蚁对植物种子的传播作用

许多种子植物依靠动物传播种子 ,称为动物传播。根据动物类群的不同 ,可分为哺乳类传播 ,鸟传播 ,鱼传播 ,蚁传播等。鸟传播和蚁传播的研究近年取得了很大的进展 ,但国内在这方面研究较缺乏 ,作者已就鸟传播作了综述报道 ,现将蚁传播的研究综述报道如下。1　蚁与植物的相互关系蚁类属膜翅目 (Ｈｙｍｅｎｏｐｔｅｒａ) ,蚁科 (Ｆｏｒｍｉｃｉ ｄａｅ) ,典型的社会性昆虫。多数蚁类是肉食性的 ,以小动物或更小的蚁类为食 ,但也有很多蚁类是植物食性的。在大多数生态系统中均有蚁类分布 ,而且蚁类数量众多 ,在森林生态系统中每 1ｈａ可达 6～10…     

戈壁生态系统蚁穴微生境对大型土壤动物多样性的影响

收获蚁蚁穴是戈壁生态系统中重要的微生境, 它通过汇集凋落物和改善土壤环境强烈影响动植物的分布及多样性。鉴于此, 本文选择戈壁荒漠收获蚁(Messor desertus)蚁穴为研究对象, 于2020年5月、6月和10月利用陷阱法调查了蚁穴及毗邻裸地大型土壤动物的种类组成及数量变化, 并分析其影响要素。结果表明: (1) 10月, 蚁穴和裸地间大型土壤动物群落组成存在显著差异, 而5月和6月二者间相差较小, 10月(62.9%)蚁穴和裸地大型土壤动物的平均相异性高于5月(34.8%)和6月(39.3%); (2) 5月, 蚁穴大型土壤动物均匀度指数显著低于裸地, 6月, 蚁穴大型土壤动物活动密度和类群丰富度均显著高于裸地, 10月, 蚁穴大型土壤动物类群丰富度和多样性指数均显著高于裸地; (3)荒漠收获蚁蚁穴显著提高了其他食性土壤动物的活动密度及类群丰富度, 还增强了捕食性和非捕食性土壤动物的相互作用关系并改变了荒漠收获蚁与蚁穴大型土壤动物类群的种间相互作用关系; (4) pRDA排序结果表明, 土壤电导率、全氮和粉粒含量是影响蚁穴和裸地大型土壤动物分布的主要土壤因子。总之, 戈壁生态系统荒漠收获蚁蚁穴微生境提高了大型土壤动物多样性, 改变了大型土壤动物类群间的营养和非营养关系, 这会影响大型土壤动物的营养结构及其功能。     

吉林省中西部平原区大型土壤动物群落组成与生态分布

对吉林省中西部平原区天然次生林、农田、居民点园地、“三北”防护林和天然割草场等典型土地利用生境进行大型土壤动物调查,野外手拣法采集大型土壤动物,研究大型土壤动物的群落组成与生态分布,了解土地利用差异对大型土壤动物群落特征的影响。共捕获大型土壤动物3门7纲16目101科5842只,优势类群为草蚁属、路舍蚁属和裸线蚓属,占全部总捕获个体数的49．20％。分析结果表明：大型土壤动物类群空间分布的广狭与个体数量的多寡在吉林省中西部平原区呈现出明显的一致性;中部平原区与西部平原区大型土壤动物群落组成存在显著差异;中西部大型土壤动物个体数量差异主要体现在优势类群方面,类群数量差异主要体现在稀有类群方面;土地利用差异明显影响大型土壤动物个体密度和类群数分布,其中农田和居民点园地土壤动物个体密度和类群数明显减少,但对土壤动物的垂直分布没有影响。     

河南开封地区的蚂蚁资源

蚂蚁是河南开封地区大型土壤动物的优势类群,其种群数量庞大,分布较广。通过调查获得开封地区蚂蚁的基本资料:包括5亚科,18属,43种。优势种为铺道蚁、粗面收获蚁和日本弓背蚁,且不同生境、不同地域内的蚂蚁种类和分布都有差异。     

