日粮中添加鱼油后肉牛瘤胃细菌区系的变化

目的：研究肉牛日粮中添加2%鱼油后瘤胃细菌区系的变化。方法：分别于添加鱼油前后取瘤胃液提取总DNA,根据细菌通用引物27F/1492R扩增16S rDNA基因序列,分别构建2个16S rDNA基因文库;从每个文库中各随机挑取384个克隆,对阳性克隆用HhaⅠ进行限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）分析、聚类,取各RFLP类群中的代表克隆进行16S rDNA序列测定,构建系统发育树,研究细菌区系多样性的变化。结果：添加鱼油前、后,文库的RFLP图谱分别可以分成74和41个RFLP类群;添加鱼油前后的优势菌群均为噬纤维菌-屈挠杆菌-拟杆菌（CFB）和低（G＋C）含量的革兰阳性菌（LGCGPB）,但添加鱼油后文库中LGCGPB比例降低,而且未检测到纤维菌门细菌;有50%～60%的测定序列与GenBank数据库中的序列相似性高于97%,90%以上为未培养的细菌;添加鱼油后瘤胃细菌的多样性减少。结论：日粮添加鱼油后CFB比例增高但多样性下降,LGCGPB、纤维杆菌比例下降,这一结果为调控瘤胃发酵提供了依据。     

西南印度洋深海热液羽流海水细菌的多样性

[目的]分析西南印度洋深海热液羽流细菌的多样性特点,为认识该特殊环境微生物对大洋生态系统的影响,以及获得特殊的微生物资源奠定基础.[方法]将西南印度洋深海热液羽流海水进行原位浓缩,对获得的1000倍浓缩海水样品进行富集培养和微生物纯培养 ;通过构建原始海水浓缩样品和富集培养物的16S rRNA基因克隆文库,结合纯培养获得的微生物菌株的16S rRNA基因,分析该样品的细菌多样性结构和特点.[结果]共获得104个16S rRNA基因,其中50个来自原始热液羽流浓缩海水样品,40个来自富集培养物,14个来自分离获得的纯培养,它们分属于γ-变形菌群(γ-Proteobacteria)(74个),α-变形菌群(α-Proteobacteria)(14个),β-变形菌群(β-Proteobacteria)(5个),拟杆菌群(Bacteroidetes)(4个),厚壁菌群(Firmicutes)(2个),浮霉状菌(Planctomycetes)(2个),疣微菌(Verrucomicrobia)(2个)以及放线菌(Actinobacteria)(1个),共29个不同的操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Units,OTUs).26个序列与已知微生物16S rRNA基因相似性低于97％,最低的只有86％.[结论]西南印度洋热液羽流存在较丰富的微生物多样性,以γ-Proteobacteria为优势类群,其次为α-Proteobacteria ;该环境中存在较多尚未获得分离培养的微生物新属种.     

