哺乳动物印记域DLK1-DIO3的研究进展

DLK1-DIO3印记域定位于人14号染色体、小鼠12号染色体及绵羊18号染色体远端, 在真哺乳亚纲动物中印记保守。该印记域包含3个编码蛋白的父系表达基因Dlk1、Rtl1和Dio3以及若干大小不同的母系表达印记非编码RNA, 如miRNAs、snoRNAs 和大型非编码RNA Gtl2等。人和小鼠该印记域内印记基因剂量的改变将导致严重的表型异常甚至胚胎致死, 暗示正常的发育需要域内印记基因的正常表达。文章重点论述了哺乳动物DLK1-DIO3印记域的印记调控机制和域内印记基因及其功能的研究进展。     

染色体上聚集的microRNAs具有更多共同的靶基因

miRNAs是一类-22nt、在转录后调节mRNAs表达的内源性非编码RNA。人类miRNA具有成簇聚集于染色体上的特点。文章系统分析了人基因组簇内miRNA各成员的预测靶基因之间的关系,发现簇内miRNA各成员具有更多共同的靶基因,表明簇内miRNA各成员功能相似。仔细分析簇内miRNA和mRNA的结合位点,发现有两种类型：一种是簇内miRNAs可能竞争性结合同一个靶基因的同一个结合位点：另一种是簇内miRNAs可能协同结合于同一个靶基因的不同结合位点。     

牛DLK1基因的生物信息学分析

DLK1基因是位于DLK1-DIO3印记区域内一个父源表达的印记基因。本研究利用生物信息学方法对牛DLK1基因进行了分子进化分析、基因和蛋白质结构分析并预测了其启动子和CpG岛区域。对7种动物DLK1基因mR NA序列的分子进化分析结果显示,牛与羊的遗传距离最小,亲缘关系最近。蛋白质在线分析软件表明,DLK1蛋白由信号肽、EGF结构域以及跨膜区组成。牛DLK1基因包含5个外显子,且存在多种可变剪切体。启动子在线软件预测,牛DLK1核心启动子可能位于该基因起始密码子上游1 790~1 840 bp处。预测结果表明,人、小鼠和牛三个物种DLK1潜在的核心启动子区所处的位置具有一致性,并且三个物种的启动子区DNA序列具有高度保守性。以上研究结果为进一步阐明牛DLK1基因的生物学功能及其印记调控机理提供了参考依据。     

癌症相关microRNA与靶基因的生物信息学分析

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类长度约为22nt的内源性非编码RNA,通过与靶基因转录本互补结合调控基因的表达。近年来,研究发现miRNA与癌症发生密切相关,miRNA可以直接充当癌基因或者抑癌基因而影响肿瘤的发生和生长。为更进一步揭示癌症相关miRNA的特征及靶基因的功能,文章通过数据库搜索及文献检索,在人类基因组中发现了475个癌症相关miRNA,系统地比较了癌症相关miRNA与非癌症miRNA以及基因内和基因间区癌症相关miRNA在保守性、SNP位点分布、癌谱及转录调控等特性。研究发现,癌症相关miRNA比非癌症miRNA保守性要强,发生SNP概率比较低,同时发现miRNA所涉及癌症数目与保守性成正相关。基因组定位分析发现,癌症相关miRNA比非癌症miRNA更倾向于成簇存在。进一步对宿主基因、癌症相关miRNA及作用的靶基因与癌症发生进行关联分析,发现一些非癌症miRNA的宿主基因倾向于被癌症miRNA作用。本研究结果为深入理解miRNA与癌症之间的关系,以及进一步为miRNA作为癌症诊断指示物提供理论依据。     

哺乳动物印记域DLK1-DI03的研究进展

DLK1-D103印记域定位于人14号染色体、小鼠12号染色体及绵羊18号染色体远端,在真哺乳亚纲动物中印记保守.该印记域包含3个编码蛋白的父系表达基因DIk1、Rt11和Di03以及若干大小不同的母系表达印记非编码RNA,如miRNAs、snoRNAs和大型非编码RNA Gtl2等.人和小鼠该印记域内印记基因剂量的改变将导致严重的表型异常甚至胚胎致死,暗示正常的发育需要域内印记基因的正常表达.文章重点论述了哺乳动物DLK1-DI03印记域的印记调控机制和域内印记基因及其功能的研究进展.     