大型土壤动物群落对短花针茅草原荒漠化过程的响应

土壤动物是草地生态系统的重要组分,对维持草地生态系统结构与功能的稳定性具有重要作用,研究土壤动物群落对草地荒漠化的响应有助于揭示地下与地上生态过程的联系,全面认识荒漠化的本质。选取鄂尔多斯高原西部未荒漠化(Ⅰ)、轻度荒漠化(Ⅱ)、中度荒漠化(Ⅲ)、重度荒漠化(Ⅳ)及极重度荒漠化(Ⅴ)5种短花针茅荒漠草原生境,采用手拣法对大型土壤动物群落进行了野外调查。共获得1门2纲6目25个土壤动物类群,优势类群为蚁科和金龟子总科幼虫,常见类群8个。结果显示,短花针茅荒漠草原大型土壤动物群落具有温带草原土壤动物群落的基本特征。在荒漠化进程中,大型土壤动物群落优势类群(蚁科和金龟子总科幼虫)未发生变化,但群落总个体密度和类群数显著下降(P0.01,P0.01),群落香浓多样性、丰富度和均匀度降低(P0.01,P0.01,P0.05),群落结构趋于简单。不同荒漠化生境土壤动物群落显示出明显的退化梯度,各土壤动物类群的分布揭示了它们对生境因子的偏好和响应模式的差异。短花针茅草原荒漠化对土壤动物垂直分布的影响具有由个体到类群、由表土层到下层的变化规律,但未改变土壤动物分布的表聚性。荒漠化导致的食物资源减少是蚁科动物个体密度变化的主要原因,轻度荒漠化(Ⅱ)最适宜蚁科动物生存,土壤全氮、有机质和地上生物量对步甲科和象甲科幼虫个体密度影响较大,重度荒漠化(Ⅳ)和极重度荒漠化(Ⅴ)生境将严重影响步甲科和象甲科幼虫的生存,但对金龟子总科和蜘蛛目动物个体密度影响不大。土壤动物与生境因子、生境及荒漠化进程之间的关系综合反应了草地生态系统退化过程。     

腾格里沙漠人工植被区掘穴蚁(Formica cunicularia)的生态功能

掘穴蚁（Formica cunieularia）营筑丘活动,并通过营巢活动影响土壤的物理化学特性,是中国干旱和半干旱地区营巢的优势蚁类。在沙坡头人工固沙植被区调查了掘穴蚁对不同固沙年代和不同地形人工固沙区土壤的影响;研究了掘穴蚁的营巢活动对土壤水分、理化性质和种子库的影响。 研究结果表明：随着固沙年代的延长,掘穴蚁的筑丘活动加强;掘穴蚁筑丘活动对地形的选择顺序依次分别为：丘间低地〉迎风坡〉丘顶〉背风坡;与邻近土壤相比,蚁丘的土壤含水量升高,土壤容重（0～10cm深）、有机质、电导率、全氮、全磷、全钾、可溶性氮、可溶性磷和可溶性钾在蚁丘富集;土壤容重（10～20cm深）和pH值下降;蚁丘对土壤种子库有明显影响（p〈0．01）,种子密度和多样性指数在不同取样点间的大小顺序为：苔藓结皮上的蚁丘〉苔藓结皮〉地衣结皮上的蚁丘〉地衣结皮。 在沙坡头人工固沙植被区,由于生态环境的改善,特别是土壤环境的提高,导致掘穴蚁大量定居,它的筑巢对土壤具有反馈作用,这种反馈作用导致土壤异质性增强,改善了土壤环境的状况,加速了土壤和植被的演变。     

全球十大活化石物种排行之五——格拉西利德瑞斯蚁

格拉西利德瑞斯蚁是一种夜晚活动的蚂蚁,科学家认为它是一种灭绝已久的蚂蚁物种,事实上,之前科学家对它的了解仅来自于一块包裹着格拉西利德瑞斯蚁的琥珀化石。有报道称,发现存活的格拉西利德瑞斯蚁,但是至今很少人知道这种蚁类的存在和历史。它们生活在较小的蚁群,蚁巢位于土壤之中。     

松嫩草原黄墩蚁对羊草群落组成与生物量的影响

研究了松嫩草原土壤动物优势类群黄墩蚁对羊草群落和羊草 虎尾草群落组成及生物量的影响。结果表明,黄墩蚁改变了其生境中的植被组成,两群落中的羊草密度增大,结穗率降低,但重量增加。受其影响,羊草和虎尾草的高度明显较大,地上生物量和地下生物量明显增加。     