红树林沉积物中天然多聚有机物厌氧降解菌多样性与细菌新类群分离

[目的]红树林沉积物中有机物丰富,通过研究认识参与难降解天然有机多聚物的微生物降解过程及其环境作用,并获得新颖的难培养厌氧微生物。[方法]对漳州九龙江河口红树林沉积物中降解纤维素、几丁质和木质素的厌氧细菌定向富集和平板分离纯化,并对其多样性进行分析。[结果]共筛选分离获得202株厌氧细菌(82株专性厌氧细菌,120株兼性厌氧细菌),包括4个疑似新属(Lachnotalea sp.MCCC 1A16036、Varunaivibrio sp.MCCC 1A15903、Clostridium sp.MCCC 1A15884、Caminicella sp.MCCC 1A17445)和4个疑似新种(Sunxiuqinia sp.MCCC 1A15904、Pseudodesulfovibrio sp.MCCC 1A16040、Pseudodesulfovibrio sp.MCCC 1A16038、Mangrovibacterium lignilyticum MCCC1A15882)。不同天然有机多聚物富集菌群分离到的优势可培养细菌主要属于变形菌门、拟杆菌门和厚壁菌门,但种群略有差异。在纤维素和几丁质富集菌群中,变形菌门和拟杆菌门菌株是纤维素和几丁质富集菌群的优势菌群,拟杆菌门的Prolixiacer bellariivorans、Mangrovibacterium lignilyticum和变形菌门的Desulfovibrio salexigenes、Vibrio alginolyticus分别在纤维素和几丁质富集菌群可培养细菌中占绝对优势。但降解实验表明,放线菌门细菌Demequina salsinemoris MCCC 1A15890和Brevibacterium celere MCCC 1A17451对纤维素降解活性最高。梭杆菌门细菌Propionigenium maris MCCC 1A15874和Ilyobacter polytropus MCCC 1A15889对几丁质降解活性最高。在木质素富集菌群中,拟杆菌门的Mangrovibacterium lignilyticum和厚壁菌门的Clostridium amygdalinum都具有较高的相对丰度。变形菌门细菌Desulfomicrobium apsheronum MCCC 1A15932和拟杆菌门细菌Mangrovibacterium lignilyticum MCCC 1A15882对木质素降解效果显著。[结论]红树林沉积物中存在丰富多样且新颖的厌氧难培养细菌,且多数具有纤维素、几丁质或木质素厌氧降解能力。该研究结果为探究红树林沉积物原位环境天然有机多聚物碳的生物地球化学循环机制提供了相关理论基础和纯培养微生物资源。     

南极普利兹湾夏季海冰不同层次细菌丰度及多样性

[目的]为了解南极普利兹湾夏季海冰不同层次中细菌群落丰度及组成.[方法]利用荧光原位杂交技术对海冰不同层次中细菌进行定量研究,通过构建16S rRNA基因文库对海冰不同层次中细菌进行多样性分析,并结合环境因子进行相关性分析.[结果]荧光原位杂交结果表明,细菌占海冰总细胞数比例随着海冰层次下降呈现上升趋势,初步推断可能受海冰中总有机碳,总有机氮以及磷酸盐影响所致.16SrRNA基因文库分析结果表明,上、中、底3个海冰分层样品获得的16S rRNA基因序列归属于γ-变形细菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria),α-变形细菌纲(α-Proteobacteria)以及拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes),多数16S rRNA基因序列与分离培养自海洋环境、南北极海冰菌株的16S rRNA基因序列相似性较高(90％-99％);在海冰底部样品中未检测到拟杆菌门;海冰不同层次中,细菌组成呈现些微的差异性,可能由铵离子在海冰不同层次的分布造成.[结论]海冰底部细菌数量最丰富.在海冰中,γ-变形细菌纲为优势类群.     

美洲大蠊成虫肠道可培养细菌多样性研究

【目的】了解美洲大蠊成虫肠道可培养细菌的多样性。【方法】运用纯培养法、数值分类和16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育分析对样品中可培养细菌多样性进行研究。【结果】从NA培养基中分离得到54株细菌,根据形态观察和部分生理生化特性,选取32个代表性菌株进行16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育多样性分析。结果表明,数值分类中的代表菌株在82%相似水平上可分为12个表观群;这些分离菌株代表20个物种,属于4个大的系统发育类群(Proteobacteria,Bacteroidetes,Firmicutes,Actinobacteria)的10个科、15个属。多数菌株属于Proteobacteria门(15株,占46.9%)和Bacteroidetes门(10株,占31.3%)。【结论】美洲大蠊成虫肠道内存在较为丰富的细菌多样性。     

胜利油田单12高温油藏非培养和富集培养样品的细菌组成特性

[目的]通过比较分析油藏样品的微生物群落结构特点,认识油藏微生物的生态功能.[方法]利用3种油藏微生物研究中常用的富集培养方法,对胜利油田单12区块S12-4油井产出水样品进行了选择性富集培养,运用构建16S rRNA基因文库的方法分析了富集样品和非培养样品的细菌多样性.[结果]通过16S rRNA基因序列比对发现,非培养样品、异养菌富集样品、烃降解菌富集样品和硫酸盐还原菌富集样品中的优势菌分别为Pseudomonas属,Thermotoga属,Thermaerobacter属和Thermotoga属的成员.多样性分析结果表明,非培养样品的微生物多样性最丰富,同时非培养样品和富集样品的微生物群落结构存在很大的差异,富集样品中的微生物包括优势菌在油藏原位环境中含量很低.[结论]细菌组成差异的比较结果,对油藏微生物的生态功能研究和微生物驱油潜力评估具有重要意义.     