玉米microRNAs及其靶基因的生物信息学预测

microRNAs (miRNAs) 是一类非编码的小分子RNA, 通过碱基互补调控靶基因的表达。鉴定和发现新的miRNAs及其靶基因, 对揭示miRNAs在基因表达调控中的作用至关重要。玉米全基因组测序工作开展较晚, 已经鉴定登记的miRNAs很少, 对靶基因的调控作用尚待解明。文章根据miRNA进化上的保守性, 以已知的植物miRNAs为探针, 与相关数据库中玉米表达序列标签(EST)和基因组序列(GSS)中的非编码序列比对, 共发现11个新的miRNA前体。虽然在序列长度和二级结构方面各有变化, 但这11个前体均可折叠形成miRNA家族的标准二级结构。通过靶基因预测, 找到其中7条miRNAs的26个靶基因, 分别编码与新陈代谢、信号转导、转录调节、跨膜运输、生物和非生物胁迫及叶绿体组装等相关的蛋白。这些miRNAs及其靶基因的鉴定, 补充了miRNA数据库的不足。     

基于EST和GSS序列的玉米未知微RNA的数据挖掘

miRNAs通过与靶基因互补位点配对结合,在转录后水平负性调控靶基因的表达.根据miRNA进化上的保守性,以拟南芥、水稻等已知的植物miRNAs为探针,与相关数据库中玉米表达序列标签(EST)和基因组序列(GSS)中的非编码序列比对,采用一系列的标准进行筛选,最后预测得到24个玉米miRNA前体,通过靶基因的预测共得到61个靶基因.通过生物信息学方法大大提高了人们发现miRNAs及其靶基因的效率,补充了玉米miRNA数据库的不足.     

MicroRNAs在系统性硬化症纤维化中的作用及机制

微RNA（microRNAs,miRNAs）是在基因编码中起负性调控作用的内源性短链非编码RNA（non-coding RNAs,ncRNAs）,是生理和病理过程中基因表达必不可少的转录后调控物。miRNAs占人类基因组的1%～2%,通过与各自的mRNA结合并抑制其翻译,调节大于50%的人类基因及60%的哺乳动物蛋白质编码基因。系统性硬化症（systemic sclerosis,SSc）的发病机制由复杂的miRNAs网络调控。这些miRNAs位于与SSc纤维化相关的基因组区域,通过参与调节重要的细胞信号通路,如TGF-β、Wnt/β-catenin、TLR-4、IL和PDGF-β等,在SSc纤维化过程中发挥作用。同时,还与细胞信号转导、基质修复与重塑、成纤维细胞凋亡、胶原蛋白质合成和细胞外基质（extracellular matrix,ECM）沉积等相关。充分了解miRNAs在SSc纤维化中的重要性,有助于为SSc的诊断提供新的生物标记,为治疗提供新策略。本文综述了miRNAs在SSc纤维化过程中参与调节的这些复杂细胞信号通路的作用及机制,以期为SSc诊断、严重程度判断、预后评估,以及寻求潜在治疗靶点提供新思路。     

MicroRNA和lncRNA:衰老相关心血管疾病的重要调控因子

真核生物非编码RNA(non-coding RNA,ncRNAs)可在多个阶段调控基因表达。其中,研究最多的microRNAs(miRNA)主要在转录后水平抑制基因表达,而长链非编码RNAs(long non-coding RNA,lncRNAs)在转录和转录后水平对基因表达都具有调控作用。近来研究发现,ncRNAs对衰老相关疾病的恶化和病理过程有广泛影响,包括降低心血管功能与促进衰老相关心血管疾病的发生。本文对ncRNAs在衰老相关心血管疾病中的调控作用进行综述,提出了ncRNAs在衰老相关心血管疾病研究方面存在的问题和挑战。     

基因组印记中的长非编码RNA

长非编码RNA(lnc RNA)是长度大于200 bp的一类非编码蛋白的RNA,因其在基因组中含量巨大以及重要的生物学功能引起了学术界的广泛关注.基因组印记是一种表观遗传现象,lnc RNAs通过建立靶基因的印记而发挥重要的生物功能.基因组印记可以用来研究lnc RNAs在转录和转录后水平调控基因表达的分子机制.本文选取6个印记机制研究比较透彻的印记区域,包括Kcnq1/Cdkn1c、Igf2r/Airn、Prader-Willi(PWS)/Angelman(AS)、Snurf/Snrpn、Dlk1-Dio3和H19/Igf2.通过介绍包括基因间lnc RNAs(H19、Ipw和Meg3)、反义lnc RNAs(Kcnq1ot1、Airn、Ube3a-ATS)和增强子lnc RNAs(IG-DMR e RNAs)在内的3种类型lnc RNAs在印记调控中的作用,从而了解lnc RNAs通过顺式或(/和)反式作用多种机制调控亲本特异性靶基因的表达.了解印记基因簇中lnc RNAs的作用方式将有助于我们揭示lnc RNAs在整个基因组中的作用机制.     

