贡嘎山东坡繁殖季与非繁殖季鸟类多样性变化

为了解贡嘎山东坡鸟类群落垂直多样性格局在繁殖季与非繁殖季的变化,本研究分别在繁殖季（2012年3至6月、2016年3至5月及2017和2018年两年的3至6月）、非繁殖季（2012年9和10月、2017及2018年两年的11和12月）用样线法对贡嘎山东坡海拔1 200 ~ 4 400 m区域开展了鸟类多样性调查。结果表明,繁殖季与非繁殖季的鸟类α多样性指数具有明显差异,季节变化对鸟类α多样性垂直分布格局有重要影响,且夏候鸟的迁徙、气温和植物花果期的季节性变化可能是影响鸟类α多样性分布格局的重要因子。尽管贡嘎山的山地季节性气候明显,但繁殖季和非繁殖季鸟类β多样性的垂直格局比较稳定,并与植被群落的垂直多样性格局有极显著正相关性,表明植被群落多样性是影响贡嘎山东坡鸟类β多样性的重要因子。繁殖季鸟类多样性热点在中海拔,而非繁殖季鸟类多样性热点则出现在中低和中高海拔。因此,山区不同季节的鸟类多样性变化与全海拔段的栖息地保护状况需要在今后的多样性研究和保护管理中引起重视。     

上海世界博览会园区内及周边地区鸟类多样性及其影响因子

2006年3-9月,对上海世博园区及周边地区鸟类资源进行普查,并对鸟类数量、种类和环境因子相关性进行研究。结果表明,该区域内现有鸟类10目27科67种,其群落多样性指数为3.46。运用概率统计方法分析了鸟类群落结构和分布特征,并将鸟类群落指数与园林绿地的8项环境指标进行分析,表明鸟类的种数、数量以及多样性指数与公园的面积、水域面积、形状指数、生境种类呈极显著相关;鸟类多样性、均匀性指数与树种总数呈显著相关;鸟类种数与环境中的位置条件有关。同时,就世博园区绿地建设中的引鸟工程,提出了5点建议。     

上海崇明东滩堤内次生人工湿地鸟类冬春季生境选择的因子分析

2004年12月—2005年5月,对上海崇明东滩98海堤内200hm2次生人工湿地进行鸟类调查,在冬季统计到鸟类8目15科56种,以游、涉禽为主;在春季统计到鸟类10目19科55种,以涉禽为主。运用多元回归对鸟类种类数、数量、物种多样性、均匀性指数和科属多样性等群落特征以及调查样点内水位、水面积、植被盖度、底栖动物密度、鱼类捕捞和人类干扰等环境因子进行鸟类生境选择分析。回归模型显示冬季鸟类种类数与植被盖度呈显著正相关,鸟类数量、物种多样性、科属多样性等群落特征与水位高低、水面积比例以及鱼类捕捞强度等有关,底栖动物密度影响鸟类均匀度和数量;春季鸟类数量与鱼塘的水面积呈正相关,而种类和数量与水位呈显著负相关,物种多样性和均匀性明显受水位、水面积和植被盖度影响,鸟类科属多样性与底栖动物密度呈显著相关,捕捞状况对春季鸟类群落影响不大。     

上海崇明东滩堤内次生人工湿地鸟类冬春季生境选择的因子分析

2004年12月—2005年5月,对上海崇明东滩98海堤内200 hm²次生人工湿地进行鸟类调查,在冬季统计到鸟类8目15科56种,以游、涉禽为主;在春季统计到鸟类10目19科55种,以涉禽为主。运用多元回归对鸟类种类数、数量、物种多样性、均匀性指数和科属多样性等群落特征以及调查样点内水位、水面积、植被盖度、底栖动物密度、鱼类捕捞和人类干扰等环境因子进行鸟类生境选择分析。回归模型显示冬季鸟类种类数与植被盖度呈显著正相关,鸟类数量、物种多样性、科属多样性等群落特征与水位高低、水面积比例以及鱼类捕捞强度等有关,底栖动物密度影响鸟类均匀度和数量;春季鸟类数量与鱼塘的水面积呈正相关,而种类和数量与水位呈显著负相关,物种多样性和均匀性明显受水位、水面积和植被盖度影响,鸟类科属多样性与底栖动物密度呈显著相关,捕捞状况对春季鸟类群落影响不大。     

