究探讨南极海洋食物链顶级生物体有机毒物积累水平探讨其环境意义。结果显示,卵样中有机毒物积累水平依次为:多氯联苯>滴滴涕>氯代苯>六六六。贼鸥卵样多氯联苯含量范围在91.9~515.5ng/g,滴滴涕56.6~304.4ng/g,氯代苯6.5~70.5ng/g,六六六<0.5~2.0ng/g;企鹅卵样多氯联苯含量范围在0.4~0.9ng/g,滴滴涕2.4~10.3ng/g,氯代苯6.0~10.2ng/g,六六六0.1~0.4ng/g;巨海燕卵样多氯联苯含量范围在38.1~81.7ng/g,滴滴涕12.7~53.7ng/g,氯代苯4.2~8.8ng/g,六六六0.5~1.5ng/g。研究结果还显示,不同种类海鸟卵样检出多氯联苯和有机氯农药均以七氯、六氯联苯、滴滴涕同系物(P,P′-DDE)和氯代苯化合物为主体。贼鸥、巨海燕卵样检出9种多氯联苯同系物(大小依次为PCB-180>PCB-153>PCB-194>PCB-138>PCB-118>PCB-170>PCB-101>PCB163>PCB-149)。贼鸥卵样七氯、六氯取代物的多氯联苯同系物含量在17.5~205.5ng/g占其总多氯联苯的62%;巨海燕卵样在14.5~30.5ng/g,占其总多氯联苯的69%;企鹅卵样检出5种多氯联苯同系物相对积蓄较低,其卵样之间变化相对稳定。对不同种类海鸟卵样的有机污染物数据进行统计分析,结果显示不同鸟种有机毒物积累水平的差异取决于不同鸟种的生态习性,如活动范围、迁徒距离、觅食习性以及巢址选择等,最主要是海鸟在海洋生态食物链中的位置,其食谱的宽窄,同时表明海鸟体内PCBs和OCPs积累通过食物链逐级加强的结果。有机毒物最高积累水平出现在棕贼鸥卵样中,灰贼鸥和巨海燕次之,企鹅最低。因为贼鸥不仅食性杂食谱宽,而且贼鸥与企鹅及其他小型海鸟之间存在着一定的捕食与被捕食的关系。南极海鸟卵样多氯联苯和有机氯农药的检出,是全球性有机氯污染又一新的重要证据。南极海鸟卵样中有机毒物的检出,揭示了人造有机污染物在南极鸟类代间转移的存在,它们在南大洋生态系统中的消除将会需要较长的时间过程,表明人类活动对南极生物圈与南极海洋环境的持久影响,南极是全球唯一无污染地区的价值正在丧失。     

Polymorphism of the bphA genes in bacteria destructing biphenyl/chlorinated biphenils

Molecular Biology - Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are persistent organic pollutants. Biphenyl 2,3-dioxygenase (BDO) is a key enzyme that determines the range of PCBs oxidized by a bacterial...     

Isolation and characterization of bacteria degrading polychlorinated biphenyls from transformer oil

Polychlorinated biphenyls from transformer oil were degraded in liquid culture under aerobic conditions using a mixed bacterial culture isolated from a transformer oil sample with a high content of polychlorinated biphenyls and other hydrocarbons. Four strains were identified, three of them corresponded to genusBacillus, the other one toErwinia. Bacteria in the transformer oil could remove as much as 65% of polychlorinated biphenyls (88%W/V in the transformer oil). Additional data showed that the two isolated strains ofB. lentus were able to grow on transformer oil and degrade polychlorinated biphenyls by 80 and 83%. Our results provide evidence that microorganisms occurring in transformer oil have the potential to degrade polychlorinated biphenyls.     

A spontaneous outbreak of polycholorinated biphenyl (PCB) toxicity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta): toxicopathology.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were shown to be the cause of a wasting syndrome and reproductive dysfunction in a group of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The polychlorinated biphenyls were found by gas chromatographic analysis in high amounts in the superficial layers of concrete slab floors in the housing facility. The concrete sealant was suspected as the original source although it is not known whether it contained polychlorinated biphenyls before it was applied or if it was contaminated later. Histopathologic findings for the most part were confined to epithelial tissues where squamous metaplasia of several glandular tissues was observed. A striking finding was severe hypertrophy of the glandular stomach and a similar but less severe lesion in the colon. The lesions may be related in part to impaired vitamin A metabolism, but not to a dietary deficiency.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in human adipose tissue in Costa Rica

Organochlorine pesticide residues were found in 82 samples of human adipose material from 82 surgical cases in 16 Costa Rica hospitals. Identification was made by gas-liquid chromatography. The highest pesticide concentration was that of DDT and its metabolites (33.16 micrograms/g). Residues of almost all commercial pesticides were also found. Concentrations of alpha-chlordane. Aldrin and Polychlorinated biphenyls were not significant.     

