GSDMs家族蛋白介导细胞焦亡在抗肿瘤免疫中的作用

细胞焦亡是一种调节性细胞死亡方式。Gasdermine（GSDMs）是一类执行细胞焦亡的胞内蛋白质。虽然GSDMs表达后的完整蛋白质不具有活性,但能被某些蛋白水解酶激活。被激活的GSDMs N端在质膜上穿孔,导致细胞裂解,引起细胞内的促炎分子及损伤相关分子模式（danger-associated molecular patterns,DAMPs）迅速有效地从焦亡细胞中释放,从而引发炎症和免疫反应。焦亡细胞促进抗肿瘤免疫作用可能涉及细胞毒性T淋巴细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤。本文介绍GSDMs介导的细胞焦亡及细胞焦亡过程中引发促炎症和免疫反应的关键分子,并且探讨细胞焦亡对肿瘤治疗的有利及不利因素,以期更好地了解细胞焦亡对肿瘤免疫微环境的影响及对肿瘤免疫治疗的作用,有助于促进恶性肿瘤治疗策略的改进。     

北京生命科学研究所发现炎症性Caspase为细菌内毒素的胞内天然免疫受体

<正>北京生命科学研究所邵峰实验室近年来一直专注于研究宿主细胞质中感知细菌和病原细菌的分子免疫机制。2014年8月6日,该研究组最新的研究成果在Nature在线发表,他们发现人和小鼠的炎症性Caspase-4/5/11为胞内内毒素(Lipopolysac charide,LPS,脂多糖,俗称内毒素)的受体,直接结合LPS发生寡聚化而被激活,导致细胞炎症性坏死。在该项研究中,邵峰实验室研究人员首先建立了一个可以将LPS高效导入哺乳动物细胞内的转染     

炎性小体激活与细胞焦亡的研究进展

细胞焦亡是一种依赖天冬氨酸特异性半胱氨酸蛋白酶1(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1,caspase-1)/caspase-11的程序性细胞死亡方式。炎性小体的激活在细胞焦亡过程中扮演重要角色。当病原体入侵时,核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体(nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor,NLR)和黑色素瘤缺乏因子2(absent in melanoma 2,AIM2)等胞内模式识别受体(pattern recognition receptor,PRR)与相应配体结合,导致炎性小体多蛋白复合物组装和caspase-1/caspase-11激活,进而诱导细胞焦亡发生。深入研究炎性小体激活和细胞焦亡的相关机制,对认识炎症性疾病的发生发展非常重要。本文就炎性小体激活与细胞焦亡的研究进展进行综述。     

细胞焦亡的机制和功能

细胞焦亡(pyroptosis)是一种高度促炎性的细胞程序性死亡,最早是在受细菌感染或者细菌毒素处理后的巨噬细胞中观察到的,很长一段时间被误认为是一种巨噬细胞特异的、依赖于能够切割白介素1β的促炎性蛋白酶caspase-1的细胞死亡.后续的研究发现,胞浆内模式识别受体识别病原体来源的模式分子或者机体本身来源的危险信号分子形成炎症小体(inflammasomes),招募和激活caspase-1导致细胞焦亡;鼠的caspase-11和人的caspase-4/5直接作为模式识别受体识别细菌脂多糖类脂A组装的炎症小体也导致细胞焦亡,这一发现颠覆了传统炎症小体的概念.与caspase-1不同, caspase-11/4/5不能切割白介素且引起的细胞焦亡在非单核细胞中也普遍存在.最新的研究发现, caspase-1以及caspase-11/4/5都能切割共同的底物gasdermin D(GSDMD)导致裂解性细胞死亡.GSDMD属于一类具有膜打孔活性的gasdermin家族蛋白成员,细胞焦亡也被重新定义为gasdermin介导的程序性坏死样细胞死亡,开创了细胞焦亡研究的新领域.本文回顾了细胞焦亡研究的历史以及细胞焦亡概念的进化过程,总结了caspase-1和caspase-11/4/5上游目前已知的天然免疫通路,讨论了关于细胞焦亡的研究进展尤其是GSDMD以及其他gasdermin家族细胞焦亡执行蛋白的功能和作用机制,以及细胞焦亡和相关蛋白在对抗感染以及人的自身炎症性疾病过程中的作用.     