深圳松子坑森林公园鸟类多样性与群落特征研究

2008年3月至2009年2月间,每季度调查深圳松子坑森林公园鸟类的物种和数量,对公园鸟类多样性、群落结构及季节变化进行分析,结果显示:松子坑森林公园共记录到鸟类74种,隶属于12目34科,其中留鸟45种,占61％,迁徙鸟类29种,占39％.公园鸟类多样性与群落特征呈季节性波动,物种数和个体数量在秋季最高,其次是冬春季节,夏季最低.     

内蒙古伊金霍洛旗红海子湿地公园鸟类群落结构及季节差异

2012年10月至2013年9月,采用样带法和固定半径样点法,对内蒙古伊金霍洛旗红海子湿地公园4种生境鸟类群落结构和季节差异进行了调查研究,共记录到鸟类116种,隶属于16目36科,其中,夏候鸟49种,冬候鸟9种,留鸟24种,旅鸟34种。多样性指数春季最高,冬季最低。相似性指数春季和夏季最高,夏季和冬季最低。各生境鸟类群落结构季节性变化明显,鸟类群落结构的变化与食物、水源、隐蔽条件、繁殖条件等因子共同作用有关。2013年4月12日在内蒙古伊金霍洛旗红海子湿地公园观察到遗鸥(Larus relictus)2340只,表明该湿地公园是我国国家一级重点保护鸟类遗鸥春季的重要取食地。本文为该湿地鸟类资源与生态环境的保护提供了基础资料。     

北京紫竹院公园鸟类群落多样性分析

2004年9月～2005年6月在北京紫竹院公园进行鸟类群落调查.共记录到鸟类52种,隶属于11目26科.其中夏候鸟17种,冬候鸟4种,旅鸟28种,留鸟13种.鸟类的种类和数量随季节变化有明显差异.春、秋季鸟类种类丰富,秋季达到最高;冬季鸟类数量达到最高.优势种有灰椋鸟Sturnus cineraceus、麻雀Passer montanus、喜鹊Pica pica、厌喜鹊Cyanopica cyana、绿头鸭Anas platyrhynchos、鸳鸯Aix galericulata等.鸟类群落多样性指数和均匀度指数变化趋势类似,春、秋季高,冬季低,而优势度指数的变化是冬季最高,春、秋季低.鸟类多样性增加主要是由于春、秋季的候鸟迁徙.保证一定的公园面积、增加空间异质性、合理配置资源,有利于保护鸟类的多样性.     

微山湖鸟类多样性特征及其影响因子

2010年10月至2011年9月期间,使用样线法对微山湖鸟类多样性进行研究.共发现鸟类132种,隶属13目39科,其中留鸟39种,夏候鸟33种,冬候鸟14种,旅鸟46种,分别占全部种类的29.6％、25.0％、10.6％和34.85％;国家二级保护鸟类有12种,省级重点保护鸟类16种,另外50种和16种鸟类分别列入中日、中澳候鸟保护协定.灰鹤、乌雕、沙鵖和白顶鵖4种鸟类在南四湖首次记录.根据微山湖的地理和植被状况,将研究区域划分为水域、次生林、农田和居民区4生境,不同生境中鸟类群落的Shannon-Wiener指数高低为沼泽水域＞次生林＞农田＞居民区,Pielou指数高低为沼泽水域＞农田＞次生林＞居民区.次生林和农田鸟类群落的相似性指数最高,沼泽水域与居民区的相似性最低.春季末期鸟类多样性指数和均匀性指数最高,秋季末期最低.冬季鸟类种类最多、密度最大,春初鸟类种类最少、密度最小.距居民区的距离、距公路的距离、植被盖度、人工池塘数目、水面积比例和深水面积比例等对鸟类多样性影响显著.     