MicroRNAs in the Imprinted DLK1-DIO3 Region Repress the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition by Targeting the TWIST1 Protein Signaling Network

Development of metastatic disease accounts for the vast majority of cancer-related deaths. Nevertheless, few treatments exist that are designed to specifically inhibit processes that drive tumor metastasis. The imprinted DLK1-DIO3 region contains tumor-suppressing miRNAs, but their identity and function remain indeterminate. In this study we identify seven miRNAs in the imprinted DLK1-DIO3 region that function cooperatively to repress the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, a critical step that drives tumor metastasis, as well as proliferation of carcinoma cells. These seven miRNAs (miRs 300, 382, 494, 495, 539, 543, and 544) repress a signaling network comprising TWIST1, BMI1, ZEB1/2, and miR-200 family miRNAs and silencing of the cluster, which occurs via hypermethylation of upstream CpG islands in human ductal carcinomas, confers morphological, molecular, and function changes consistent with an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Moreover, ectopic expression of miR-544 independently inhibited proliferation of numerous tumor cell lines by inducing the ATM cell cycle checkpoint pathway. These results establish the DLKI-DIO3 miRNA cluster as a critical checkpoint regulating tumor growth and metastasis and implicate epigenetic modification of the cluster in driving tumor progression. These results also suggest that promoter methylation status and miRNA expression levels represent new diagnostic tools and therapeutic targets to predict and inhibit, respectively, tumor metastasis in carcinoma patients.     

线虫prg-1基因对小RNA表达的影响

以秀丽隐杆线虫为材料发现,prg-1基因突变不仅影响piRNA的表达,还影响部分miRNA的表达,同时还发现ncRNA-like型小RNA,对ncRNA-like序列比较,认为ncRNA-like与piRNA或miRNA序列极为相似;对ncRNA-like与miRNA或piRNA的基因座比较,发现ncRNA-like与miRNA或piRNA基因座完全相同．推测这些ncRNA-like型小RNA可能与miRNA或piRNA有着相同的RNA前体来源．     

Alu Repeats in the Human Genome

Highly repetitive DNA sequences account for more than 50% of the human genome. The L1 and Alu families harbor the most common mammalian long and short interspersed elements. An Alu element is a dimer of similar, but not identical, fragments of total size about 300 bp, and originates from the 7SL RNA gene. Each element contains a bipartite promoter for RNA polymerase III, a poly(A) tract located between the monomers, a 3"-terminal poly(A) tract, and numerous CpG islands, and is flanked by short direct repeats. Alu repeats constitute more than 10% of the human genome and are capable of retroposition. Possibly, these elements played an important part in genome evolution. Insertion of an Alu element into a functionally important genome region or other Alu-dependent alterations of gene functions cause various hereditary disorders and are probably associated with carcinogenesis. In total, 14 Alu families differing in diagnostic mutations are known. Some of these, which are present in the human genome, are polymorphic and relatively recently have been inserted into new loci. Alu copies transposed during ethnic divergence of the human population are useful markers for evolutionary genetic studies.     

Identification of microRNAs in Macaca fascicularis (Cynomolgus Monkey) by Homology Search and Experimental Validation by Small RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR Using Kidney Cortex Tissues

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) present in tissues and biofluids are emerging as sensitive and specific safety biomarkers. MiRNAs have not been thoroughly described in M. fascicularis, an animal model used in pharmaceutical industry especially in drug safety evaluation. Here we investigated the miRNAs in M. fascicularis. For Macaca mulatta, a closely related species of M. fascicularis, 619 stem-loop precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) and 914 mature miRNAs are available in miRBase version 21. Using M. mulatta miRNAs as a reference list and homology search tools, we identified 604 pre-miRNAs and 913 mature miRNAs in the genome of M. fascicularis. In order to validate the miRNAs identified by homology search we attempted to sequence miRNAs expressed in kidney cortex from M. fascicularis. MiRNAs expressed in kidney cortex may indeed be released in urine upon kidney cortex damage and be potentially used to monitor drug induced kidney injury. Hence small RNA sequencing libraries were prepared using kidney cortex tissues obtained from three naive M. fascicularis and sequenced. Analysis of sequencing data indicated that 432 out of 913 mature miRNAs were expressed in kidney cortex tissues. Assigning these 432 miRNAs to pre-miRNAs revealed that 273 were expressed from both the -5p and -3p arms of 150 pre-miRNAs and 159 miRNAs expressed from either the -5p or -3p arm of 176 pre-miRNAs. Mapping sequencing reads to pre-miRNAs also facilitated the detection of twenty-two new miRNAs. To substantiate miRNAs identified by small RNA sequencing, 313 miRNAs were examined by RT-qPCR. Expression of 262 miRNAs in kidney cortex tissues ware confirmed by TaqMan microRNA RT-qPCR assays. Analysis of kidney cortex miRNA targeted genes suggested that they play important role in kidney development and function. Data presented in this study may serve as a valuable resource to assess the renal safety biomarker potential of miRNAs in Cynomolgus monkeys.