浙江省某PCBs废物储存点对其邻近滩涂生态系统的毒性风险

在浙江省沿海某化工厂内含PCBs废物储存点邻近滩涂上设6个采样点,用GC-MS方法检测各采样点水样、滩涂泥样及大弹涂鱼样品中毒性最强的12种二噁英类PCB(DL-PCB)异构体的含量。结果表明,所有样品DL-PCBs检出率、样品单邻位异构体PCB118和非邻位异构体PCB81检出率均为100％,且PCB118和81的含量均与总DL-PCBs量有较好的相关性,在水样、泥样和鱼样品中,PCB118与总DL-PCBs含量的相关系数(r)分别为0.97、0.95和0.91,PCB81与总DL-PCBs含量的相关系数(r)分别为0.93、0.99和0.98。环境样品中以低氯异构体(PCB81和77)为主,而生物样品中高氯异构体(PCB118和105)含量较高。采样区域内大弹涂鱼从水体和泥土中的平均富集系数分别为392.54和14.03,且鱼体PCBs含量与沉积物中DL-PCBs浓度高度相关(r＝0.97)。在距堆场水沟入海口150 m内水体和沉积物中DL-PCBs含量已处于较高污染水平(分别大于599.34 ng/L和10.97 ng/g),且采样区域内大弹涂鱼PCBs含量(均大于59.19 ng/g脂重)显著高于其它地区。毒性当量研究表明,非邻位的PCB126和PCB169是样品总TEQs的主要贡献者,且所有水样和鱼样的TEQs都分别显著超过日本水环境限值1 pg TEQ/L和欧盟水产品标准值8 pg TEQ/g湿重(P<0.001);应用MacDonald沉积物毒性评价方法研究表明,1-4＃泥样已具有较高毒性风险。综合DL-PCBs含量和毒性当量分析表明,清挖4a后,该PCBs废物堆场仍对周边滩涂生态系统具有一定毒性风险,对人体健康存在潜在危害。     

Strategies for bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are serious environmental pollutants that threaten both the natural ecosystem and human health. For remediation of environments contaminated with PCBs, several approaches that exploit the potential of microbes to degrade PCBs have been developed. These approaches include improvement of PCB solubilization and entry into the cell, pathway and enzyme engineering, and control of enzyme expression. In this mini-review, we briefly summarize these strategies and provide potentially useful knowledge for the further improvement of the bacterial breakdown of PCBs.     

Accumulation of poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the transplanted lichen Ramalina duriaei in air quality biomonitoring experiments

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the range of 0.17–5.1 ppm were found in the lichen Ramalina duriaei (De not.) Jatta transplanted at various sites in the environment for biomonitoring of airborne PCBs. Highest PCB values were found in lichens located at busy road intersections, where traffic is ordinarily heavy, while lower amounts of 1.0 ppm or less were characteristic of lichens located at sites removed from traffic or in more isolated agricultural areas. The present investigation demonstrates the feasibility of using lichens as PCB monitors in air.     

Inhibition of purified rabbit muscle phosphorylase a and phosphorylase b by polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated biphenylols and polybrominated biphenyls

Polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated biphenylols and polybrominated biphenyls inhibited both rabbit muscle phosphorylase a and phosphorylase b (1,4-alpha-D-glucan:orthophosphate alpha-d-glucosyltransferase, EC 2.4.1.1). The degree of inhibition was dependent upon the relative hydrophobicity of the compounds and steric hinderance. 2,4,5,2',4',5'-Hexabromobiphenyl and Firemaster BP-6 were the most effective inhibitors (Ki, 15 . 10(-6) M). Phosphorylase b was inhibited by compounds of all three groups. 2,4,5,2',4',5'-Hexachlorobiphenyl and 2,4,5,2',4',5'-hexabromobiphenyl did not significantly inhibit phosphorylase a. All of the compounds inhibited phosphorylase a less than phosphorylase b, except 2',3',4',5,5'-pentachloro-2-biphenylol, which was equally effective on each enzyme. Kinetic analysis showed the inhibition was non-competitive and mixed. The results indicate that the compounds bind to hydrophobic site(s) on phosphorylase, access to which is limited by phosphorylation of serine 24.