大连湾原油降解菌的分离和多样性分析

[目的]研究大连湾原油污染海域可培养原油降解菌的多样性,并获得新的原油降解菌.[方法]通过大连湾海水、海泥和海绵样品采集,以原油作为唯一碳源,培养、富集、分离筛选原油降解菌,根据16S rRNA基因序列确定其系统进化地位.[结果]通过形态观察和16S rRNA基因分析,共获得22个属的50株菌.其中,有6株菌的16S rRNA序列与最相近的菌株序列一致性仅为95％-97％,可能是潜在的新菌.单菌实验表明,45株菌具有石油降解能力.[结论]揭示了大连湾可培养原油降解菌的多样性,并获得了新的原油降解菌,为海洋石油污染的生物治理提供新资源.     

醉马草免培养内生细菌的多样性

为了解醉马草内生细菌的组成和多样性,采用液氮研磨法提取醉马草总DNA,利用内生细菌16S rRNA基因特异性引物对醉马草总DNA 进行16S rRNA 基因扩增,构建醉马草内生细菌16S rRNA基因文库。对筛选到249个克隆进行Hae Ш酶切分析,得到57个操作分类单元(OTUs)。系统发育分析将其归为4个门:变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)以及1个未知类群。其中74%的克隆与可培养细菌中的37个属具有高的16S rRNA基因序列相似性 (97％-100％),其中芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus spp.)、红球菌属(Rhodococcus spp.)、黄杆菌属(Flavobacterium spp.)、黄单胞杆菌属(Xanthomonas spp.)最为丰富。另外26%的克隆序列与GenBank中已存细菌16S rRNA基因序列相似性小于96%。研究结果表明,醉马草中可培养内生细菌丰富,多样并且可能存在一些潜在新物种或新类群。     

福州森林红壤细菌的菌群结构及其功能分析

福建地区是我国的第二大林区,土壤类型主要表现为红壤.对福州地区森林中因木材腐朽而形成的树洞中的土壤样品进行筛选,构建了一份具有强木质纤维素降解能力的酸性红壤的细菌16S rKNA基因文库,利用限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)对随机克隆进行筛选;对该生态环境下的细菌菌群进行了系统发育分析.结果表明土壤pH偏酸性严重影响了细菌类群的多样性,酸杆菌门Acidobacteria(71.5%)和变形菌门Proteobacteria(24.1%)是该酸性土样中的优势菌群,其中酸杆菌门在该生态系统中占有绝对优势.变形菌菌群中的主要类群为光合细菌,固氮细菌和溶菌细菌.研究表明,在木质纤维素自然降解的过程中,存在于酸性树洞土壤中的细菌参与了碳素和氮素的固定与循环,并对其微生态的稳定起到重要作用.     

免培养研究野生秦岭羚牛瘤胃细菌多样性

[目的]了解野生秦岭羚牛(Budorcas taxicolor bedfordi)瘤胃细菌的组成及其多样性。[方法]提取野生秦岭羚牛瘤胃内容物总DNA,对总DNA进行16S rRNA特异性扩增,构建瘤胃细菌16S rRNA克隆文库,对阳性克隆进行PCRRFLP(限制性内切酶片段长度多态性)分析,并对HaeⅢ酶切带谱不同的菌液进行测序,构建系统发育树。[结果]根据酶切带谱分析和测序结果的不同,将随机挑取的112个阳性克隆归为27个不同的可操作分类单元(OTUs)。系统发育分析表明这些克隆序列主要分布于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes,58.03%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,27.68%),另有纤维杆菌门(Fibrobacteres,5.36%)、螺旋体门(Spirochaetes,4.46%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria,2.68%)、粘胶球形菌门(Lentisphaerae,0.89%)和Synergistetes(0.89%)。未培养菌所占比例高达82.14%。[结论]研究表明野生秦岭羚牛瘤胃内生细菌测序后分为7门27属。     