邢台市及郊区鸟类区系组成及多样性

2003年3月~2005年7月对邢台市鸟类区系组成及多样性进行了调查,共记录到鸟类166种,隶属15目42科。本文重点探讨了不同生境、不同季节鸟类群落的种类、多样性、均匀度、相似性等群落特征。结果表明,鸟类种数由多至少依次为林地生境、公共绿地生境、河流水域生境、农田生境、建筑区生境。Shannon-Weiner多样性指数由大到小依次为林地生境、公共绿地生境、河流水域生境、农田生境、建筑区生境。比较这5种生境之间的相似性得出,公共绿地生境鸟类群落与建筑区生境鸟类群落、林地生境鸟类群落相似,相似性达到60%以上,而河流水域生境鸟类群落与其他生境鸟类群落有极明显的差异。     

长白山次生林繁殖鸟的群落结构

研究了长白山次生林繁殖鸟的群落结构及其与森林植被的关系。在３块林龄相同而样地面积不等的次生林中,繁殖鸟种类有随样地面积增加的趋势,繁殖鸟数量随面积的增加而增加更为明显。相似性指数测定表明,３样地鸟类群落组成基本相似,多样性指数也无显著差异。鸟类物种多样性与植被剖面层次多样性相关。边缘种随林缘长度的增加,种－数系数不断增加。由林缘至林内５０ｍ宽的地带为鸟类高密度带。由边缘至林内３００ｍ后,鸟类密度有     

基于提高鸟类多样性的北京城市线性公园绿地植物景观探析

植被覆盖率高的线性公园,可作为鸟类的迁徙途径和栖息之所,并猜测其可作为生态廊道的一部分,适宜的营造植物景观、提升植物种类的多样性对保护鸟类多样性有促进作用。因此,采用标准取样法对北京城市线性公园绿地进行研究,提取可能影响鸟类多样性的植物群落因素、植物生境因素,对提高鸟类多样性提出建设性的意见。研究结果主要表明,在线性公园绿地宽度30~200m内,随着宽度的增加,鸟类的数量有所提高;含有不同类型植物生境的线性公园绿地,对鸟类目标种的吸引力不同,植物生境类型数较多样的线性公园绿地具有较高的鸟类目标种吸引力;不同的鸟类目标种偏好在不同的树种上进行活动。     

Multi-Scale Associations between Vegetation Cover and Woodland Bird Communities across a Large Agricultural Region

Improving biodiversity conservation in fragmented agricultural landscapes has become an important global issue. Vegetation at the patch and landscape-scale is important for species occupancy and diversity, yet few previous studies have explored multi-scale associations between vegetation and community assemblages. Here, we investigated how patch and landscape-scale vegetation cover structure woodland bird communities. We asked: (1) How is the bird community associated with the vegetation structure of woodland patches and the amount of vegetation cover in the surrounding landscape? (2) Do species of conservation concern respond to woodland vegetation structure and surrounding vegetation cover differently to other species in the community? And (3) Can the relationships between the bird community and the woodland vegetation structure and surrounding vegetation cover be explained by the ecological traits of the species comprising the bird community? We studied 103 woodland patches (0.5 - 53.8 ha) over two time periods across a large (6,800 km²) agricultural region in southeastern Australia. We found that both patch vegetation and surrounding woody vegetation cover were important for structuring the bird community, and that these relationships were consistent over time. In particular, the occurrence of mistletoe within the patches and high values of woody vegetation cover within 1,000 ha and 10,000 ha were important, especially for bird species of conservation concern. We found that the majority of these species displayed similar, positive responses to patch and landscape vegetation attributes. We also found that these relationships were related to the foraging and nesting traits of the bird community. Our findings suggest that management strategies to increase both remnant vegetation quality and the cover of surrounding woody vegetation in fragmented agricultural landscapes may lead to improved conservation of bird communities.     

环境因子对上海城市园林春季鸟类群落结构特征的影响

2004年3—5月,对上海8个园林绿地的春季鸟类做了研究。在调查中共观察到55种鸟类,其中留鸟31种,候鸟24种。运用回归与相关统计分析方法分析了鸟类群落结构和分布特征与8个园林绿地的公园面积、水体比例、植被种数、乔木层盖度、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、地形坡度异质性、临主干道状况、人流量、行道宽度10项环境指标的关系。结果表明：(1)公园面积、植被种数、灌木层盖度、草本层盖度、地形坡度异质性、临主干道状况、行道宽度等7个因子在影响园林鸟类群落结构和分布中起关键性作用;(2)上海城市鸟类数量、多样性呈单一化趋势,而且公园绿地内大面积水体等建设方案并不利于鸟类的栖息。     