黄顶菊入侵对不同生境地表土壤动物群落的影响

选择发生外来入侵植物黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)的林地、荒地和沟渠作为研究对象,探讨黄顶菊入侵对地表土壤动物群落的影响。调查采用陷阱法,于2012年4月26日—9月17日,每隔2周取样一次,3种生境共捕获地表土壤动物439515头,隶属3门7纲21目。蚁科在3种生境中均为优势类群,其余类群的相对多度较小。黄顶菊植株能够为蚁科、等足目、蟋蟀科和蜘蛛目等喜好阴凉湿润环境的地表土壤动物类群提供栖息地,从而对地表土壤动物群落结构及多样性产生影响;且该影响主要与黄顶菊自身的生长状况有关,在长势较弱的林地生境影响较小,而在长势较强的荒地和沟渠生境影响较大,这在黄顶菊生长盛期尤为明显。综上所述,黄顶菊入侵3种生境后可能通过影响微生境小气候从而改变地表土壤动物群落结构,并引起地表土壤动物多样性的升高。     

北京门头沟废弃采石矿区地表土壤动物群落多样性

以北京门头沟废弃矿区为例,研究弃矿生态恢复地表土壤动物群落多样性。2006年3月～4月,在设置的样带内,采用陷阱法对石灰矿天然恢复(下段)和人工恢复(上段)区的地表土壤动物群落进行调查。在157个陷阱中,共采集到地表土壤动物2604只(未知类群112只),隶属1门4纲16目1亚目47科。大型土壤动物优势类群有叶蝉科、蚁科,分别占大型土壤动物的22.45%和47.71%;中小型土壤动物优势类群有等节跳科、长角跳科和甲螨亚目,分别占中小型土壤动物的23.27%、35.22%和41.01%。矿区地表动物营养功能群以植食性和捕食性为主。Spearman等级相关分析表明,上、下段之间地表土壤动物个体数差别极显著(rs=0.446,p<0.01)。上段土壤动物个体数、类群丰富度和类群多样性随时间差异均显著(p<0.05);上、下段,部分土壤动物个体数、类群丰富度和类群多样性之间存在显著性差异(p<0.05)。非度量多维标度(Non-matricMultidimentionalScaling,No-metricMDS)分析表明,地表土壤动物个体数量、类群以及营养功能群的分布与恢复方式、土壤养分状况、地表植被状况有关。     

食蚊鱼昼夜摄食节律观察

以分时段采样法研究入侵物种食蚊鱼的夏季昼夜摄食节律。食蚊鱼夏季种群内有雌鱼、雄鱼和幼鱼三个不同的摄食类群,这三个类群的摄食节律差异明显。雌鱼摄食节律成双峰型,第一高峰在10:00,而最高峰在22:00,此时肠道食物团平均重量11.70±11.60mg,饱满指数为190.22±155.61。幼鱼也成双峰型,分别在6:00和18:00有两个摄食高峰,以清晨6:00为最高,肠道食物团平均重1.08±1.09mg,饱满指数为128.44±105.49。雄鱼则成单峰型,摄食高峰出现午后14:00左右,肠道食物团平均重0.71±0.96mg,饱满指数为71.80±107.65。食蚊鱼不同摄食类群间的摄食高峰交错出现,是其协调种内关系,降低种内竞争的一种有效行为机制。     

军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)早期发育阶段的摄食及其影响因子*

研究了军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)仔、稚鱼的日摄食节律和摄食强度,以及饵料密度、温度、盐度对其摄食的影响。结果表明,发育8d仔鱼(摄食轮虫)、23d稚鱼(摄食卤虫无节幼体)和38d稚鱼(摄食鳗鱼粉状饵料)均表现为明显的昼夜摄食节律,摄食主要在白天进行,白天摄食强度占日摄食强度的68%以上;在白天的摄食中,又以早晨6:00-8:00和傍晚16:00-18:00摄食强度最大:夜间摄食较少或基本不摄食,所以军曹鱼早期幼体的摄食习性属白天摄食且偏于晨昏性类型。在不同饵料密度梯度的试验中,发育8d-11d仔鱼和23d-26d稚鱼摄食的适宜饵料密度范围分别为15ind·mL^-1-20ind·mL^-1和7ind·mL^-1-2ind·mL^-1。温度和盐度对发育21d-24d稚鱼日摄食强度的影响均表现为抛物线型的变化曲线,摄食的适宜水温范围为27-31℃,适宜盐度范围为28‰-32‰。结果还表明,幼休摄食强度与饵料密度、水温、盐度的关系均适合于用二次多项式来定量描述。     