Prokaryote diversity in the rumen of yak (Bos grunniens) and Jinnan cattle (Bos taurus) estimated by 16S rDNA homology analyses

Prokaryote diversity in the rumen of yak (Bos grunniens) and Jinnan cattle (Bos taurus) was estimated by 16S rDNA homology analysis. Two rumen 16S rDNA libraries were constructed. Of the 194 clones in the library of yak rumen, the sequences were mainly clustered to two phyla, low G+C Gram-positive bacteria (LGCGPB, 54.12% total clones) and Bacteroidetes (30.93%), respectively. While in the 197 clone-library of the cattle rumen, the sequences were mainly related to three phyla, Bacteroidetes (39.59%), gamma-Proteobacteria (26.9%) and LGCGPB (22.34%), respectively. The sequence analysis indicated that more than half of the species harbored in yak rumen belonged to the not-yet-cultured groups at <90% 16S rDNA similarity levels with cultured species, while 36% 16S rDNA sequences amplified from the rumen of Jinnan cattle fell in these catalogues. By comparing the uncultured sequences in yak rumen with those in Jinnan cattle and cow, the former formed distinct clusters loosely related to the later, implying that yak rumen could harbor some special prokaryote phyla. 10.8% sequences retrieved in yak rumen were related to the known rumen fibrolytic bacterial species; however none was related to the known amylolysis species. While 4% and 17.8% sequences retrieved from Jinnan cattle rumen were related to cultured fibrolytic and amylolysis species, respectively. The bacterial structures seemed to be in accordance with the feed of the two kinds of animals. In both rumens, retrieved methanogenic Archaea-related 16S rDNA sequences were at an unreasonable low level; in addition, none sequence was related to Ruminococcus albus, a classical rumen fibrolytic species. The reason can be due to the experimental biases.     

九龙江河口区nirS型反硝化细菌多样性及系统发育学分析

【目的】结合16S rRNA基因克隆文库和nirS基因克隆文库的分析,揭示九龙江河口区nirS型反硝化细菌多样性。【方法】选取九龙江河口区一富营养化采样点,分别采集水样及沉积物样品,进行理化因子的测定并提取细菌总DNA。以水样DNA构建16S rRNA基因克隆文库,以沉积物DNA构建nirS基因克隆文库,分析微生物群落结构的多样性并构建系统发育树。【结果】从16S rRNA基因克隆文库中获得86条有效序列,按97%的序列相似性划分为53个OTU,分别属于Proteobacteria门、Planctomycetes门、Bacteroidetes门、Actinobacteria门、Firmicutes门和Chloroflexi门。其中属于Proteobacteria门OTU的克隆子占克隆数的62.9%,是最优势的类群,分属于Alphaproteobacteria、Betaproteobacteria、Gammaproteobacteria和Deltaproteobacteria纲等。从nirS基因克隆文库中获得190条有效序列,翻译为氨基酸序列后,按82%的序列相似性划分为60个OTU,并定位到属的水平。其中Proteobacteria门是最优势的类群,占文库克隆子总数的71.6%,包括Alphaproteobacteria纲(5.8%)、Betaproteobacteria纲(49.0%)和Gammaproteobacteria纲(16.9%)。nirS基因克隆文库中丰度最高的OTU与GenBank中的一株可培养反硝化菌Thauera sp. R-26906具有100%的序列相似性。【结论】九龙江河口区的微生物以及亚硝酸盐还原酶基因(nirS)具有丰富的多样性。大部分NirS序列在GenBank中的最相似序列来源于河口、海湾等相似的环境。     

Rumen Bacterial Community Transition During Adaptation to High-grain Diet

Transitional changes of the ruminal bacterial community structure in cows during the switch from roughage to high-grain diet were monitored by PCR amplification and sequencing of 16S rDNA clone libraries. In total, one hundred fifty 16S rDNA sequences of almost full-length (1.4 kb) were analysed from three libraries prepared from the rumen fluid on day 0, 3, and 28 of switch to high-grain diet. In the first library (day 0, hay diet) of 51clones, 90.2% of sequences were belonging to the low G+C Gram-positive bacteria (LGCGPB) phylum, with the minor inclusion of theCytophaga-Flavobacter-Bacteroides (CFB;3.9%), Proteobacteria (3.9%) and high G+C Gram-positive bacteria (HGCGPB;2.0%) phyla-related sequences. Six LGCGPB sequences were clustered with the well-known cellulolytics of the rumen, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and R. albus. In the second library (day 3 of high-grain diet) of 58 clones, the LGCGPB-related sequences still dominated (72.4%), albeit being represented by other species than in the first library. In particular, this library was enriched by representatives of Selenomonas-Succiniclasticum-Megasphaera group IX (17.2%), lactobacilli- (6.9%) and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens lineage 3-related (8.6%) sequences. Other phyla were represented by CFB (22.4%) and HGCGPB (3.4%). In the third library (day 28 of high-grain diet) of 41 clones, 95% of sequences fell into the LGCGPB phylum. About half of them (46%) were clustered within theSelenomonas-Succiniclasticum-Megasphaera group in Clostridium cluster IX. No HGCGPB-related sequences were detected and CFB was represented by only a single clone. No Streptococcus bovis -related sequences were detected in any of the three clone libraries.     

新疆艾比湖湿地博乐河入口处土壤细菌多样性分析

【目的】了解新疆艾比湖湿地国家级自然保护区非培养土壤细菌群落组成及多样性。【方法】采用非培养法直接从湿地土壤提取总DNA进行16S r RNA基因扩增,构建细菌16S r RNA基因克隆文库。使用MspⅠ和AfaⅠ限制性内切酶对阳性克隆进行16S r RNA基因扩增片段的限制性酶切分析(Amplified r DNA restriction analysis,ARDRA),挑取具有不同双酶切图谱的克隆进行测序,序列比对并构建16S r RNA基因系统发育树。【结果】从土壤细菌的16S r RNA基因文库中随机挑取75个不同谱型的克隆子,共得到58个OTUs,系统发育归类为8个细菌类群:绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、蓝藻门(Cyanobacteria)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrob)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)。其中,变形菌门为第一优势菌群,拟杆菌门为第二优势菌群,两者约占总克隆的65%。【结论】艾比湖湿地博乐河入口处土壤细菌多样性丰富,且存在一定数量的潜在微生物新种。     

四川冬菜中细菌群落组成及多样性

【目的】了解腌制4年的四川南充冬菜中细菌群落组成及多样性。【方法】通过16S rDNA多样性分析样品细菌落组成;采用16S rDNA-RFLP方法分析从样品中分离出的纯培养细菌。【结果】16S rDNA多样性分析结果表明,样品中细菌主要属于变形杆菌门(Proteobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),分别占克隆文库的87.9%、7.1%,其中包括Virgibacillus kekensis,Marinococcus albus,Salinicoccus sp.,Lactobacillus halophilus和Halomonas等中度嗜盐菌,仅有5%属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。通过纯培养方法从冬菜中分离到35株菌,16S rDNA-RFLP分析结果表明,34株属于厚壁菌门(Firmicutes),包括Virgibacillus,Bacillus megaterium和Gracilibacillus saliphilus等中度嗜盐菌,1株属于放线菌门(Actinobacteria)。【结论】冬菜中细菌群落多样性较低,以中度嗜盐菌为主。     

Bacterial diversity in the rumen of Indian Surti buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), assessed by 16S rDNA analysis