城市公园植被特征对陆生鸟类集团的影响

城市公共绿地是城市生态系统中重要的鸟类栖息地,其植被特征对鸟类集团存在显著影响。在通过分析植被特征对陆生鸟类集团的作用,从而为公园合理配置植被来提高其作为野生动物栖息地的生态服务功能提供理论基础。2009年10月至2011年10月,采用样线法对上海滨江森林公园进行鸟类调查,利用主成分分析划分鸟类集团,用高度定义植被层次,用卡方检验分析鸟类行为在植被层次上的差异。结果表明,滨江森林公园陆生鸟类群落在乔木层的栖息行为和运动行为频次显著多于其在灌木层和地被层的行为频次,在地被层的取食行为频次显著多于其在乔木层和灌木层的行为频次。陆生鸟类可划分为8个鸟类集团,鸟类集团之间存在栖息、运动和取食空间生态位的重叠。食虫拾取集团、杂食拾取集团、食肉飞取集团和植食拾取集团在栖息、运动和取食空间生态位上均存在较高的重叠度,其通过食性分离各自空间生态位。食虫探取集团和食虫飞取集团互为栖息空间生态位重叠度最高集团,其通过取食方式的不同来实现生态位的分离。根据公园植被特征对鸟类集团的影响结果对上海市公园绿地植被配置提出了建议。     

深圳近海公园植物群落结构特征及其与景观格局的相关性

城市公园植物群落为城市生态系统提供重要的生态服务。对深圳最具代表性的6个近海城市公园进行实地调查,同时结合高分辨率的遥感图像,分析其植物群落结构特征及其与公园内部景观格局的相关关系。结果表明：（1）共调查到近海公园植物108科310属471种,其中乡土植物82科169属231种。草本植物中乡土植物比例较高,而木本中乡土植物占比较低。（2）TS-4和H-1分别是近海公园最常见的乔灌群落类型和草本群落类型,其样地量分别占总量的39%和26%。常见群落的指示种多数具有热带性质并占据主体地位。（3）公园中灌木植物种数低于乔木和草本植物,但群落稳定性较高。（4）半自然型和人工型近海公园各类植物的相似性,以灌木层植物最低。（5）公园整体景观格局中,斑块密度与林地面积比、林地最大斑块面积比呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。（6）各层植物多样性也受到景观格局显著影响：草本层植物多样性与草地、林地的斑块形状复杂程度分别呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;灌木层植物多样性与林地、水体的景观破碎度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）;乔木层植物多样性与草地最大斑块指数呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。公园景观破碎度的增大可能会导致植被景观面积减少。建议在公园植物造景初期就要重视对灌木的运用,尤其是一些生态本底比较脆弱的公园,以提高植物群落的稳定性和低维护性。同时应尽可能保留大面积的核心植被生态斑块,更好地发挥其生态功能。研究结果可为城市公园的规划设计、植物群落的优化配置与城市生物多样性保护提供依据。     

Diversity, ecological structure, and conservation of the landbird community of Dadia reserve, Greece

Birds are integral to many environmental monitoring schemes. However, there has been little research on the ecological basis of utilizing bird species as indicators of their respective communities and habitats. We used point counts to survey 72 landbird species, 16 of conservation concern, in the Dadia Nature Reserve, Greece, in order to understand the ecology of bird diversity patterns, analyse community composition, identify species characteristic of major vegetation types, and improve long-term management and monitoring protocols. We sampled 36 sites representing 21 vegetation types. Highly heterogeneous sites were the most species rich and rural mosaics (small fields and pastures of low intensity land use, separated by thick hedgerows and tree lines) were twice as rich as intensified crop monocultures. Using multivariate analysis, we found that vegetation cover and height affected the composition of the avifauna. Twenty-one predefined vegetation categories clustered into eight distinct bird habitat types: field crops, rural mosaics, mosaic sites, poplar trees, broadleaved woods, pinewoods, shrubs, and heaths. Ten bird species were highly characteristic of the main bird habitat types in the study area. Our results emphasize the importance of conserving rural mosaics, hedgerows, and openings within forests for landbird conservation in the Mediterranean countryside. We also provide evidence in support of maintaining horizontal heterogeneity at a local scale. Finally, we suggest that monitoring populations of certain indicator bird species can be a cost-effective and efficient way to monitor the state and habitat quality of the entire landbird community, thereby integrating the knowledge of community structure into conservation decision-making.     