人工环境下棘胸蛙(Paa spinosa)繁殖期的行为谱及活动节律

2007年4月,利用红外线摄像设备记录人工环境下的棘胸蛙行为活动,采用扫描取样法和目标动物取样法对录像资料进行分析,对人工环境下棘胸蛙的个体行为和活动节律进行了研究。结果表明：人工环境下的棘胸蛙行为主要包括静止行为（休息、对视）;社会行为（打斗、追逐）;运动行为（游泳、呜叫、跳跃）;捕食行为;繁殖行为（求偶呜唱、侵占、驱赶、撕咬,摔跤、抱对、错抱、拒绝行为、产卵）等。日变化规律变化表明：棘胸蛙的静止行为占了多数,其余多数行为集中在夜间,在凌晨03：00～05：00间出现一个最高峰,与此不同的是棘胸蛙的打斗行为在白天06：00～07：00、08：00～09：00、11：00～12：00多次出现高峰,而在夜间17：00～24：00打斗行为时间分配很少。呜叫行为在06：00—07：00,13：oo～14：00出现两个高峰,而在夜间17：00～01：00鸣叫行为时间分配很少。棘胸蛙的繁殖行为也主要发生在夜间,在凌晨02：30—04：30为高峰,其间抱对行为占到67％,其次为摔跤17％,撕咬15％,而其余所占很少。在行为描述的基础上,对棘胸蛙的有关行为机制进行了探讨。     

神农架金丝猴的生态学观察

金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae)仅产于我国,属国家Ⅰ级保护动物,自然分布于四川、陕西、甘肃的部分地区和湖北省神农架自然保护区。1983年以来,笔者对神农架金丝猴生存环境生态习性等作了长期观察研究,结果报道如下。     

甘肃盐池湾盘羊夏季食性日活动时间节律及社群行为的研究

本文从研究盘羊食性日活动时间节律及社群行为的角度出发,１９８９年６月到８月在甘肃省肃北县盐池湾乡,每天从８：００－２１：喊０累积追踪观察４２４只盘羊（雄７７只,雌２０７只,亚成体５３只及幼体８７只）活动情况,研究结果如下：①盘羊的食草初步发现隶属１０科２２种。②研究了盘羊日活动时间节律,发现该地区盘羊用于取食的较多,除上午和下午的两个取食高峰外,中午还有一补充取食的小高峰期。③对该期盘羊表现的１４     

不同饲养条件下海南坡鹿幼体春季昼间行为时间分配及活动节律

2003 年2 月至4 月间, 在海南甘什岭自然保护区采用瞬时扫描取样法对10 头海南坡鹿幼体昼间行为时间分配和活动节律进行了初步研究。结果表明: 坡鹿幼体昼间行为时间分配中摄食、卧息和反刍占有较大的比例;人工圈养和半散放条件下摄食、卧息、反刍、站立和运动行为的昼间时间分配差异性显著( P < 0.01), 半散放条件下幼鹿每天用于摄食和运动的时间比人工圈养的多, 而用于卧息、反刍和站立的时间较少, 其余行为时间比较接近; 在昼间活动节律方面, 圈养条件下摄食有3 个高峰期(09:00～10:00, 11:00～12:00, 16:00～18:00) , 卧息有2 个高峰期(10:00～11:00, 13:00～16: 00) ; 半散放条件下没有明显的摄食高峰期, 主要原因是大部分时间花费在食物的搜索和处理上, 而其卧息高峰出现在14:00 以后。     

Day-journey length and daily diet of solitary male gorillas in lowland and highland habitats

We compared day-journey length and daily diets of solitary male gorillas in lowland versus highland habitats. Solitary males in tropical forests of Zaire tend to travel longer distances, to visit more types of vegetation, and to consume more kinds of food than a solitary male mountain gorilla in the Virunga Volcanoes did. The number of feeding sites per day is larger and the mean distance between feeding sites is far longer for the former than the latter. These observations may reflect differences in food breadth and availability between highland and lowland habitats. The herbaceous plants that are eaten by mountain gorillas are densely and evenly distributed in the higher montane forest of the Virungas, where gorillas need not cover long distances to search for food. In contrast, herbaceous plants are scarce in primary and ancient secondary forests of lowland habitats, where gorillas travel long distances and eat various fruits and insects. The patchy and unpredictable distribution of foods may extend the distances over which gorillas search for food in the lowland habitat. However, solitary males showed a prominent reduction in day-journey length and changed their choices of food during the nonfruiting season (the long rainy and dry seasons) in the lowland habitats. This strategy may have developed during the Pleistocene and may have enabled them to enlarge their ranges to the higher montane forests, where fruits are sparse throughout the year.     

Time-dependent effects of leptin on food intake and locomotor activity in goldfish

The present study investigates the possible circadian dependence of leptin effects on food intake, locomotor activity, glycemia and plasma cortisol levels in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Fish were maintained under 12L:12D photoperiod and subjected to two different feeding schedules, one group fed during photophase (10:00) and the other one during scotophase (22:00). Leptin or saline were intraperitoneally injected at two different times (10:00 or 22:00), coincident or not with the meal time. To eliminate the entraining effect of the light/dark cycle, goldfish maintained under 24 h light (LL) were fed and leptin-injected at 10:00. A reduction in food intake and locomotor activity and an increase in glycemia were found in goldfish fed and leptin-injected at 10:00. No significant changes in circulating cortisol were observed. Those effects were not observed when leptin was administered during the scotophase, regardless the feeding schedule; neither in fish maintained under LL, suggesting that a day/night cycle would be necessary to observe the actions of leptin administered during the photophase. Changes in locomotor activity and glycemia were only observed in goldfish when leptin was injected at daytime, coincident with the feeding schedule, suggesting that these leptin actions could be dependent on the feeding time as zeitgeber. In view of these results it appears that the circadian dependence of leptin actions in goldfish can be determined by the combination of both zeitgebers, light/dark cycle and food. Our results point out the relevance of the administration time when investigating regulatory functions of hormones.     

Contrasting responses of two passerine bird species to moose browsing

Large herbivores may modify the ecosystem in a way that affects habitat quality and resource availability for other fauna. The increase in wild ungulate abundance in many areas may therefore lead to ecosystem changes, affecting distribution and reproduction of other species. Moose (Alces alces) in Scandinavia is a good example of a herbivore that has recently increased in abundance and has the potential to affect the ecosystem. In this study, we investigated how different levels of moose winter activity around supplementary feeding stations for moose affect reproduction in two insectivorous passerines: great tits (Parus major) and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). The two bird species showed contrasting responses to high moose activity at feeding stations. Great tits avoided habitats with high moose activity, where fledging success and feeding frequency was lower than at low moose activity habitats. Flycatchers nested more often at high moose activity habitats where fledging weight and feeding frequency were higher than at low moose activity habitats. Filming of nest boxes with great tits showed an increase in adult Lepidoptera in the diet at supplementary feeding stations for moose, and a smaller size of caterpillar prey at intermediate moose activity. The results support the hypothesis that herbivores may affect insectivorous passerines through changed arthropod food availability.     

Effect of restricted feeding schedule on seasonal shifting of daily demand-feeding pattern and food anticipatory activity in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.)

The effect of restricted feeding schedule was investigated on the seasonal shifting of daily demand-feeding pattern and food anticipatory activity in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) held under natural environmental conditions in an outdoor laboratory. To that end, demand-feeding behavior was continuously monitored for approximately one year in four groups of 15 fish each exposed to natural fluctuations of water temperature (from 13.2 degrees C to 27.4 degrees C) and photophase (from 9.5 h to 14.5 h of light). When the animals were subjected to a time-restricted feeding schedule, the demand-feeding rhythm rapidly synchronized to the three periods of food availability: the first meal (FM) from 08:00 to 09:00 h, the second meal (SM) from 16:00 to 17:00 h, and the third meal (TM) from 00:00 to 01:00 h. The occurrence of demand-feeding activity into the three periods of food availability displayed a double seasonal shift: fish that self-fed mostly during the daytime periods of feeding availability (FM and SM) in summer and autumn changed to nocturnal feeding (TM) from December to April, returning to diurnal preferences in April. Food-demands appeared to be predominantly associated with feed availability, reaching its maximum levels during the hours of reward. In addition, feeding anticipatory activity (FAA) was observed. A relationship was detected between the duration of FAA and feeding-time, with shortest FAA (30-60 min) when mealtime occurred just after sunrise (FM) or sunset (TM). These findings demonstrate the ability of sea bass to self-feed under time-restricted schedules, and show a seasonal-phase inversion in demand-feeding activity in spite of the restrictions in their feeding availability. Sea bass can use external signals as reference to anticipate the time of feed availability. This information may be useful for designing new feeding strategies for European sea bass fish farming.