炎性小体在诱导脊髓损伤神经炎症中的作用

脊髓损伤的治疗与康复一直是医学领域的重大难题,尤其是在改善损伤的神经功能方面进展甚微。继发性损伤是造成脊髓损伤后神经功能障碍的主要原因,炎症反应是继发性损伤阶段最重要的病理过程。急性期通过抑制神经炎症来减轻继发性损伤被认为可减轻神经功能损害而达到神经保护作用。炎性小体是一类蛋白质复合体,由模式识别受体中的NLRs家族和PHYIN家族的受体蛋白质作为主要框架组装并命名,常见的炎性小体包括NLRP1、NLRP3、NLRC4(IPAF)、AIM2等。在感染或受到损伤刺激时,炎性小体在细胞质内组装,并激活促炎症蛋白酶胱天蛋白酶1(caspase-1),活化的胱天蛋白酶1一方面促进促炎症细胞因子IL-1β和IL-18的前体成熟和分泌,另一方面介导细胞焦亡。细胞焦亡以细胞肿胀破裂并释放细胞内容物为特征,是在炎症和应激的病理条件下诱导的程序性细胞死亡方式。促炎症细胞因子和焦亡释放的胞内物质都可作为促炎信号引发炎症反应。近期发现,炎性小体通过诱导促炎因子释放以及介导细胞焦亡等途径, 参与激活脊髓损伤后的炎症级联反应,加重继发性神经炎症。靶向抑制炎性小体的激活可减轻炎症反应,促进神经细胞存活,达到神经保护作用。因此,炎性小体有望成为脊髓损伤治疗的新靶点。本文拟从炎性小体的结构及其在脊髓损伤中的作用、激活机制和治疗前景进行综述,以期为后续研究提供思路。     

炎症小体的研究进展概述CSCD

炎症小体(inflammasome)是一种多蛋白质复合物,它的组装可以导致Caspase-1的激活,并促进炎性细胞因子白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和白介素-18(interleukin-18,IL-18)的成熟与释放;同时,激活的Caspase-1还可以引发细胞焦亡(pyroptosis)。炎症小体在应答病原体相关分子模式(pathogenassociated molecular pattern,PAMP)或者危险相关分子模式(danger-associated molecular pattern,DAMP)的刺激中扮演着重要角色。炎症小体的异常会导致多种自发炎症及自身免疫性疾病的发生,但是关于其调控活化机制仍有诸多不明,相关研究有待进一步深入。     

细胞焦亡机制及与疾病的关系

细胞焦亡(pyroptosis)是近年来发现的一种区别于细胞凋亡的促炎程序性死亡方式。焦亡途径包括半胱天冬酶(caspase)-1介导的经典焦亡途径和Caspase-4/5/11介导的非经典焦亡途径。细胞焦亡涉及多种炎性小体的激活,如核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLR pyrin domain containing 3,NLRP3)、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白C4 (NLR containing a caspase recruitment domain 4,NLRC4)以及黑色素瘤缺乏因子2 (absent in melanoma 2,AIM2)等。Gasdermin-D(GSDMD)是参与细胞焦亡的关键切割蛋白,最终导致膜蛋白通道开放、膜孔形成、白细胞介素(interleukins,ILs)释放,从而扩大炎症反应。细胞焦亡介导许多疾病如感染性疾病、神经系统疾病、心血管疾病、代谢性疾病以及炎症免疫性疾病等。本文综述了细胞焦亡机制及与疾病关系的研究进展。     

炎症小体的研究进展概述

炎症小体(inflammasome)是一种多蛋白质复合物,它的组装可以导致Caspase-1的激活,并促进炎性细胞因子白介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)和白介素-18(interleukin-18,IL-18)的成熟与释放;同时,激活的Caspase-1还可以引发细胞焦亡(pyroptosis)。炎症小体在应答病原体相关分子模式(pathogenassociated molecular pattern,PAMP)或者危险相关分子模式(danger-associated molecular pattern,DAMP)的刺激中扮演着重要角色。炎症小体的异常会导致多种自发炎症及自身免疫性疾病的发生,但是关于其调控活化机制仍有诸多不明,相关研究有待进一步深入。     