Edge effects as the principal cause of area effects on birds in fragmented secondary forest

Bird communities in tropical forests are strongly affected by both patch area and habitat edges. The fact that both effects are intrinsically confounded in space raises questions about how these two widely reported ecological patterns interact, and whether they are independent or simply different spatial manifestations of the same phenomenon. Moreover, do small patches of secondary forest, in landscapes where the most sensitive species have gone locally extinct, exhibit similar patterns to those previously observed in fragmented and continuous primary forests? We addressed these questions by testing edge‐related differences in vegetation structure and bird community composition at 31 sites in fragmented and continuous landscapes in the imperilled Atlantic forest of Brazil. Over a two‐year period, birds were captured with mist nets to a standardized effort of 680 net‐hours at each site (～22 000 net‐hours resulting in 3381 captures from 114 species). We found that the bird community in patches of secondary forest was degraded in species composition compared to primary continuous forest, but still exhibited a strong response to edge effects. In fragmented secondary forests, edge and area effects also interacted, such that the magnitude of edge to interior differences on bird community composition declined markedly with patch size. The change in bird species composition between forest interiors and edges was similar to the change in community composition between large and small patches (because species had congruent responses to edge and area), but after controlling for edge effects community composition was no longer affected by patch area. Our results show that although secondary forests hold an impoverished bird community, ecological patterns such as area and edge effects are similar to those reported for primary forests. Our data provide further evidence that edge effects are the main drivers of area effects in fragmented landscapes.     

Bird community composition patterns in urban parks of Madrid: The role of age, size and isolation

This study intends to assess the influence of fragment age, size and isolation (from the regional species pool) on bird community composition patterns in urban parks in Madrid, and the role of local and regional factors on community structure. Park age was a good indicator of habitat complexity. Park age and area accounted for 62% of the variability in species richness, but two measures of isolation from the regional species pool were not included as significant factors. Species composition in urban parks showed a high degree of nestedness, which was associated with park age and area, but not with two measures of isolation from the regional species pool. The degree of nestedness increased with park age; the distribution of species varying from nested in old and mature parks to random in young parks. The incidence (% of species occurrence in parks) in young parks was correlated with regional densities, whereas in mature and old parks the incidence was correlated with local densities. In this urban landscape, species composition appears to be regulated by local factors (particularly in mature and old parks), such that species accumulate in an orderly (not random) fashion in relation to park age and area. Regional influences seem to be more pronounced only in young parks, which are mainly colonized by species from the regional species pool.     

繁殖期荒漠鸟类群落与自然植被的相关格局

为探讨植被结构和物种组成对鸟类群落多度分布的影响,于2010年5～8月,在阜康地区所涵盖的显域植被梯度带(梭梭、琵琶柴及蒿属荒漠)内分别布设3～4条样线,调查繁殖鸟类群落多度分布及植被参数.借助平均高度和盖度反映植被结构,平均物种数目反映植物组成.从鸟类群落中抽取显著正相关鸟种组合及狭分布鸟种组合,将不同的鸟类组合与植...     

浙江古田山自然保护区鸟类群落生态研究

对古田山地区鸟类进行的调查表明:该地区鸟类群落的主要鸟类共计48种,其中优势种有14种,占29.17％。根据鸟类生境的分布系数分析。中性分布型有(25—100％)28种,占58.33％。不同生境内鸟类群落的种类数目和群体密度存在差异,结构复杂的生境,其鸟类群落由三个分布群组成,如农田村落、农田河滩、混交林和阔叶林;结构简单的生境,如竹林、针叶林和迹地灌丛,其鸟类群落由二个分布群所组成。各种鸟类分布群在鸟类群落内的比例随栖息地结构的变化而改变。由于栖息地结构的变化同样也导致鸟类群落其他参数的变化,如Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度、种间相遇机率PIE等。