Bacterial communities in buffalo rumen were characterized using a culture-independent approach for a pooled sample of rumen fluid from 3 adult Surti buffaloes. Buffalo rumen is likely to include species of various bacterial phyla, so 16S rDNA sequences were amplified and cloned from the sample. A total of 191 clones were sequenced and similarities to known 16S rDNA sequences were examined. About 62.82% sequences (120 clones) had >90% similarity to the 16S rDNA database sequences. Furthermore, about 34.03% of the sequences (65 clones) were 85–89% similar to 16S rDNA database sequences. For the remaining 3.14%, the similarity was lower than 85%. Phylogenetic analyses were also used to infer the makeup of bacterial communities in the rumen of Surti buffalo. As a result, we distinguished 42 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) based on unique 16S r DNA sequences: 19 OTUs affiliated to an unidentified group (45.23% of total OTUs), 11 OTUs of the phylum Firmicutes, also known as the low G+C group (26.19%), 7 OTUs of theCytophaga-Flexibacter-Bacteroides phylum (16.66%), 4 OTUs of Spirochaetes (9.52%), and 1 OTU of Actinobacteria (2.38%). These include 10 single-clone OTUs, so Good’s coverage (94.76%) of 16S rRNA libraries indicated that sequences identified in the libraries represent the majority of bacterial diversity present in rumen.     

Isolation of novel bacteria, including a candidate division, from geothermal soils in New Zealand

We examined bacterial diversity of three geothermal soils in the Taupo Volcanic Zone of New Zealand. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA genes recovered directly from soils indicated that the bacterial communities differed in composition and richness, and were dominated by previously uncultured species of the phyla Actinobacteria , Acidobacteria , Chloroflexi , Proteobacteria and candidate division OP10. Aerobic, thermophilic, organotrophic bacteria were isolated using cultivation protocols that involved extended incubation times, low-pH media and gellan as a replacement gelling agent to agar. Isolates represented previously uncultured species, genera, classes, and even a new phylum of bacteria. They included members of the commonly cultivated phyla Proteobacteria , Firmicutes , Thermus/Deinococcus , Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes , as well as more-difficult-to-cultivate groups. Isolates possessing < 85% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to any cultivated species were obtained from the phyla Acidobacteria , Chloroflexi and the previously uncultured candidate division OP10. Several isolates were prevalent in 16S rRNA gene clone libraries constructed directly from the soils. A key factor facilitating isolation was the use of gellan-solidified plates, where the gellan itself served as an energy source for certain bacteria. The results indicate that geothermal soils are a rich potential source of novel bacteria, and that relatively simple cultivation techniques are practical for isolating bacteria from these habitats.     

Diversity of fumarate reducing bacteria in the bovine rumen revealed by culture dependent and independent approaches

Diversity of fumarate reducing (dissimilating) bacteria in the bovine rumen was analyzed by both culture dependent and independent methodologies. A total of 39 strains were isolated by using three different media and belonged to three different phyla (Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, and Firmicutes). A primer set that amplified the fumarate reductase gene (frdA) from Proteobacteria was developed and two frdA clone libraries were constructed. Identities of deduced amino acid sequences of cloned frdA amplicons against known sequences ranged from 58% to 85% suggesting the presence of unknown fumarate reducing bacteria. This is the first report on the diversity of fumarate reducing bacteria in the rumen.     

基于高通量测序的辐射污染区细菌群落特征分析

【目的】为了更加全面地揭示辐射污染区细菌种群多样性,了解辐射污染对辐射区土壤中细菌群落结构的影响。【方法】运用高通量测序方法,分别进行了土样细菌16S r RNA基因的V3可变区测序,进而对无辐射污染对照和不同辐射污染程度的土样中细菌群落组成和多样性进行分析。【结果】研究共获得110 348条有效序列,17 604个OTUs,共涉及细菌域的19个门和6个潜在菌门和其它未分类菌群的726个属。多样性分析表明,辐射污染会引起土壤样品中微生物群落的分布显著差异化,显著提高细菌群落种群多样性和微生物丰度。微生物群落组成分析发现,在辐射污染胁迫下,辐射污染区样品中变形杆菌门分布比例显著下降;随着辐射污染程度的提高,放线菌门所占比例逐步提高,未分类菌门、厚壁菌门和酸杆菌门也有明显的提高。同时,研究发现辐射污染区中存在着大量未分类菌属。【结论】研究揭示了辐射污染区极为丰富的细菌多样性,大量微生物新物种资源有待发掘。