细胞焦亡在心血管疾病中的作用

细胞焦亡是由gasdermin家族蛋白D(gasdermin D, GSDMD)介导的一种新型程序性细胞死亡方式,表现为早期细胞凋亡样染色质凝结和DNA断裂,之后形成细胞膜孔,细胞肿胀,膜破裂,导致细胞内容物和促炎介质的释放。细胞焦亡途径主要包括依赖含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1(cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1, caspase-1)的经典途径和依赖caspase-4/caspase-5/caspase-11的非经典途径。细胞焦亡的主要特点是Nod样受体蛋白3(nod-like receptor protein 3, NLRP3)炎性小体活化,caspase-1激活,细胞膜孔形成,白细胞介素(interleukin, IL)-1β和IL-18释放,从而放大炎症级联反应。NLRP3炎性小体活化与高血压、糖尿病、高脂血症及肥胖等心血管危险因素有关,是心血管炎症的重要触发和内源性调节因子。本文主要就细胞焦亡在心血管疾病中的相关研究进展进行综述。     

NLRP3炎症小体的负向调控机制

NLRP3炎症小体是由NOD样受体(NOD-like receptor, NLR) NLRP3、接头蛋白ASC和胱冬肽酶-1(Caspase-1)所形成的多聚蛋白复合体,能够感受来自病原微生物的病原相关分子模式(pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs)和胞内自身危险信号-危险相关分子模式(danger-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs),促进细胞因子IL-1β和IL-18的成熟和分泌、引起细胞焦亡,从而在多种生理、病理过程中发挥重要作用. NLRP3炎症小体是目前研究最深入的炎症小体,其表达水平和活化强度与多种疾病的发生、发展密切相关,如感染性疾病、痛风、Ⅱ型糖尿病、动脉粥样硬化、阿尔兹海默症及癌症等.因此,阐明NLRP3炎症小体活化的调控机制,对于揭示这些疾病发生、发展的机理,寻找免疫调节治疗的新途径具有重要意义.本文详细介绍了NLRP3炎症小体的负向调控机制.     

Curcuminoids as inhibitors of thioredoxin reductase: A receptor based pharmacophore study with distance mapping of the active site

Curcumin is the yellow pigment of turmeric that interacts irreversibly forming an adduct with thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), an enzyme responsible for redox control of cell and defence against oxidative stress. Docking at both the active sites of TrxR was performed to compare the potency of three naturally occurring curcuminoids, namely curcumin, demethoxy curcumin and bis-demethoxy curcumin. Results show that active sites of TrxR occur at the junction of E and F chains. Volume and area of both cavities is predicted. It has been concluded by distance mapping of the most active conformations that Se atom of catalytic residue SeCYS498, is at a distance of 3.56 from C13 of demethoxy curcumin at the E chain active site, whereas C13 carbon atom forms adduct with Se atom of SeCys 498. We report that at least one methoxy group in curcuminoids is necessary for interation with catalytic residues of thioredoxin. Pharmacophore of both active sites of the TrxR receptor for curcumin and demethoxy curcumin molecules has been drawn and proposed for design and synthesis of most probable potent antiproliferative synthetic drugs.     

A Unique Protease Cleavage Site Predicted in the Spike Protein of the Novel Pneumonia Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Potentially Related to Viral Transmissibility

正Dear Editor,In December 2019, a novel human coronavirus caused an epidemic of severe pneumonia(Coronavirus Disease 2019,COVID-19) in Wuhan, Hubei, China(Wu et al. 2020; Zhu et al. 2020). So far, this virus has spread to all areas of China and even to other countries. The epidemic has caused 67,102 confirmed infections with 1526 fatal cases     

Comparative morphology of the carpel in the Liliaceae: Hewardieae, Petrosavieae, and Tricyrteae

The young pistils in the melanthioid tribes, Hewardieae, Petrosavieae and Tricyrteae, are uniformly tricarpellate and syncarpous. They lack raphide idioblasts. All are multiovulate, with bitegmic ovules. The Petrosavieae are marked by the presence of septal glands and incomplete syncarpy. Tepals and stamens adhere to the ovary in the Hewardieae and the Petrosavieae but not in the Tricyrteae. Two vascular bundles occur in the stamens of the Hewartlieae and Tricyrtis latifolia. Ventral bundles in the upper part of the ovary of the Hewardieae are continuous with compound septal bundles and placental bundles in the lower part. Putative ventral bundles occur in the alternate position in the Tricyrteae and putative placental bundles in the opposite. position in the Petrosavieae. The dichtomously branched stigma in each carpel of the Tricyrteae is supplied by a bifurcated dorsal bundle.     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV